/%?<? Industry Wage Survey: Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware, May 1975

Transcription

1 /%?<? Industry Wage Survey: Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware, May 1975 U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics 1976 Bulletin s i G *

2 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C , GPO Bookstores, or BLS Regional Offices listed on inside back cover. Price $1.05 Make checks payable to Superintendent of Documents Stock Number Industry Wage Survey: Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware, May 1975 U.S. Department of Labor W. J. Usery, Jr., Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Julius Shiskin, Commissioner 1976 Bulletin 1923

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4 Preface This bulletin summarizes the results of a Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of wages and related benefits in the pressed or blown glass and glassware industries in May A similar survey was conducted in May This study was conducted in the Bureau s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The analysis was prepared by Carl Barsky in the Division of Occupational Wage Structures. Fieldwork for the survey was directed by the Assistant Regional Commissioners for Operations. Other reports available from the Bureau s program of industry wage studies, as well as the addresses of the Bureau s regional offices, are listed at the end of this bulletin. Material in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission of the Federal Government. Please credit the Bureau of Labor Statistics and cite the name and number of the publication. iii

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6 Contents Summary... 1 Industry characteristics Employment and product Location Size of establish m en t Type of company Unionization... 2 Sex of worker Method of wage payment... 2 Average hourly earnings... 2 Occupational e a r n in g s... 3 Establishment practices and supplementary wage p r o v isio n s... 4 Scheduled weekly h o u r s... 4 Shift provisions and practices... 4 Paid holidays... 4 Paid v a c a tio n s... 4 Health, insurance, and retirement plans... 4 Other selected benefits... 4 Text tables: 1. Pay relationships between establishments manufacturing glass containers and other pressed or blown glass and glassware, United States and selected regions, May Reference tables: Average hourly earnings: 1. By selected characteristics... 6 Earnings distribution: 2. Pressed or blown glass and glassware All establishm ents Glass c o n ta in e r s Pressed or blown glass and glassware, except containers... 9 Occupational averages: Glass containers: 5. All establishments By size of com m u n ity By size of establishm ent By method of wage p a y m e n t Pressed or blown glass and glassware, except containers: 9. All establishments By size of com m u n ity By size of establishm ent By method of wage p a y m e n t... : Page v

7 Contents Continued Page Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions: Glass containers: 13. Method of wage payment Scheduled weekly h o u r s Shift differential provisions Shift differential p r a c tic e s..., Paid holidays Paid v a c a tio n s Health, insurance, and retirement plans Other selected benefits Pressed or blown glass and glassware, except containers: 21. Method of wage payment Scheduled weekly h o u r s Shift differential provisions Shift differential p r a c tic e s... : Paid holidays Paid v a c a tio n s Health, insurance, and retirement plans Other selected benefits Appendixes: A. Scope and method of s u r v e y B. Occupational d escrip tio n s... 37

8 Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware, May 1975 Summary Straight-time earnings of production and related workers in the pressed or blown glass and glassware industries averaged $4.54 an hour in May Workers in glass container establishments, who accounted for seven-tenths of the survey employment,1 averaged $ cents an hour more than workers in firms making other types of pressed or blown glass and glassware. Among the occupations studied separately in glass container plants, hourly averages ranged from $6.58 for forming-machine upkeepers to $3.97 for janitors.2 In other glassware plants, they ranged from $6.26 for metal mold makers to $3.49 for glassware-grinders. Selectors, numerically the most important job studied, averaged $4.11 in glass containers and $3.83 in the other segment. Within each industry, occupational averages also varied by location, size of establishment, and method of wage payment. All of the establishments studied in both industries provided paid holidays, paid vacations, and at least part of the cost of life, hospitalization, and surgical insurance. Other forms of health insurance and retirement plans also were widespread in the industries. Workers typically received 10 paid holidays and between 1 and 6 weeks of paid vacation annually, depending on length of service. Industry characteristics Glass manufacturing may be classified into three separate industries: The flat glass industry, including establishments primarily producing sheet, plate and float, laminated, and safety glass; the glass container industry, producing containers for products such as food, beverages, drugs, cosmetics, and household and industrial chemicals; and the pressed or blown glass and glassware (except containers) industry, manufacturing items such as tableware, artware, industrial and illuminating glassware, and technical and scientific glassware from glass produced in the same establishment. This study includes data for the glass container industry and the other pressed or blown glass and glassware (except containers) industries, but excludes the flat glass industry.3 1 See appendix A for scope and method of survey. Wage data contained in this bulletin exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 See appendix B for occupational descriptions. Most glass is made by melting silica (in the form of sand) with an alkali (such as soda or potash) and another base ingredient (usually lime). Cullet, or crushed glass, commonly is added to hasten melting and to make the batch more workable. Other ingredients, such as oxides of various metals (e.g., chromium, cobalt, iron, or nickel) may be added for color. Fused together in furnace heats of about 2,700 degrees F., the materials become a liquid that can then be poured or cast; in the viscous state, it can be blown and forced to take the shape of a mold. The manufacture of glass containers is highly mechanized. Raw materials, after being mixed in large hoppers, are carried to melting furnaces by overhead rails or moving belts. The molten glass is automatically fed into the molds of a forming machine and blown to shape by compressed air. (None of the establishments in the Bureau s sample predominantly used hand methods to produce glass containers.) The containers pass on moving belts through annealing ovens, or lehrs, to be cooled slowly, and are then inspected and packed, or sent to the finishing department for decoration. The pressed or blown glass and glassware (except containers) industry also is predominantly mechanized. About one-sixth of the production workers covered by the survey, however, were in plants primarily making hand pressed articles and just under one-tenth were in establishments mostly producing hand blown items. Employment and product. Establishments within the scope of the survey employed 90,919 production and related workers in May About seven-tenths of these workers were in glass container plants. Of the 28,328 work- 3 Also excluded from the study are establishments primarily producing textile glass fibers which are included in the pressed or blown glass and glassware, except containers, industry as defined in the 1967 edition of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, prepared by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, as well as products made from purchased glass (industry group 323). The term other pressed or blown glass and glassware is used here to indicate SIC 3229, except textile-glass fibers. 4 The current survey differs from a May 1970 study of pressed or blown glass and glassware by the exclusion of establishments employing between 20 and 99 workers. However, workers in this establishment size class accounted for only 1 percent of total employment in glass containers and 6 percent in the other glassware industry, according to County Business Patterns, 1973 (U.S. Dept, of Commerce, December 1974). For a report on the earlier survey see Industry Wage Survey: Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware, May 1970, Bulletin 1713 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1971). 1

9 ers in the other pressed or blown glass and glassware industry, four-fifths were in establishments primarily producing tableware, artware, industrial, and illuminating glassware. Another one-tenth were in plants chiefly making scientific and technical glassware. Location. Of the glass containers work force, the Middle Atlantic and Great Lakes regions each accounted for about three-tenths,-the Pacific region, one-sixth. The remaining regions studied separately each employed less than onetenth of this class. Of the workers in the other pressed or blown glass and glassware industry nearly two-fifths were in the Middle Atlantic region, and another one-third in the Great Lakes States. The Border States, the only other region studied separately in this industry, accounted for nearly one-fourth of the glass and glassware workers. About two-thirds of the glass container workers and one-half of those in the other glassware segment were located in metropolitan areas.5 The percentage of workers in such areas varied substantially by region for each industry, as indicated in the following tabulation: Glass containers United States Middle A t la n t ic Border S ta te s Southeast S o u th w e s t Great L a k e s P a c ific O ther pressed o r blo w n glass and glassware N O T E : Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria. Size establishment. Employment in individual establishments ranged from about 100 to over 2,000 workers. Establishments employing 500 workers or more accounted for over seven-tenths of the work force and slightly more than half of the firms sampled. Glass container establishments were somewhat larger, on the average, than other pressed or blown glass and glassware plants 605 compared with 528 employees. Type company. Multiplant companies, i.e., those operating two establishments or more either in the glass container industry or the other pressed or blown glass and glassware industry, or in both industries, employed 94 percent of the glass container workers and 74 percent of the other pressed or blown glass and glassware workers. Of the regions studied separately for the latter industry, only in the Border States were as many as two-fifths of the workers in single-plant companies. Unionization. Nearly all of the establishments in the survey reported labor-management contracts covering all or a 5 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA s) as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget through February majority of their production workers. The American Flint Glass Workers Union of North America (AFL-CIO) usually had contracts covering workers in the mold-making departments in both industries and other production workers in the pressed or blown glassware (except containers) industry. The Glass Bottle Blowers Association of the United States and Canada (AFL-CIO) typically had contracts covering production workers in the glass container industry outside, those in the moldmaking departments. Collective bargaining in the industries generally takes place on a company-by-company basis. In the glass container industry, most companies have 3-year contracts with the two major unions. The last major settlement, affecting 50,000 workers, took place in the spring of Sex worker. Men accounted for slightly less than twothirds of the work force in both industries. Jobs in which men constituted all, or nearly all, of the work force included maintenance occupations, forming machine operators and upkeepers, and material handling laborers. Women were largely employed as carton assemblers, inspectors, and selectors. Method wage payment. Most of the workers seveneighths of the glass container workers and about two-thirds of those in the other glassware industry were paid on a time basis (tables 13 and 21). Almost all time-workers were paid under formal plans typically providing single rates for specified occupations. Incentive workers were usually paid under bonus plans. Jobs for which a substantial proportion of workers (at least one-fourth) were paid under incentive plans in the other pressed or blown glassware industry included assemblers, blowers, carry-in laborers, decorating-machine operators, forming-machine operators and upkeepers, gatherers, grinders, lehr tenders, pressers, reheaters, and selectors. However, only two jobs (forming-machine operators and upkeepers) in the glass containers industry had significant proportions of incentive workers at least 25 percent. Since the last survey, a number of glass container plants have abandoned incentive plans for all workers outside the forming department. Average hourly earnings Straight-time hourly earnings in the pressed or blown glass and glassware industries averaged $4.54 an hour in May (table 1). Among the regions studied separately, averages ranged from $4.89 in the Pacific to $4.31 in the Border States. Averages in the two largest regions studied separately were $4.59 in the Middle Atlantic and $4.47 in the Great Lakes. 6 For more details on the 1974 settlement see Current Wage Developments, June 1974, p The straight-time hourly earnings in this bulletin differ in concept from the gross average hourly earnings published in the 2

10 Nationwide, average hourly earnings in glass container plants averaged $ percent more than those in other pressed or blown glassware manufacturing. This same general relationship held for the three regions permitting comparison. Average earnings for men were 18 percent higher than those for women in glass container plants, and 19 percent higher in other pressed or blown glassware establishments. A similar gap between wage levels for men and for women prevailed among the regions studied separately in both industries. Differences in average pay for men and women -largely reflect their distribution among jobs with disparate pay levels. Within the same occupation, men s and women s earnings overlapped considerably. Average hourly earnings in both industries were higher in metropolitan than in nonmetropolitan areas and in establishments with 500 workers or more than in smaller plants. These relationships generally held in the few instances where regional comparisons could be made. It was not possible for this survey to isolate wagedetermining factors to measure their independent influence on earnings. Characteristics associated with higher pay levels such as metropolitan area location and large establishment size tend to be highly correlated. However, the relatively small number of establishments in the sample prevents the meaningful use of econometric techniques, such as regression analysis. Individual earnings of most workers were concentrated in a fairly narrow range (tables 2-4). The index of dispersion (calculated by dividing the middle range by the median) was 17 percent in glass container plants and 22 percent in other establishments. Contributing to this narrow earnings span were the high incidence of single rate pay plans, the high degree of unionization, and the widespread use of company wide rates. 7 Occupational earnings Thirty-two occupations were selected to represent worker skills and the wage structure of glassware manufacturing. These occupations accounted for just over seventenths of the work force in glass containers and slightly less than one-half of the other glassware workers. In the glass container industry, average hourly earnings ranged from $6.58 for forming-machine upkeepers to $3.97 for janitors (table 5). In the other glassware industry, hourly levels ranged from $6.26 for metal mold makers to $3.49 for glassware grinders (table 9). Selectors, numerically the most important job in both industries, averaged $4.11 in glass containers and $3.83 in other pressed or blown glass and glassware plants. Pay levels in the glass container industry usually were higher than those for workers in the same job and region in plants manufacturing pressed or blown glass and glassware, except containers. As indicated in text table 1, pay relationships between the industries varied by occupation, although the spread was commonly 10 percent or less. Among the six regions that could be compared in the glass container in d u stry, occupational earnings were generally highest in the Pacific and lowest in the Southwest. Except for the Pacific, interregional variations by occupation usually amounted to 5 percent or less, when the remaining regions could be compared. Among the three regions for which comparisons could be made in the other pressed or blown glassware segment, occupational averages T e xt table 1. Pay relationships between establishments manufacturing glass containers and other pressed or blown glass and glassware. United States and selected regions, May 1975 (Other pressed or blown glass and glassware = 100) Occupation United States1 Middle Atlantic Border States Great Lakes 7 Continued Bureau s monthly employment and earnings series ($5.12 for glass containers and $4.70 for other pressed or blown glass and glassware in May 1975). Unlike the latter, the estimates presented here exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Average earnings were calculated by summing individual hourly earnings and dividing by the number of individuals; in the monthly series, the sum of the employee-hour totals reported by establishments in the industry was divided into the reported payroll totals. The estimates of the number of workers within the scope of the survey are intended only as a general guide to the size and composition of the labor force covered by this survey. They differ from those published in the monthly series (104,400 in May 1975 for the two industries combined) by the exclusion of establishments employing fewer than 100 workers and of those principally engaged in producing textile glass fibers. Also, the advance planning necessary to make the survey required the use of lists of establishments assembled considerably in advance of data collection. Thus, establishments new to the industries are omitted, as are establishments originally classified in these industries but found to be ip others at the time of the survey. Also omitted are glassware plaijf^ classified incorrectly in other industries at the time the lists were compiled. Assemblers Cullet handlers Decorating-machine o p e ra to rs Electricians, m aintenance Forming-machine o p e ra to rs Forming-machine upkeepers Furnace operators Inspectors, final J a n ito rs Laborers, material ha n d lin g Mechanics, m aintenance Mold makers, m e tal Se le c to rs Truckers, power (forklift) Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. N O T E : Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria. 3

11 usually were lowest in the Border States and somewhat higher in the Middle Atlantic and Great Lakes regions. Occupational averages were usually higher also in glass container plants in metropolitan than in nonmetropolitan areas (table 6); no such consistent pattern emerged in the other segment (table 10). Averages for both industries were usually higher in plants of 500 workers or more than in those with 100 to 499 (tables 7 and 11). In the few instances where comparisons were possible, incentive paid workers averaged more than time workers in the same job (tables 8.and 12). Individual earnings of workers in the selected occupations in the glass container industry were closely concentra te d. E xcept for forming-machine operators and upkeepers (jobs for which a majority of workers were paid on an incentive basis), the spread of the middle range of earnings for occupations nationwide was typically less than 50 cents an hour. The spread was usually larger (commonly at least 70 cents) in the other glassware industry. Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions For production workers, data were obtained on certain establishment practices, including work schedules and shift provisions and practices, and on selected supplementary wage benefits, including paid holidays, paid vacations, and health insurance and retirement plans. Scheduled weekly hours. A cyclical (regularly alternating) work schedule of three 40-hour weeks and one 48-hour week applied to three-fifths of the workers in the glass container industry and to just over three-tenths in the other glassware industry (tables 14 and 22). The second most common alternating schedule was 40, 40, 48, applying to one-fifth of all workers. Regionally, in glass container establishments, proportions of workers on the 40, 40, 40, 48 schedule ranged from about two-fifths in the Middle Atlantic and Border States to three-fourths in the Southwest. Most of the remaining glass container plants had nonalternating schedules of 40 hours. Just under half of the workers in the other glassware industry were in plants operating on a 40-hour nonalternating week. 4 Shift provisions and practices. Virtually all workers in the glass container industry were in plants with formal provisions for both second and third or other late shifts in May 1975 (table 15). About one-fourth of the production workers actually were employed on second shifts, and ninetenths of these workers received 14 cents an hour above day-shift rates (table 16). A similar proportion was employed on third or other late shifts; nine-tenths of these workers received an 18 cents-per-hour differential. More than nine-tenths of the workers in the other glassware industry were in plants that had formal provisions for late shifts (table 23). About one-fourth were actually employed on second shifts, and about one-sixth were on third or other late shifts (table 24). The most commonly received differentials were 12 or 14 cents per hour for second shift, and 14, 16, or 18 cents for third or other late shifts. Paid holidays. All establishments in the Bureau s sample provided paid holidays (tables 17 and 25). Ten holidays per year applied tive-sixths of the glass container workers and to just under half of the other pressed or blown glassware workers. Other common provisions in the latter industry were 7 holidays (one-sixth of the workers) and 8,9, or 11 days (about one-tenth each). Paid vacations. All establishments studied in both industries provided their workers with paid vacations after qualifying periods of service (tables 18 and 26). In both industries, a majority of workers received at least 1 week after 1 year of service, at least 2 weeks after 2 years, 3 weeks or more after 10 years, 4 weeks or more after 20 years, and at least 5 weeks after 25 years of service. Provisions were slightly, more liberal in glass container plants. Regionally, vacation provisions varied considerably in the pressed or blown glassware, except containers, industry. For example, 4 weeks or less was the maximum vacation for a majority of Border States workers; in the Great Lakes, however, seven-tenths of the workers were in plants providing at least 5 weeks after 25 years. Provisions were relatively uniform among the regions studied separately in the glass containers industry. Health, insurance, and retirement plans. At least nine-tenths of the workers in both industries were in establishments providing some or all of the cost of life, sickness and accident, hospitalization, surgical, medical, and major medical insurance (tables 19 and 27). Accidental death and dismemberment insurance applied to nearly all glass containers workers and tour-fifths of the other glass workers. Longterm disability insurance applied to less than a fifth of the workers. Retirement pension plans, in addition to Federal social security, were provided in plants employing all glass container workers and nearly all of the workers in other pressed or blown glassware establishments. Severance pay upon retirement was not provided by any establishments visited. Most of the health, insurance, and retirement plans in the pressed or blown glassware, except containers, industry were jointly financed. By contrast, nearly all plans in the glass container industry were noncontributory. Other selected benefits. Nearly all workers were in establishments providing funeral and jury duty leave in May 1975 (tables 20 and 28). Technological severance pay, providing payments to workers permanently separated from their jobs because of technological change or a plant closing, applied to a third of the glass container workers, but to only a small proportion of workers in the other glassware industry.

12 Dental insurance plans, which cover normal dental care, such as extractions and bridge and crown work, were available to virtually all glass container workers and to nearly two-fifths of the other glassware workers. Cost of living adjustments nearly always based on the BLS consumer price index (CPI) applied to nine-tenths of the glass container workers, and to just over half of the other glass industry s workers. These plans commonly called for quarterly adjustments of 1 cent an hour in wage rates for each 0.5 index point rise in the national CPI (1967 = 100), with a maximum adjustment of 8 cents in any year. 5

13 Table 1. Average hourly earnings: By selected characteristics ( p r o d u c tio n a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 in p r e s s e d o r b lo w n g l a s s w a r e m a n u f a c t u r i n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s, U n ite d S ta t e s a n d s e l e c t e d r e g i o n s, M a y 1975) ITEM UNITED STATES 2/ MIDDLE ATLANTIC BORDER STATES S0UTHEAS T SOUTHWEST GREAT LAKES PACIFIC NCMbEK AVERAGE NUMBER AVERAGE NUMBER AVERAGE NUMBER AVERAGE NUMBER AVERAGE NUMBER AVERAGE NoMbEK AVtRAGE OF HOoRLY OF HOURLY OF HOURLY OF HOURLY OF Y HGORl CF HOURLY CF HOURLY WORKERS EARNINGS WORKERS WORKERS EARNINGS WORKERS wurktrs EARNINGS e a r n in g s EARNINGS WORKERS RNIimGS WUsKckS Ea EARNINGS ALL ESTABLISHMENTS 27,278 *4.47 lu,3 17 *4.69 ALL PisUCuLTlCN wukkeps J /... 90,919 * ,427 * ,698 *4.31 6,143 *4.5o - _ MEN... 5fc,z2C , , , *t , c, mum EN... 29, , , ,764 4.lu 10, , GLASS CLNTAINEKS ALL FROCuuTIUN WORKERS i /... 62, , ,225 4.o4 6, o 5,4oo * , ' i, MEN... 39, l i, o , G , , o 10, o, WOMEN , , , , lu 1, , , oize OF CLMMUMTY: METROPOLITAN AREAS /... 4<c» , , , , , o, NGNMETRCFCLITAN AREAS... 2C, , , , SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENT: WUKKthS , , ,538 *4.53 3, , ,290 * WORKERS OK M O R E , , ,783 * , / , /, PKcSSEO OK BL CRN GLASS ANC GLASSWARE, EXCEPT CONTAINERS ALL PRGOUc TlON WORKERS j /... 26, , , , Mt N... 16, , , , m um E N , , , , SIZE CF COMMUNITY: METROPOLITAN ARcAS S /... 13, , , NCNMETR0P0L1TAN a r e a s... 14, , ,371 * , SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENT: WORKERS... 9, , , WORKERS OR MORE... 15, , ,112 * TYPE CF PRCCUCT ANL METHOD OF MANUFACTURE: jj/ TABLEWARE, Ak TWARE, i n d u s t r i a l AND ILLUMINATINO GLASSmARE... 22, , ,644 *4.02 8, HAND... 6, , , , M AC HINE... 15, , , TECHNICAL AND S C IE N T IF IC GLASSW ARE... 3, E 1 E x clu d e s p re m iu m pay fo r o v e rtim e and fo r w o rk on w eekends, holidays and late sh ifts. 2 I n c lu d e s d a t a f o r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to th o s e s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y. A la s k a a n d H a w a ii w e r e n o t in c lu d e d in th e s tu d y. 3 I n c lu d e s in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s f o r w h ic h i n f o r m a ti o n by s e x w a s u n a v a i la b l e. 4 S ta n d a r d M e t r o p o l i t a n S t a t i s t i c a l A r e a s a s d e f in e d b y th e U.S. O ffic e M a n a g e m e n t a n d B u d g e t t h r o u g h F e b r u a r y ' * ' l. ' * ~ 5 D a ta f o r a l l p r o d u c ti o n in c lu d e o t h e r p r o d u c ts in a d d itio n to th o s e s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y. N O T E : D a s h e s i n d i c a t e n o d a t a r e p o r t e d o r d a ta t h a t do n o t m e e t p u b l i c a t i o n c r i t i e r a.

14 Table 2. Earnings distribution: Pressed or blown glass and glassware all establishments ( P e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n p r o d u c tio n b y a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 1 U n ite d S ta t e s a n d s e l e c t e d r e g i o n s, M a y 1975) AVERAGE ECUPLY EARNINGS 1/ UNITED STATES 2 1 1CTAL PEN WCNEN WICDLE S T A M I C ECROER STAT SS SCUTHEAST GREAT LAKES PACIFIC T O T A L C LNCER $ C3 * (3 ) (31 $3.00 AND LNCER $ $3.10 AN C UNCEP $ _ $ ANO LNCER $ _ 1.0 _ $3.30 AND UNCEP $ $3.40 AND LNCER $ 3.5 C *.4 - $3.50 ANC UNCER $ 3.6 C $3.60 AND UNDER $ (3) $3.70 ANO UNCER $ 3. EC _ $3.80 ANC UNCEP $ _ $3.90 AND LNCER $ $4.00 ANC UNCEP $ 4.1 C $4.1 0 AND LNDER $ $4.20 ANC UNCER $4.3C $4.30 ANC UNCER $ $ AND LNCER $ $4.50 ANC UNCER $ $4.6 0 AND LNCER $ $4.70 AND UNDER $ $4.60 AND UNCER $ $4.90 AND LNCER $ $5.00 AND UNCEP $ 5.1 C l. l $5.10 AND UNDER $ $5.20 AND UNCER $ $5.30 ANC LNCER $ $5.40 AND UN0ER $ (3 ) $ AND LNCER $ $5.60 AND UNDER $5.7 C (3 ) $5.70 ANO UNCER $ (3 ) $5.80 ANO LNCER $ (3 ) $5.90 AND UNDER $ (3 ) $ 6.00 AND UNDER $ (3 ) $6.10 ANO UNDER $ > $6.20 AND UNDER $ ( $6.30 ANO UNCER $ (3 ) $6.40 ANC UNDER $ (3) $6.5C ANO CVER., (3 ) NUKbtK UE hupktrs 4 / ,919 58,2*0 *5,434 28,427 1C, C9 8 0,143 21,278 10,317 AVtKAoc EUukLY EARNINGS 1 /.... $4.54 $4.78 $4.04 $4.59 $4.31 $4.56 $ E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r ti m e a n d f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s, h o l i d a y s, a n d l a t e s h i f t s. I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to t h o s e s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y. 3 L e s s th a n p e r c e n t. 4 I n c lu d e s in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s f o r w h ic h in f o r m a tio n b y s e x w a s u n a v a i la b l e. N O TE: e q u al 100. B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g su m s of in d iv id u a l ite m s m ay not

15 Table 3. Earnings distribution: Glass containers ( P e rc e n t d istrib u tio n of production w o rk ers by average straig h t-tim e hourly earn in g s1 U nited S tates and selected regions, May 1975) AVERAGE HOURLY EARMNGS 1 / UNITED STATES I t MICDLE ATLANTIC BORDER 9TATCS Sr,UT H^AST SOUTHWEST GREAT LAKES PACIFIC TOTAL REN WCPEN T O T A L o UNDER $ (3 ) (3) 13) (3 ) - - (3) - (3 ) S3.00 ANC UNCEP $ _ -. - _ $3.10 A M UNCEP $ (3 ) (3 ) (3 ) $3.20 ANC UNCEP $ ) (3) (3 ) (3 ) $3.30 ANC UNCEP $3 «4 C (3 ) $3.40 ANC UNDER $ $3.50 ANC UNCER $ _ 13) $3.60 ANC UNDER $ $3.70 ANC UNDER $ , $3.80 ANC UNDER $ , * $3.90 ANC UNCEP $ $4.00 ANC UNCER $ C $4.10 ANC UNDER $ $4.20 ANC UNCER $ $4.30 ANC UNDER $ $4.40 ANC UNCEP $ $4.50 ANC UNCEP $ , $4.60 ANC UNDER $ $4.70 ANC UNCER $4 a C, $4.80 ANC UNCEP $ $4.90 ANC UNCEP $ $5.00 ANC UNCER $ , _ $5.10 ANC UNCER $ , C3 ) $5.20 ANC UNCEP $ , ) $5.30 ANC UNDER $ , (3 ) $5.40 ANC UNCER $ , $5.50 ANC UNDER $ , $5.60 ANC UNCER $ $5.70 ANC UNCEP $ , $5.80 ANC UNDER $ 5.9 C $5.90 ANC UNCER $ , $6.00 ANC UN0ER $ $6.10 ANC UNCER $ , $6.20 ANC UNDER $ , $6.30 ANC UNDER $ , $6.40 ANC UNCER $ l.c $6.50 ANC OVER NJMufch Lb WbRK6R$ 4 /..., 6^,391 35,866 cu,4u7 16,062 4,2*5 c, 14i 5, 5fcb 5,0 -AvfcKAbt huuhty EARNINGS $4.63 $4.65 $4.14 $4.65 $<t.64 $4.56 $ 4. j S 0 $4.i» / $ 4.5 i 1 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y fo r o v e rtim e and fo r w o rk on w e e k e n d s, holidays, and late sh ifts. 2 Includes d ata fo r regions in addition to those shown sep arately. 3 L e ss than 0.05 p ercen t. 4 In c lu d e s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts fo r w h ich in fo rm a tio n by se x w as unavailable. NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sum s of individual item s m ay not eq u a l 100.

16 Table 4. Earnings distribution: Pressed or blown glass and glassware, except containers ( P e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n p r o d u c tio n b y a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 1 U n ite d S ta t e s a n d s e l e c t e d r e g io n s, M a y 1975) AVERAGE ECLRLY EARNING? 1/ UNITEC STATES 2/ MIDDLE ATLANTIC BORDER STATES GREAT LAKES TCTAL MEN WOMEN T O T A L C C C 0.C UNDER $3. D O (3 ) 4.6 (3 ) S3.00 ANC UNCER $ S3.10 AM. UNCER $ $3.20 ANC UNCER $ $3.30 ANC UNCER $ $3.40 ANC UNDER $ S3.50 ANC UNDER $ S3.6C ANC UNCER $ $3.70 ANC UNDER $ C l. l S3.80 ANC UNDER $ $3.90 ANC UNDER $ $4.00 ANC UNCER $ $4.10 ANC UNDER $ $4.20 ANC UNCER $ C $ ANC UNDER $ S4.4C ANC UNDER $ S4.50 ANC UNCER $ $ AND UNDER $ S4.70 ANC UNDER $ $4.80 ANC UNDER $ $4.90 ANC UNDER $ $5.00 ANC UNCER $ $5.10 ANC UNDER $ $5.20 ANC UNDER $ $5.30 ANC UNCER $ $5.40 AKC UNCER $ $5.50 ANC UNDER $ (3 ) $5.60 ANC UNCER $ e l.c S 5.70 ANC UNCER $ $5.80 ANC UNDER $ m.9.7 l.c $5.90 ANC UNDER $ ( $ 6.00 ANC UNDER $ 6.1 C (3 ) $6.10 ANC UNCER $ l.c 1.3 ( $ AND UNDER $ (3 ) $6.30 ANC UN0ER $6.4 C....7 l.c (3) $6.40 ANC UNDER $ (3 ) $6.50 ANC CVER., L N u M d t h C t rtcrkers $ ,328 16,354 9, C27 10,365 6, ,7 4 5 AVcKAGc H j u K L Y E A h M N U S! / $4.32 $4.54 $ 3. 6c $4.47 $4.1C $4.3C E x c lu d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r tim e a n d f o r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s, h o l i d a y s, a n d l a t e s h i f t s. * I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to t h o s e s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y. 3 L e s s th a n p e r c e n t. I n c lu d e s in e s w a s u n a v a i la b l e. NOTE: B ecause of rounding, sum s of individual item s m ay n o t eq u a l 100.

17 Table 5. Occupational averages: Glass containers all establishments ( a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 1 i n s e l e c t e d o c c u p a tio n s, U n ite d S ta t e s a n d s e l e c t e d r e g io n s, M a y 1975) U n ite d S ta te s 3 M id d le A tla n tic B o r d e r S ta t e s S o u th e a s t O c c u p a tio n a n d s e x 2 H o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 M e a n 4 M e d ia n 4 M id d le r a n g e 4 H o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 M e a n 4 M e d ia n 4 M id d le r a n g e 4 of H o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 M e a n 4 M e d i a n 4 M id d le r a n g e 4 H o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 M e a n 4 M e d ia n 4 M id d le r a n g e 4 S e l e c te d p r o d u c ti o n o c c u p a t i o n s B a tc h h o u s e a n d f u r n a c e : 5 B a tc h m i x e r s $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ ~ $ $ $ $ 4. 2 b $ B a t c h - a n d f u r n a c e - o p e r a t o r s _ _ - - C u ll e t h a n d l e r s F u r n a c e o p e r a t o r s M a c h in e f o r m in g : F o r m in g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s , , F o r m in g - m a c h i n e u p k e e p e r s , _ M o ld p o l i s h e r s (5 8 8 m e n, 14 w o m e n ) A n n e a lin g : L e h r t e n d e r s (2 0 4 m e n, 1 w o m a n )... S e l e c ti n g a n d i n s p e c t i n g : _.. _ I n s p e c t o r s, f i n a l... 2, W o m e n... 1, S e l e c t o r s , , ' , , W o m e n... 3, , _ , , , D e c o r a t o r s : D e c o r a t i n g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s (2 4 4 m e n, 126 w o m e n ) M o ld s h o p : M o ld m a k e r s - m e t a l , M a in te n a n c e : 5 E l e c t r i c i a n s m a i n t e n a n c e _. _ r H e l p e r s, m a i n t e n a n c e t r a d e s _ M a c h in i s t s, m a i n t e n a n c e _. - _ - - _ M e c h a n i c s, m a i n t e n a n c e... 1, P i p e f i t t e r s, m a i n t e n a n c e M i s c e l l a n e o u s : A s s e m b l e r s, c a r t o n s... 4, , , ^ r W o m e n... 2, _.. _ _ «.. _ _.. L a b o r e r s, m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g (3, 117 m e n 3, T r u c k e r s, p o w e r f o l k l i f t ( 2,9 1 2 m e n 11 w o m e n ) ', T r u c k e r s, p o w e r, o t h e r th a n f o l k l i f t _ _ W a t c h m e n " " " " S e e f o o tn o te s a t e n d ta b le,

18 Table 5. Occupational averages: Glass containers all establishments Continued ( a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 1 i n s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s, U n ite d S ta t e s a n d s e l e c t e d r e g io n s, M a y ) S o u th w e s t G r e a t L a k e s P a c i f i c Q c c u p a t i o n a n d s e x 12 3 H o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 M id d le M e a n 4 M e d ia n 4 r a n g e 4 H o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 H o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 M e a n 4 M e d i a n 4 M e a n 4 M e d ia n 4 M id d le r a n g e 4 M id d le ra n g e 4 S e l e c te d p r o d u c tio n o c c u p a t i o n s B a tc h h o u s e a n d f u r n a c e : 5 B a tq h m i x e r s $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ B a t c h - a n d f u r n a c e - o p e r a t o r s C u lle t h a n d l e r s F u r n a c e o p e r a t o r s r M a c h in e f o r m i n g : F o r m in g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s 5...' , F o r m in g - m a c h i n e u p k e e p e r s M o ld p o l i s h e r s (5 8 8 m e n, 14 w o m e n ) A n n e a lin g : L e h r t e n d e r s (2 0 4 m e n, 1 w o m a n ) S e l e c ti n g a n d i n s p e c t i n g : I n s p e c t o r s, f i n a l M e n... _ W o m e n S e l e c t o r s... 1, , , M e n W o m e n... 1, , , 170 D e c o r a t o r s : D e c o r a t i n g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s (2 4 4 m e n, 126 w o m e n ) M o ld s h o p : M o ld m a k e r s - m e t a l M a in te n a n c e : 5 E l e c t r i c i a n s m a i n t e n a n c e H e l p e r s, m a i n t e n a n c e t r a d e s _ M a c h in i s t s, m a i n t e n a n c e M e c h a n i c s, m a i n t e n a n c e P i p e f i t t e r s, m a i n t e n a n c e _ _. _ M i s c e l l a n e o u s : A s s e m b l e r s, c a r t o n s , M e n W o m e n , J a n i t o r s M e n W o m e n _ L a b o r e r s, m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g (3, 117 m e n 4 7 w o m e n ) , T r u c k e r s, p o w e r f o l k l i f t ( 2,9 1 2 m e n 11 w o m e n ) T r u c k e r s, p o w e r, o t h e r th a n f o l k l i f t _ W a t c h m e n 5... " " " ~ " " _ " E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s, h o l i d a y s, a n d l a t e s h i f t s. 2 I n c lu d e s d a t a f o r e s t a b l i s h m e n t s f o r w h ic h i n f o r m a ti o n f o r m e n a n d w o m e n s e p a r a t e l y w a s u n a v a i la b l e. 3 I n c lu d e s d a t a f o r r e g io n s i n a d d i t i o n to th o s e s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y. 4 S e e a p p e n d ix A f o r m e th o d u s e d i n c o m p u tin g m e a n s, m e d ia n s, a n d m i d d le r a n g e s e a r n i n g s ; m e d i a n s a n d m id d le r a n g e s a r e n o t p r o v i d e d f o r e n t r i e s f e w e r th a n A ll m e n. N O T E : D a s h e s in d i c a t e n o d a t a r e p o r t e d o r d a t a t h a t do n o t m e e t p u b l i c a t i o n c r i t e r i a.

19 Table 6. Occupational averages: Glass containers by size of community ( a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 1 in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a tio n s, U n ite d S ta t e s a n d s e l e c t e d r e g io n s, M a y 1975) N) O c c u p a tio n A s s e m b l e r s, c a r t o n s.... B a tc h m i x e r s... B a t c h - a n d f u r n a c e - o p e r a t o r s... C u lle t h a n d l e r s... D e c o r a t i n g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s E l e c t r i c i a n s, m a i n t e n a n c e... F o r m i n g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s... F o r m i n g - m a c h i n e u p k e e p e r s... F u r n a c e o p e r a t o r s... I n s p e c t o r s, f i n a l... J a n i t o r s... L a b o r e r s, m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g M a c h in i s t s, m a i n t e n a n c e... M e c h a n i c s, m a i n t e n a n c e... M o ld m a k e r s, m e t a l M o ld p o l i s h e r s... S e l e c t o r s... T r u c k e r s, p o w e r ( f o r k lif t)... T r u c k e r s, p o w e r ( o t h e r th a n f o r k lif t) A s s e m b l e r s, c a r t o n s... B a tc h m i x e r s... B a t c h - a n d f u r n a c e - o p e r a t o r s C u lle t h a n d l e r s... D e c o r a t i n g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s... E l e c t r i c i a n s, m a i n t e n a n c e... F o r m i n g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s... F o r m i n g - m a c h i n e u p k e e p e r s F u r n a c e o p e r a t o r s... I n s p e c t o r s, f i n a l.... J a n i t o r s... L a b o r e r s, m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g... M a c h in i s t s, m a i n t e n a n c e... M e c h a n i c s, m a i n t e n a n c e... M o ld m a k e r s, m e t a l... M o ld p o l i s h e r s... S e l e c t o r s... T r u c k e r s, p o w e r ( f o r k lif t)... T r u c k e r s, p o w e r ( o t h e r th a n f o r k li f t ) U n ite d S t a t e s 12 M id d le A t l a n t i c B o r d e r S ta t e s S o u th e a s t M e t r o p o l i t a n N o n m e t r o p o l i t a n M e t r o p o l i t a n N o n m e t r o p o l i t a n M e t r o p o l i t a n M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s a r e a s a r e a s a r e a s a r e a s a r e ;a s A v e r a g e A v e r a g e A v e r a g e A v e r a g e A v e r a g e A v e r a g e h o u r l y of h o u r l y h o u r l y h o u r l y h o u r l y h o u r l y e a r n i n g s e a r n i n g s e a r n i n g s e a r n i n g s e a r n i n g s e a r n i n g s 3, 190 $ , 529 $ $ $ $ * Z , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ~ : G r e a t L a k e s S o u th w e s t P a c i f i c M e t r o p o l i t a n N o n m e t r o p o l i t a n M e t r o p o l i t a n N o n m e t r o p o l i t a n M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s a r e a s a r e a s a r e a s a r e ; as $ $ $ $ $ _ _ _ , , , ' 1 E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r ti m e a n d f o r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s, h o lid a y s, a n d l a t e s h i f t s. N O T E : D a s h e s i n d i c a t e n o d a ta r e p o r t e d o r d a ta t h a t d o n o t m e e t p u b lic a t i o n c r i t e r i a. 2 I n c lu d e s d a t a f o r r e g i o n s in a d d i t i o n to t h o s e s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y.

20 Table 7. Occupational averages: Glass containers by size of establishment ( a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 1 in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a tio n s, U n ite d S ta t e s a n d s e l e c t e d r e g i o n s, M a y 1975) U n ite d S t a t e s 2 M id d le A t l a n t i c B o r d e r S ta t e s S o u th e a s t O c c u p a tio n E s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith o r m o r e o r m o r e 5 00 o r m o r e A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s A s s e m b l e r s, c a r t o n s... 1, 570 $ , 149 $ $ $ $ $ B a tc h m i x e r s B a t c h - a n d f u r n a c e - o p e r a t o r s C u lle t h a n d l e r s D e c o r a t i n g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s E l e c t r i c i a n s, m a i n t e n a n c e F o r m i n g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s... 1, , F o r m i n g - m a c h i n e u p k e e p e r s , F u r n a c e o p e r a t o r s I n s p e c t o r s, f i n a l , J a n i t o r s L a b o r e r s, m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g , M e c h a n i c s, m a i n t e n a n c e , _ M o ld m a k e r s, m e t a l , M o ld p o l i s h e r s S e l e c t o r s... 4, , , , T r u c k e r s, p o w e r ( f o r k l if t ) , S o u th e a s t C o n tin u e d S o u th w e s t G r e a t L a k e s P a c i f i c 500 o r m o r e o r m o r e o r m o r e A s s e m b l e r s, c a r t o n s $ $ $ $ $4. 40 B a t c h m i x e r s B a t c h - a n d f u r n a c e - o p e r a t o r s C u lle t h a n d l e r s D e c o r a t i n g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s E l e c t r i c i a n s, m a i n t e n a n c e F o r m i n g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s F o r m i n g - m a c h i n e u p k e e p e r s F u r n a c e o p e r a t o r s I n s p e c t o r s, f i n a l J a n i t o r s L a b o r e r s, m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g M e c h a n i c s, m a i n t e n a n c e M o ld m a k e r s, m e t a l M o ld p o l i s h e r s S e l e c t o r s , , , , T r u c k e r s, p o w e r ( f o r k l i f t ) E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s, h o l i d a y s, a n d l a t e s h i f t s. I n c lu d e s d a t a f o r r e g i o n s in a d d i t i o n to th o s e s h o w n s e p a r a t e ly. N O T E : D a s h e s i n d i c a t e d n o d a t a r e p o r t e d o r d a ta t h a t d o n o t m e e t p u b l i c a t i o n c r i t e r i a.

21 Table 8. Occupational averages: Glass containers by method of wage payment ( a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 O c c u p a tio n T im e U n ite d S t a t e s 2 M id d le Ȧ tla n tic S o u th e a s t A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s Jlncejn tiv e w o rlk e r s A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s T i m e A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s I n c e n tiv e A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s T i m e A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s I n c e n tiv e T*Vo t* a A v e r a g e h o u rly e a r n i n g s A s s e m b l e r s, c a r t o n s... 4, 019 $ $ , O il $ F o r m in g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s... $ $ , 511 o. 0 1 F o r m in g - m a c h i n e u p k e e p e r s , 565 A 7 c; _ 1, / D 369 $ L a b o r e r s, m a t e r i a l h a n d l i n g , , 13 T r u c k e r s, p o w e r ( f o r k l i f t ) , G r e a t L a k e s P a c if ic A s s e m b l e r s, c a r t o n s... F o r m in g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s... F o r m in g - m a c h i n e u p k e e p e r s... L a b o r e r s, m a t e r i a l h a n d l i n g... T r u c k e r s, p o w e r ( f o r k l i f t ) E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r tim e a n d f o r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s, h o l i d a y s, a n d la t e I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to th o s e sh o w n s e p a r a t e l y $ $4. 40 PQA 5 48 o n $ c QO $ N O T E : D a s h e s in d i c a t e no d a ta r e p o r t e d o r d a ta th a t do n o t m e e t p u b lic a t i o n s < t e r i a.

22 Table 9. Occupational averages : Pressed or blown glass and glassware, except containers all establishments ( a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 1 in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s, U n ite d S ta t e s a n d s e l e c t e d r e g io n s, M a y 1975) U n ite d S ta t e s 3 M id d le A tla n tic B o r d e r S ta t e s S o u th e a s t O c c u p a t i o n a n d s e x 2 H o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 M e a n 4 M e d ia n 4 M id d le r a n g e 4 H o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 M id d le M e a n 4 M e d ia n 4 r a n g e 4 of H o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 M e a n 4 M e d ia n 4 M id d le r a n g e 4 H o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 M e a n 4 M e d ia n 4 M id d le r a n g e 4 B a tc h h o u s e a n d f u r n a c e : B a tc h m i x e r s $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ B a t c h - a n d f u r n a c e - o p e r a t o r s _ C u lle t h a n d l e r s (1 2 3 m e n, 1 w o m a n ) F u r n a c e o p e r a t o r s lb= M a c h in e f o r m i n g : F o r m i n g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s F o r m i n g - m a c h i n e u p k e e p e r s (1 6 5 m e n, 1 w o m a n ) M o ld p o l i s h e r s (1 4 4 m e n, 13 w o m e n ) M o l d - p r e s s o p e r a t o r s (3 7 9 m e n, 14 w o m e n ) _ _. H a n d F o r m in g : G a t h e r e r s, b lo w p ip e G a t h e r e r s, p r e s s e d - w a r e p u n ty _ G r i n d e r s, g l a s s w a r e M e n... ^ o _ W o m e n.... ' _ P r o s s e r s g l a s s w a r e h a n d R e h e a t e r s (2 3 3 m e n, 3 w o m e n ) ! A n n e a lin g : C a r r y - i n l a b o r e r s (6 5 2 m e n, 64 w o m e n ) _. _ L e h r t e n d e r s (1 0 7 m e n, 4 2 w o m e n ) S e l e c ti n g a n d I n s p e c t i n g : I n s p e c t o r s, f i n a l M e n _ W o m e n S e l e c t o r s... 4, , M e n _ W o m e n... 4, D e c o r a t o r s : C u t t e r s, d e c o r a t i v e (27 m e n, 48 w o m e n ) _ «. D e c o r a t i n g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s (87 m e n, 3 30 w o m e n ) M o ld S h o p :5 M o ld m a k e r s, m e t a l M a i n t e n a n c e : E l e c t r i c i a n, m a i n t e n a n c e, H e l p e r s, m a i n t e n a n c e t r a d e s ( m e n, 1 w o m a n ) M a c h in i s t s, m a i n t e n a n c e _. _. _. _ M e c h a n i c s, m a i n t e n a n c e M i s c e l l a n e o u s : A s s e m b l e r s, c a r t o n s « M e n W o m e n J a n i to r s « M e n _ W o m e n _ L a b o r e r s, m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g (6 6 9 m e n, 9 4 w o m e n ) T r u c k e r s, p o w e r, f o r k l i f t (4 9 0 m e n 22 w o m e n ) _ T r u c k e r s, p o w e r, o t h e r th a n f o r k li f t (73 m e n, 7 w o m e n ) _ _. W a t c h m e n " " E x c lu d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s, h o l i d a y s, a n d l a t e s h i f t s. 2 I n c lu d e s d a t a f o r e s t a b l i s h m e n t s f o r w h ic h in f o r m a tio n f o r m e n a n d w o m e n s e p a r a t e l y w a s u n a v a i la b l e.» 3 I n c lu d e s d a t a f o r r e g io n s in a d d i t i o n to th o s e sh o w n s e p a r a t e l y. 4 S e e a p p e n d ix A f o r m e th o d u s e d in c o m p u tin g m e a n s, m e d i a n s, a n d m i d d le r a n g e s e a r n i n g s ; m e d i a n s a n d m id d le r a n g e s a r e n o t p r o v i d e d f o r e n t r i e s f e w e r th a n A ll m e n. N O T E : D a s h e s i n d i c a t e n o d a t a r e p o r t e d o r d a t a t h a t do n o t m e e t p u b lic a t i o n c r i t e r i a.

23 Table 10. Occupational averages: Pressed or blown glassware, except containers by size of community ( a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 1 i n s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s, U n ite d S ta t e s a n d s e l e c t e d r e g io n s, M a y 1975) U n ite d S ta t e s 12 M id d le A tla n tic B o r d e r S ta t e s G r e a t L a k e s O c c u p a tio n M e tr o p o liltan a r e a s N o n m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s N o n m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s N o n m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s A s s e m b l e r s, c a r t o n s $ $ $ $ B a tc h m i x e r s C a r r y - i n l a b o r e r s _ $ C u lle t h a n d l e r s D e c o r a t i n g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s _ E l e c t r i c i a n s, m a i n t e n a n c e F u r n a c e o p e r a t o r s G a t h e r e r s, b l o w p i p e... T, G a t h e r e r s, p r e s s e d w a r e p u n t y G r i n d e r s, g l a s s w a r e I n s p e c t o r s, " f i n a l _ _ J a n i t o r s L a b o r e r s, m a t e r i a l h a n d l i n g M a c h in i s t s, m a i n t e n a n c e M e c h a n i c s, m a i n t e n a n c e _ M o ld m a k e r s, m e t a l m S e l e c t o r s... 1, , T r u c k e r s, p o w e r ( f o r k lif t) E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s, h o l i d a y s, a n d l a t e s h i f t s. 2 I n c lu d e s d a t a f o r r e g io n s in a d d i t i o n to th o s e sh o w n s e p a r a t e l y. N O T E : D a s h e s i n d i c a t e n o d a t a r e p o r t e d o r d a t a th a t do n o t m e e t p u b lic a t i o n c r i t e r i a.

24 Table 11. Occupational averages: Pressed or blown glass and glassware, except containers by size of establishment ( a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a tio n s, U n ite d S ta t e s a n d s e l e c t e d r e g io n s, M a y ) U n ite d S ta t e s M id d le A tla n t i c B o r d e r S ta te s G r e a t L a k e s O c c u p a tio n E s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith o r m o r e o r m o r e o r m o r e of A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s of A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s of A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s of A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s A s s e m b l e r s, c a r t o n s $ $ $ $ B a tc h m i x e r s $ B l o w e r s _ _ C a r r y - i n l a b o r e r s _ - - _ C u lle t h a n d l e r s D e c o r a t i n g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s E l e c t r i c i a n s, m a i n t e n a n c e F o r m i n g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s F u r n a c e o p e r a t o r s G a t h e r e r s, b lo w p ip e _ G a t h e r e r s, p r e s s e d w a r e p u n t y _ - G r i n d e r s, g l a s s w a r e _ I n s p e c t o r s, f i n a l _ - _ J a n i t o r s _ L a b o r e r s, m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g L e h r t e n d e r s M a c h i n i s t s, m a i n t e n a n c e M e c h a n i c s, m a i n t e n a n c e M o ld m a k e r s, m e t a l M o l d - p r e s s o p e r a t o r s P r e s s e r s, g l a s s w a r e, h a n d " S e l e c t o r s , , T r u c k e r s, p o w e r ( f o r k lif t) E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r tim e a n d f o r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s, h o l i d a y s, a n d l a t e s h i f t s. 2 I n c lu d e s d a t a f o r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to t h o s e s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y. N O T E : D a s h e s i n d i c a t e n o d a t a r e p o r t e d o r d a t a t h a t d o n o t m e e t p u b l i c a t i o n c r i t e r i a.

25 Table 12. Occupational averages: Pressed or blown glass and glassware, except containers-by method of wage payment ( a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 1 i n s e l e c t e d o c c u p a tio n s. U n ite d S ta t e s a n d s e l e c t e d r e g io n s, M a y 1975) U n ite d S ta te s 2 M id d le A t l a n t i c B o r d e r S ta t e s G r e a t L a k e s O c c u p a tio n T im e I n c e n tiv e T im e I n c e n t i v e T i m e I n c e n t i v e T im e I n c e n t i v e A v e r a g e A v e r a g e A v e r a g e A v e r a g e A v e r a g e h o u r l y A v e r a g e N u b o b e r h o u r ly A v e r a g e h o u r l y A v e r a g e h o u r l y h o u r l y h o u r l y e a r n i n g s e a r n in g s h o u r l y h o u r l y e a r n i n g s e a r n i n g s e a r n i n g s e a r n i n g s e a r n i n g s A s s e m b l e r s, c a r t o n s $ y o 4 a on 45 $ 3. *78 B a tc h m i x e r s $ _ B l o w e r s... $ $ _ C a r r v - i n l a b o r e r s " $ * 75 D e c o r a t i n g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s ' _ F o r m i n g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s C C Q D. DO $ F o r m i n g - m a c h i n e u p k e e p e r s A /V Dj D.Uf F u r n a c e o p e r a t o r s _ aq Do G a t h e r e r s, p r e s s e d w a r e p u n t y G r i n d e r s, g l a s s w a r e I n s p e c t o r s, f i n a l QQ _ j. yo L a b o r e r s, m a t e r i a l h a n d l i n g M o l d - p r e s s o p e r a t o r s _ P r e s s e r s, g l a s s w a r e, h a n d S e l e c t o r s , , , E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s, h o l i d a y s, a n d l a t e s h i f t s. I n c lu d e s d a t a f o r r e g i o n s in a d d i t i o n to th o s e s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y. N O T E : D a s h e s i n d i c a t e n o d a t a r e p o r t e d o r d a t a th a t d o n o t m e e t p u b lic a tio n c r i t e r i a.

26 Table 13. Glass containers: Method of wage payment (Percent of production workers by method of wage payment. United States and selected regions, May 1975) Method of wage payment1 United States12 Middle Atlantic Border States Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Pacific All workers Time rated workers Formal plans Single rate Range of rates Individual rates...:... (3) (3) Incentive workers Individual piecework... (3) _ 2 1 _ Group piecework... (3) Individual bonus Group bonus For definition of method of wage payment, see appendix A. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 3 Less than 0.5 percent. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Table 14. Glass containers: Scheduled weekly hours (Percent of production workers by scheduled weekly hours, United States and selected regions, May 1975) Weekly hours1 United States2 Middle Atlantic Border States Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Pacific All workers hours _ hours hours Cyclical work weeks , 40, 40, and 48 hours Data relate to the predominant schedule for full-time day-shift workers in each establishment. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 3 Includes other regularly alternating workweeks in addition to those shown separately. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

27 Table 15. Glass containers: Shift differential provisions (Percent of production workers by shift differential provisions, United States and selected regions, May 1975) Shift differential1 United States2 Middle Atlantic Border States Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Pacific Second shift Workers in establishments with second shift provisions With shift differential Uniform cents per hour cents _ cents cents cents cents cents Third or other late shift Workers in establishments with third or other late shift provisions With shift differential Uniform cents per hour cents cents cents cents cents ~ ~ 1 Refers to policies of establishments currently operating late shifts or having provisions covering late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. NOTE. Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

28 Table 16. Glass containers: Shift differential practices (Percent of production workers employed on late shifts by amount of pay differential, United States and selected regions, May 1975) Shift differential United States' Middle Atlantic Border States Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Pacific Second shift Workers employed on second shift Receiving differential Uniform cents per hour cents cents cents cents cents cents Third or other late shift Workers employed on third or other late shift Receiving differential Uniform cents per hour cents cents cents cents cents Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Table 17. Glass containers: Paid holidays (Percent of production workers in establishments with formal provisions for paid holidays, United States and selected regions, May 1975) Number of paid holidays United States' Middle Atlantic Border States Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Pacific All workers Workers in establishments providing paid holidays days days days days Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

29 Table 18. Glass containers: Paid vacations (Percent of production workers in establishments with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods of service,.united States and selected regions, May 1975) Vacation policy United States' Middle Atlantic Border States Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Pacific All workers Method of payment Workers in establishments providing paid vacations Length of time payment Percentage payment " Amount of vacation pay2 After 1 year of service: 1 week Over 1 and under 2 weeks After 2 years of service: 1 week... (3) Over 1 and under 2 weeks weeks Over 2 and under 3 weeks After 3 years of service: 2 weeks Over 2 and under 3 weeks After 5 years of service: 2 weeks Over 2 and under 3 weeks After 10 years of service: Over 2 and under 3 weeks weeks Over 3 and under 4 weeks After 15 years of service: 0 Over 2 and under 3 weeks weeks Over 3 and under 4 weeks weeks Over 4 and under 5 weeks After 20 years of service-. Over 2 and under 3 weeks weeks Over 3 and under 4 weeks weeks Over 4 and under 5 weeks weeks...? See footnotes at end of table.

30 Table 18. Glass containers: Paid vacations Continued (Percent of production workers in establishments with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods of service, United States and selected regions, May 1975) Vacation policy United States1 Middle Atlantic Border States Southeast South- west Great Lakes Pacific Amount of vacation pay2 NO C O After 25 years of service: Over 2 and under 3 weeks weeks Over 3 and under 4 weeks weeks Over 4 and under 5 weeks weeks Over 5 and under 6 weeks After 30 years of service:4 Over 2 and under 3 weeks weeks Over 3 and under 4 weeks weeks Over 4 and under 5 weeks weeks Over 5 and under 6 weeks In c lu d e s d a ta f o r regions in a d d itio n to th o s e s h o w n w eeks. V a c a tio n paym ents, such as percent annual earnings, w e re c o n v e rte d t o an e q u iv a le n t t im e basis. P e rio d s s e p a ra te ly. 2 T h e a m o u n t v a c a tio n p a y in th is t a b u la tio n is e x s ervice w e re c h o s e n a r b itr a r ily a n d d o n o t nec e s s a rily re fle c t pressed in te rm s th e len g th t im e c o v e re d b y th e p a y m e n t m easured against th e w orkers ' regular w o rk w e e k. Thus, establis h m e n ts p ro v id in g 4 8 hours ' v a c a tio n p a y w e r e c la s s ifie d as g ra n tin g 1 w e e k if th e w o r k s c h e d u le w as 4 8 h o u rs, b u t o ver 1 a n d u n d e r 2 w e e k s if th e w o r k s c h e d u le w as less th a n 4 8 h o u rs. M a n y e s ta b lis h m e n ts m a in ta in e d re g u la rly c h a n g in g w o r k sch edules (e.g., 4 0 h o u rs f o r th e fir s t 3 w e e k s a n d 4 8 h o u rs f o r th e fo u r th ); in such in stan ces, p ro v is io n s f o r 4 8 hours vacation pay w ere considered as over 1 and under 2 individu al establishm ent provisions fo r progression. F o r ex am ple, changes in dicated a t 1 0 years m ay inclu de changes th a t occurred betw een 5 and 10 years. 3 Less th an 0.5 percent. 4 V a c a tio n p ro v is io n s w e re v ir tu a lly th e sam e a fte r lo n g e r periods service. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

31 Table 19. Glass containers: Health, insurance, and retirement plans (Percent of production workers in establishments with specified health, insurance, and retirement plans, United States and selected regions, May 1975) Type of plan1 United States2 Middle Atlantic Border States Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Pacific All workers Workers in establishments providing: fo 4 * Life insurance Noncontributory plans Accidental death and dismemberment insurance Noncontributory plans Sickness and accident insurance or sick leave or both Sickness and accident insurance Noncontributory plans Sick leave (partial pay or waiting period)... (4) Long-term disability insuiance Noncontributory plans Hospitalization insurance Non contributory plans Surgical insurance Noncontributory plans Major medical insurance Noncontributory plans Retirement plans Pensions Noncontributory plans N o n c o n t r ib u to r y p lan s'* in c lu d e o n ly th o s e p la n s f i n a n c e d e n t ir e ly b y th e e m p lo y e r. L e g a lly re q u ir e d p lan s such as c o m p e n s a tio n a n d social s e c u rity a re e x c lu d e d ; h o w e v e r, p la n s re q u ire d b y s ta te te m p o r a r y d is a b ility la w s are in c lu d e d i f t h e e m p lo y e r c o n tr ib u te s m o re th a n is le g a lly r e q u ire d o r th e e m p lo y e e s receive b e n e fits in excess legal r e q u ir e m e n ts. In c lu d e s d a ta fo r re g io n s in a d d itio n to th o s e s h o w n sep arately. 3 U n d u p lic a te d to ta l re c e iv in g sickness a n d acc id en t insurance and sick leave show n sep arately. N O T E : B e cau se r o u n d in g, sum s in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l to ta ls. Table 20. Glass containers: Other selected benefits Percent of production workers in establishments with formal provisions for other selected benefits, United States and selected regions, May 1975) Type of benefit* United States2 Middle Atlantic Border States Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Pacific Workers in establishments with provisions for-. Funeral leave Jury duty leave Technological severance pay Dental plans... % Cost-of-living adjustments Based on BLS consumer price index For definition of items, see appendix A. Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.

32 Table 21. Pressed or blown glass and glassware, except containers: Method of wage payment (Percent of production workers by method of wage payment, United States and selected regions, May 1975) Method of wage payment1 United States12 Middle Atlantic Border States Great Lakes All workers Time rated workers a Formal plans Single rate Range of rates Individual rates... (3) (3) - Incentive workers Individual piecework Group piecework Individual bonus Group bonus For definition of method of wage payment, see appendix A. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 3 Less than 0.5 percent. N) CJ1 NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Table 22. Pressed or blown glass and glassware, except containers: Scheduled weekly hours (Percent of production workers by scheduled weekly hours, United States and selected regions, May 1975) Weekly hours1 United States2 Middle Atlantic Border States Great Lakes All workers hours... 1 _ 6 _ 40 hours hours Cyclical work weeks , 40, 40, and 48 hours Data relate to the predominant schedule for full-time day-shift workers in each establishment. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 3 Includes other regularly alternating workweeks in addition to those shown separately. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

33 Table 23. Pressed or blown glass and glassware, except containers: Shift differential provisions (Percent of production workers by shift differential provisions, United States and selected regions, May 1975) Shift differential1 United States2 Middle Atlantic Border States Great Lakes Second shift Workers in establishments with second shift provisions With shift differential Uniform cents per hour cents cents _ 7 cents cents cents 9.2 _ cents 1.0 _ 12 cents cents cents cents _ 18 cents Third or other late shift Workers in establishments with third or other late shift provisions With shift differential Uniform cents per hour cents cents _ 10 cents cents cents _ cents cents _ cents cents _ 18 cents cents Refers to policies of establishments currently operating late shifts or having provisions covering late shifts. * Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

34 Table 24. Pressed or blown glass and glassware, except containers: Shift differential practices (Percent of production workers employed on late shifts by amount of pay differential, United States and selected regions, May 1975) Shift differential United States1 Middle Atlantic Border States Great Lakes Second s h ift Workers employed on second shift Receiving differential Uniform cents per hour cents cents cents cents cents _ 12 cents cents cents cents cents Third or other late sh ift Workers employed on third or other late shift Receiving differential Uniform cents per hour cents cents cents cents cents 1.0 _ cents cents _ 18 cents cents Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

35 Table 25. Pressed or blown glass and glassware, except containers: Paid holidays (Percent of production workers in establishments with formal provisions for paid holidays, United States and selected regions, May 1975) 1 Number of paid holidays United States' Middle Atlantic Border States Great Lakes All workers Workers in establishments providing paid holidays days days days days days days Includes data for regions ^in addition to those shown separately. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

36 Table 26. Pressed or blown glass and glassware, except container^: Paid vacations (Percent of production workers in establishments with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods of service, United States and selected regions, May 1975) Vacation policy United States1 Middle Atlantic Border States Great Lakes All workers Method of payment Workers in establishments providing paid vacations Length of time payment Percentage payment Amount of vacation pay2 After 1 year of service: 1 week Over 1 and under 2 weeks _ 24 Over 2 and under 3 weeks After 2 years of service: 1 w e e k Over 1 and under 2 weeks weeks Over 2 and under 3 weeks After 3 years of service: 1 w e e k Over 1 and under 2 weeks weeks Over 2 and under 3 weeks Over 3 and under 4 weeks... 1 _ 6 After 5 years of service: 2 weeks Over 2 and under 3 weeks Over 3 and under 4 weeks After 10 years of service: 2 weeks Over 2 and under 3 weeks weeks Over 3 and under 4 weeks... 2 _ 9 _ Over 4 and under 5 weeks Aftei 15 years of service: 2 weeks _ 3 weeks Over 3 and under 4 weeks weeks Over 4 and under 5 weeks See footnotes at end of table.

37 Table 26. Pressed or blown glass and glassware, except containers: Paid vacations Continued (Percent of production workers in establishments with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods of service, United States and selected regions, May 1975) Vacation policy United States1 Middle Atlantic Border States Great Lakes Amount of vacation pay2 CO o After 15 years of service: Over 5 and under 6 weeks After 20 years of service: 2 weeks w eeks _ Over 3 and under 4 weeks weeks Over 4 and under 5 weeks Over 5 and under 6 weeks After 25 years of service: 2 weeks... 1 _ 7 _ 3 weeks _ Over 3 and under 4 weeks 3 8 _ 4 weeks Over 4 and under 5 weeks... 2 _ 5 5 w eeks Over 5 and under 6 weeks weeks _ After 30 years of service:3 2 weeks... 1 _ 7 3 weeks Over 3 and under 4 weeks 3 8 _ 4 weeks Over 4 and under 5 weeks 2 5 Over 5 and under 6 weeks weeks _ 7 26 Over 6 and under 7 weeks In c lu d e s d a t a f o r r e g io n s in a d d i t i o n t o t h o s e t i o n p a y w e r e c o n s id e r e d as o v e r 1 a n d u n d e r 2 w e e k s. s h o w n s e p a r a t e ly. V a c a t i o n p a y m e n t s, s u c h as p e r c e n t a n n u a l e a r n in g s, 2 T h e a m o u n t v a c a t io n p a y in t h is t a b u l a t i o n is w e r e c o n v e r t e d t o a n e q u i v a l e n t t i m e b a s is. P e r io d s s e r v ic e w e r e c h o s e n a r b i t r a r i l y a n d d o n o t n e c e s s a r ily e x p r e s s e d in t e r m s t h e le n g t h t i m e c o v e r e d b y t h e p a y m e n t m e a s u r e d a g a in s t t h e ' r e g u la r w o r k w e e k. T h u s e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id in g 4 8 h o u r s ' v a c a t io n p a y w e r e c la s s ifie d as g r a n t in g 1 w e e k if t h e w o r k s c h e d u le w a s 4 8 h o u r s, b u t o v e r 1 a n d u n d e r 2 w e e k s i f t h e w o r k s c h e d u le w a s less t h a n 4 8 h o u r s. M a n y e s t a b lis h m e n t s m a in t a i n e d r e g u la r ly c h a n g in g w o r k s c h e d u le s ( e. g., 4 0 h o u r s f o r t h e f i r s t 3 w e e k s a n d 4 8 h o u r s f o r t h e f o u r t h ) ; in s u c h in s t a n c e s, p r o v is io n s f o r 4 8 h o u r s ' v a c a r e f l e c t in d i v i d u a l e s t a b lis h m e n t p r o v is io n s f o r p r o g r e s s io n. F o r e x a m p l e, c h a n g e s in d ic a t e d a t 1 0 y e a r s m a y in c lu d e c h a n g e s t h a t o c c u r r e d b e t w e e n 5 a n d 1 0 y e a r s. 3 V a c a t i o n p r o v is io n s w e r e v ir t u a l l y t h e s a m e a f t e r lo n g e r p e r io d s s e r v ic e. N O T E : B e c a u s e r o u n d in g, s u m s in d iv id u a l it e m s m a y n o t e q u a l t o t a l s.

38 Table 27. Pressed or blown glass and glassware, except containers: Health, insurance, and retirement plans (Percent of production workers in establishments with specified health, insurance, and retirement plans, United States and selected regions, May 1975) Type of plan1 United States12 Middle Atlantic Border States Great Lakes All workers Workers in establishments providing: Life insurance Noncontributory plan s Accidental death and dismemberment insurance Noncontributory plans Sickness and accident insurance or sick leave or both Sickness and accident insurance Noncontributory plans Long-term disability insurance Noncontributory plan s Hospitalization insurance Noncontributory plans Surgical insurance Noncontributory plans Major medical insurance Noncontributory plans Retirement plans Pensions Noncontributory plans " N o n c o n t r i b u t o r y p la n s " in c lu d e o n l y th o s e p la n s f in a n c e d e n t i r e l y b y th e e m p lo y e r. L e g a lly r e q u ir e d p la n s s u c h as ' c o m p e n s a tio n a n d s o c ia l s e c u r it y a r e e x c lu d e d ; h o w e v e r, p la n s r e q u ir e d b y s ta te t e m p o r a r y d is a b i l i t y la w s a r e in c lu d e d i f t h e e m p lo y e r c o n t r ib u t e s m o r e t h a n is le g a lly r e q u ir e d o r t h e e m p lo y e e s r e c e iv e b e n e f it s in e x c e s s le g a l r e q u ir e m e n t s ; 2 In c lu d e s d a t a f o r r e g io n s in a d d i t i o n t o th o s e s h o w n s e p a r a t e ly. Table 28. Pressed or blown glass and glassware, except containers: Other selected benefits Percent of production workers in establishments with formal provisions for other selected benefits, United States and selected regions, May 1975) Type of benefit1 United States2 Middle Atlantic Border States Great Lakes Workers in establishments with provisions for: Funeral lea v e Jury duty leave Technological severance p a y Dental p lan s Cost-of-living adjustments Based on BLS consumer price index Based on other m easure For definition of items, see appendix A. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. equal totals.

39

40 Appendix A. Scope and Method of Survey Scope of survey The survey included establishments engaged primarily in manufacturing pressed or blown glass and glassware (Industry group 322, except textile glass fibers, as defined in the 1967 edition of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, prepared by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget). Manufacturers of textile glass fibers and separate auxiliary units such as central offices were excluded. Establishments studied were selected from those employing 100 workers or more at the time of reference of the data used in compiling the universe lists. Table A-l shows the number of establishments and workers estimated to be within scope of the survey, as well as the number actually studied by the Bureau. Products Classification of establishments by product was based on the principal type of glassware manufactured. For example, if 60 percent of the total value of an establishment ^ production was technical glassware and 40 percent was table ware and artware, all workers in that establishment were considered as producing technical and scientific glassware. Method of study Data were obtained by personal visits of the Bureau s field staff to a representative sample of establishments within the scope of the survey. To obtain appropriate Table A-1. Estimated number of establishments and workers within scope of survey and number studied, pressed or blown glass and glassware industries,1 May 1970 In d u s try and re g io n 2 W ith in S co p e S tu d y C rfo k l IrU m an A c t u a lly S tu d ie d W o rk e rs in e s ta b lis h m e n ts W i t h in s c o n e s t u d v T o t a l4 P ro d u c tio n W o rk e rs A c t u a lly S tu d ie d A ll establishm ents : U n ite d S ta te s ,530 90,919 85,543 M id d le A t l a n t i c ,021 28,427 27,468 B o rd e r S t a t e s ,704 10,698 10,334 S o u t h e a s t ,123 6,143 6,149 S o u t h w e s t ,311 6,328 5,916 G re a t L a k e s ,309 27,278 24,557 P a c i f i c ,093 10,317 9,150 G la ss c o n ta in e r e s ta b lis h m e n ts : U n ite d S ta te s ,024 62,591 55,484 M id d le A t l a n t i c ,842 18,062 15,468 B o rd e r S t a t e s ,848 4,225 4,848 S o u t h e a s t ,123 6,143 6,149 S o u t h w e s t ,272 5,460 5,033 G re a t L a k e s ,900 17,533 13,890 P a c i f i c ,543 9,833 8,600 O th e r pressed o r b lo w n glass an d g lassw are establishm ents : U n ite d S ta te s ,506 28,328 30,059 M id d le A t l a n t i c ,179 10,365 12,000 B o rd e r S t a t e s ,856 6,473 5,486 G re a t L a k e s ,409 9,745 10,667 1 Establishments primarily engaged in the manufacture of textile glass fibers were excluded. 2 The regions used in this study include: Middle Atlantic New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Border States Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia; Southeast Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina; Southwest Arkansas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Texas; Great Lakes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; and Pacific California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. 3 Includes only establishments with 100 or more workers at the time of reference of the universe data. 4 Includes executive, professional, and other workers excluded from the production worker category. 5 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. Alaska and Hawaii were not included in the.study. 33

41 accuracy at a minimum cost, a greater proportion of large than of small establishments was studied. In combining the data, however, all establishments were given an appropriate weight. All estimates are presented, therefore, as relating to all establishments in the industry, excluding only those below the minimum size at the time of reference of the universe data. Establishment definition An establishment is defined for this study as a single physical location where manufacturing operations are performed. An establishment is not necessarily identical with a company, which may consist of one establishment or more. Employment Estimates of the number of workers within the scope of the study are intended as a general guide to the size and composition of the industry s labor force, rather than as precise measures of employment. Production workers The terms production workers and production and related workers, used interchangeably in this bulletin, include working supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers engaged in nonoffice activities. Administrative, executive, professional, office, and technical personnel, and forceaccount construction employees, who are used as a separate work force on the firm s own properties, are excluded. Occupations selected for study Occupational classification was based on a uniform set of job descriptions designed to take account of interestablishment and interarea variations in duties within the same job. (See appendix B for these descriptions.) The criteria for selection of the occupations were: The number of workers in the occupation; the usefulness of the data in collective bargaining; and appropriate representation of the entire job scale in the industry. Working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, temporary, and probationary workers were not reported in the data for selected occupations but were included in the data for all production workers. Wage data Information on wages relates to straight-time hourly earnings, excluding premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Incentive payments, such as those resulting from piecework or production bonus systems, and cost-of-living bonuses were included as part of the workers regular pay. Nonproduction bonus payments, such as Christmas or yearend bonuses, were excluded. Average (mean) hourly rates or earnings for each occupation or category of workers, such as production workers, were calculated by weighting each rate (or hourly earnings) by the number workers receiving the rate, totaling, and dividing by the number of individuals. The hourly earnings of salaried workers were obtained by dividing straight-time salary by normal (or standard) hours to which the salary corresponds. The median designates position; that is, one-half of the employees surveyed received more than this rate and onehalf received less. The middle range is defined by two rates of pay such that one-fourth of the employees earned less than the lower of these rates and one-fourth earned more than the higher rate. Size of community Tabulations by size of community pertain to metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The term metropolitan areas, as used in this bulletin, refers to the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget through February Except in New England, a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area is defined as a county or group of contiguous counties which contains at least one city of 50,000 inhabitants or more. Counties contiguous to the one containing such a city are included in a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area if, according to certain criteria, they are essentially metropolitan in character and are socially and economically integrated with the central city. In New England, where the city and town are administratively more important than the county, the former are the units used in defining Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas. Method of wage payment Tabulations by method of wage payment relate to the number of workers paid under the various time and incentive wage systems. Formal rate structures for timerelated workers provide single rates or a range of rates for individual job categories. In the absence of a formal rate structure, pay rates are determined primarily by the qualifications of the individual worker. A single rate structure is one in which the same rate is paid to all experienced workers in the same job classification. (Learners, apprentices, or probationary workers may be paid according to rate schedules which start below the single rate and permit the workers to achieve the full job rate over a period of time.) An experienced worker occasionally may be paid above or below the single rate for special reasons, but such payments are exceptions. Range-of-rate plans are those in which the minimum, maximum, or both of these rates paid experienced workers for the same job are specified. Specific rates of individual workers within the range may be determined 34

42 by merit, length of service, or a combination of these. Incentive workers are classified under piecework or bonus plans. Piecework is work for which a predetermined rate is paid for each unit of output. Production bonuses are for production in excess of a quota or for completion of a task in less than standard time. Scheduled.weekly hours Data on weekly hours refer to the predominant work schedule for full-time production workers (or office workers) employed on the day shift. Shift provisions and practices Shift provisions relate to the policies of establishments either currently operating late shifts or having formal provisions covering late-shift work. Practices relate to workers employed on late shifts at the time of the survey. Supplementary benefits Supplementary benefits in an establishment were considered applicable to all production workers if they applied to half or more of such workers in the establishment. Similarly, if fewer than half of the workers were covered, the benefit was considered nonexistent in the establishment. Because of length-of-service and other eligibility requirements, the proportion of workers receiving the benefits may be smaller than estimated. Paid holidays. Paid holiday provisions relate tull-day and half-day holidays provided annually. Paid vacations. The summary of vacation plans is limited to * formal arrangements and excludes informal plans whereby time off with pay is granted at the discretion of the employer or supervisor. Payments not on a time basis were converted; for example, a payment of 2 percent of annual earnings was considered the equivalent of 1 week s pay. The periods of service for which data are presented represent the most common practices, but they do not necessarily reflect individual establishment provisions for progression. For example, changes in proportions indicated at 10 years of service may include changes which occurred between the fifth and the 10th years. Health, insurance, and retirement plans. Data are presented for health, insurance, pension, and retirement severance plans for which the employer pays all or a part of the cost, excluding programs required by law such as workers compensation and social security. Among plans included are those underwritten by a commercial insurance company and those paid directly by the employer from his current operating funds or from a fund set aside for this purpose. Death benefits are included as a form of life insurance. Sickness and accident insurance is limited to that type of 35 insurance under which predetermined cash payments are made directly to the insured on a weekly or monthly basis during illness or accident disability. Information is presented for all such plans to which the employer contributes at least a part of the cost. However, in New York and New Jersey, where temporary disability insurance laws require employer contributions,1 plans are included only if the employer (1) contributes more than is legally required, or (2) provides the employees with benefits which exceed the requirements of the law. Tabulations of paid sick leave plans are limited tormal plans which provide full pay or a proportion of the work- er s pay during absence from work because of illness; informal arrangements have been omitted. Separate tabulations are provided for (1) plans which provide full pay and no waiting period, and (2) plans providing either partial pay or a waiting period. Long-term disability insurance plans provide payments to totally disabled employees upon the expiration of sick leave, sickness and accident insurance, or both, or after a predetermined period of disability (typically 6 months). Payments are made until the end of disability, a maximum age, or eligibility for retirement benefits. Payments may be full or partial, but are almost always reduced by social security, workers compensation, and private pension benefits payable to the disabled employee. Medical insurance refers to plans providing for complete or partial payment of doctors fees. Such plans may be underwritten by a commercial insurance company or a nonprofit organization, or they may be a form of selfinsurance. Major medical insurance, sometimes referred to as extended medical or catastrophe insurance, includes plans designed to cover employees for sickness or injury involving an expense which exceeds the normal coverage of hospitalization, medical, and surgical plans. Tabulations of retirement pensions are limited to plans which provide regular payments for the remainder of the retiree s life. Data are presented separately for retirement severance pay (one payment or several over a specified period of time) made to employees on retirement. Establishments providing both retirement severance payments and retirement pensions to employees were considered as having both retirement pensions and retirement severance plans; however, establishments having optional plans providing employees a choice of either retirement severance payments or pensions were considered as having only retirement pension benefits. Paid funeral and jury-duty leave. Data for paid funeral and jury duty leave relate tormal plans which provide at least partial payment for time lost as a result of attending funerals of specified family members or serving as a juror. The temporary disability insurance laws in California and Rhode Island do not require employer contributions.

43 Technological severance pay. Data relate tormal plans providing for payments to employees permanently separated from the company because of a technological change or plant closing. Dental plans refer tormal plans providing for payment of the cost of normal dental care, such as fillings, extractions, X-rays, and bridge and crown work. Dental plans covering such services that are part of medical dental plans are included; however, dental plans are not to be confused with coverage of oral surgery or dental care required as a result of an accident, which is often included in other health insurance plans. Cost-of-living adjustments refer to periodic general wage adjustments made in keeping with changes in the BLS consumer price index or some other measure. 36

44 Appendix B. Occupational Descriptions The primary purpose of preparing job descriptions for the Bureau s wage surveys is to assist its field staff in classifying into appropriate occupations workers who are employed under a variety of payroll titles and different work arrangements from establishment to establishment and from area to area. This permits the grouping of occupational wage rates representing comparable job content. Because of this emphasis on interestablishment and interarea comparability of occupational content, the Bureau s job descriptions may differ significantly from those in use in individual establishments or those prepared for other purposes. In applying these job descriptions, the Bureau s field staff is instructed to exclude working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, temporary, and probationary worker^. Assembler, cartons Assembles cartons from prepared box blanks. Work involves folding the box blanks along scored lines and fastening the edges together by one or more the following methods: Coating flaps with glue and pressing them together; interlocking the corners by means of tabs; sealing edges with strips of gummed tape; or stapling edges together by means of power-stitching machines or hand staplers. or without the aid of a metal mold. In addition, may dip end of blowpipe into molten glass to gather the proper amount for article to be made. Carry-in laborer Carries heated, formed glass articles by tongs or on a pronged fork to the lehr and places them on the conveyor moving through the lehr. Batch mixer Blends or mixes various glass-making ingredients in controlled amounts, according tormula, by hand or machine. Work involves the following: Weighing out specified amounts of ingredients such as sand, soda, lime, borax, feldspar, and coloring; and mixing them either by hand or machine. In addition, may load ingredients into mixing machine. Batch-and-furnace operator Controls automatic equipment to weigh, mix, and melt ingredients to make glass. Work involves the following: Adjusts panel controls to transfer specified amounts of ingredients from storage bins to automatic weigh hopper and batch mixer; pulls lever to dump blended mix inturnace; reverses gas fire to equalize heat in furnace; regulates temperature according to specifications. May collect samples of molten glass for analysis. Blower (Glass blower) Blows or inflates ball of molten glass, gathered on the end of a blowpipe, into desired shape and size, either with Cullet handler Works as a member of a crew that tends a machine to wash and crush refuse glass. Cutter, decorative Cuts monograms or ornamental designs on glassware with an abrasive wheel. Work involves the following: Selecting and mounting proper abrasive wheel on lathe; moistening revolving wheel with a wet abrasive agent; and holding glassware against edge of wheel, turning and twisting article so that design or pattern will be properly cut in the article. May cut designs deeper on ware having pressed designs. In addition, may trace or mark pattern on the glassware before doing the cutting. Decorating-machine operator (Silk-screen decorator; stencil applicator; squeegee operator) Decorates glassware by silk-screening or stainless-steel screening process. Work involves most the following: Filling receptacle with paint, placing glassware in machine, bringing silk (or stainless-steel) screen into position with 37

45 ware, setting guide rollers or squeegee in operation torce the paint through the screen to decorate the glassware with the desired design, removing ware from machine, inspecting for defects in decoration, and placing ware on conveyors for baking oven. Operators of decorating machines designed to perform one or more of the above operations automatically are to be included. Electrician, maintenance Performs a variety of electrical trade functions such as the installation, maintenance, or repair of equipment for the generating, distribution, or utilization of electric energy in an establishment. Work involves most the following: Installing or repairing any of a variety of electrical equipment such as generators, transformers, switchboards, controllers, circuit breakers, motors, heating units, conduit systems, or other transmission equipment; working from blueprints, drawings, layout, or other specifications; locating and diagnosing trouble in the electrical system or equipment; working standard computations relating to load requirements of wiring or electrical equipment; using a variety of electrician s handtools and measuring and testing instruments. In general, the work of the maintenance electrician requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Forming-machine operator Tends the operation of an automatic machine that forms bottles or other containers from molten glass. Work involves the following: Regulating flow of molten glass to molds on machine; regulating and setting lubrication valves to prevent the glass from sticking to the molds; and occasionally checking completed article by weighing it on scales, or measuring it with gauges or calipers. In addition, may make minor adjustments to the machine. Forming-machine upkeeper Adjusts and repairs the automatic feeding, flowing, and forming machines used to manufacture glasswares. Assists in setting up and adjusting the machinery for job.changes. Furnace operator (Teaser) Feeds raw materials to the glass-melting tank. Reverses the gas fire at stated intervals from one side of the gas- and air-regenerative chambers to the other side to equalize heat in tank. Regulates draft dampers which control pressure on inside of melting tank and regulates pressure of gas fed to tank. Gatherer, blowpipe Gathers desired amount of molten glass on end of a blowpipe. Work involves the following: Dipping end of blowpipe into molten glass and carrying ball of mojten glass on end of blowpipe to the blower. In addition, may blow into pipe to begin inflation of glass before handing pipe to blower for completion of process. Gatherer, pressed-ware punty Gathers desired amount of molten glass on end of an iron rod. Work involves the following: Dipping end of iron rod into molten glass and carrying ball of molten glass on end of rod to the presser. Grinder, glassware Grinds or smoothes the edges, rims, ridges, rough surfaces, etc., of glassware on an abrasive wheel. Work involves the following: Pressing the glass against revolving abrasive wheels and moving or turning the glass from one position to another to grind all surfaces evenly. Helper, maintenance trades Assists one or more workers in the skilled maintenance trades, by performing specific or general0duties of lesser skill, such as keeping a worker supplied with materials and tools; cleaning working area, machine and equipment; assisting worker by holding materials or tools; performing other unskilled tasks as directed by journeyman. The kind of work the helper is permitted to perform varies from trade to trade: In some trades the helper is confined to supplying, lifting, and holding materials and tools and cleaning working areas; and in others he is permitted to perform specialized machine operations, or parts of a trade that are also performed by workers on a full-time basis. Inspector, final Performs final inspection on glasswares, examining for defects in the ware and any decoration thereon. May wrap and pack. Janitor Cleans and keeps in an orderly condition factory working areas and washrooms, or premises of an office building. Duties involve a combination the following: Sweeping, mopping or scrubbing, and polishing floors; removing chips, trash, and other refuse; dusting equipment, furniture, or fixtures; polishing metal fixtures or trimmings; providing supplies and minor maintenance services; cleaning lava 38

46 tories, showers, and restrooms. Workers who specialize in window washing are excluded. Laborer, material handling (Loader and unloader; handler and stacker; shelver; trucker; stock helper or warehouse helper) A worker employed in a warehouse, manufacturing plant, store, or other establishment whose duties involve one or more the following: Loading and unloading various materials and merchandise on or from freight cars, trucks, or other transporting devices; unpacking, shelving, or placing materials or merchandise in proper storage location; transporting materials or merchandise by hand truck, car, or wheelbarrow. Longshoremen, who load and unload ships are excluded. Lehr tender Regulates temperature of a reheating oven (lehr) used to anneal or fire-glaze glass or glass articles. May arrange glass articles according to size and shape on lehr conveyor, so that maximum quantity will be carried in oven or may place glass in oven by means of a long paddle. Machinist, maintenance Produces replacement parts and new parts in making repairs of metal parts of mechanical equipment operated in an establishment. Work involves most the following: Interpreting written instructions and specifications; planning and laying out of work; using a, variety of machinist s handtools and precision measuring instruments; setting up and operating standard machine tools; shaping of metal parts to close tolerances; making standard shop computations relating to dimensions of work, tooling, feeds and speeds of machining; knowledge of the working properties of the common metals; selecting standard materials, parts, and equipment required for his work; fitting and assembling parts into mechanical equipment. In general, the machinist s work normally requires a rounded training in machine-shop practice usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Mechanic, maintenance Repairs machinery or mechanical equipment of an establishment. Work involves most the following: Examining machines and mechanical equipment to diagnose source of trouble; dismantling or partly dismantling machines and performing repairs that mainly involve the use of handtools in scraping and fitting parts; replacing broken or defective parts with items obtained from stock; ordering the production of a replacement part by a machine shop or sending of the machine to a machine shop for major repairs; preparing written specifications for major repairs or for the production of parts ordered from machine shop; reassembling machines; and making all necessary adjustments for operation. In general, the work of a maintenance mechanic requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Excluded from this classification are workers whose primary duties involve setting up or adjusting machines. Mold polisher (Mold cleaner) Polishes or cleans bottle-forming molds and components by tending one or more of a variety of machines, including a vacu- or vapor-blasting machine. May also soak molds in cleaning or rust-preventive compounds; rub molds with oil, abrasives, or brush; and store molds or transfer them to production areas. Mold maker, metal Constructs and/or repairs metal molds. Work involves most the following: Laying out and marking metal blanks or castings according to blueprints or drawings; using handtools and various metalworking machines to cut and shape the parts to dimensions and specifications outlined; and fitting and assembling parts together torm complete mold. Mold-press operator (Press-machine operator) Tends a mold-press machine that automatically casts glassware from molten glass. Work involves most the following: Turning valves to control mold temperatures and timing of plunger turntable. Adjusting flow valve and shear timer to regulate quantity of molten glass delivered from feeder to mold; setting lubrication valves to prevent glass from sticking to molds; examining glassware for defects, such as lines and bubbles. Pipefitter, maintenance Installs or repairs water, steam, gas, or other types of pipe and pipefittings in an establishment. Work involves most the following: Laying out of work and measuring to locate position of pipe from drawings or other written specifications; cutting various sizes of pipe to correct lengths with chisel and hammer or oxyacetylene torch or pipe-cutting machine; threading pipe with stocks and dies; bending pipe by hand-driven or power driven machines; assembling pipe with couplings and fastening pipe to 39