Norfolk Virginia Beach Portsmouth,

Transcription

1 ^ : Area Norfolk Virginia Beach Portsmouth, Wage Virginia North Carolina, Survey Metropol itan Area, May 1978

2 Preface T h is b u lletin p r o v id e s r e s u lts o f a M ay 1978 s u rv e y o f o ccu p a tio n a l earn in g s in the N orfolk V ir g in ia B each P o r tsm o u th, V ir g in ia -N o r th C a ro lin a, Standard M etro p o lita n S ta tistical A r e a. T he su rv e y w as m ade as p a rt o f the B u rea u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s' annual a re a w age s u rv e y p r o g r a m. It w as con d u cted by the B u re a u 's re g io n a l o ffic e in P h ila d e lp h ia, P a., u nder the g e n e ra l d ir e c tio n o f Irw in L. F eig en b a u m, A s s is ta n t R e g io n a l C o m m is s io n e r fo r O p e ra tio n s. The s u rv e y cou ld not have b een a c c o m p lis h e d w ithout the c o o p e r a tio n o f the m an y fir m s w h o se w age and s a la ry data p rov id e d the b a sis fo r the s ta tis tic a l in form a tion in this b u lletin. T he B u rea u w ish e s to e x p r e s s s in c e r e a p p re cia tio n fo r the c o o p e r a tio n r e c e iv e d. M a te r ia l in this p u b lica tion is in the p u b lic d om a in and m a y be re p r o d u c e d w ithout p e r m is s io n o f the F e d e r a l G ov e rn m e n t. P le a s e c r e d it the B u reau o f L a b o r S ta tistics and c ite the nam e and n u m ber o f this pu blication. Note: C u rren t re p o rts on o c c u p a tio n a l e a rn in g s a re a v a ila b le fo r the co m b in ed N orfolk V ir g in ia B each P o r ts m o u th and N ew p ort N ew s H am pton a rea s fo r the m ov in g and s to r a g e (M a y 1978) and la u n d ry and d r y cle a n in g (M ay 1978) in d u strie s. A ls o a v a ila b le f o r the N o r fo lk a r e a a re lis tin g s o f union w age ra tes fo r building tr a d e s, p rin tin g tr a d e s, lo c a l-t r a n s it o p e ra tin g e m p lo y e e s, lo c a l tr u c k d r iv e r s and h e lp e r s, and g r o c e r y s to r e e m p lo y e e s. F r e e c o p ie s o f th ese a re a v a ila b le fr o m the B u r e a u 's re g io n a l o f fic e s. (See b a ck c o v e r fo r a d d r e s s e s.)

3 Area Wage Survey Norfolk Virginia Beach Portsmouth, Virginia North Carolina, Metropolitan Area, May 1978 U.S. Department of Labor Ray Marshall, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Julius Shiskin, Commissioner July 1978 Bulletin C o ntents Page Page In tro d u ctio n 2 A ppendix A. Scope and m ethod of s u r v e y 11 A ppendix B. O ccu pational d e s c r ip tio n s 14 T a b le s: A. E arn ings, all establishm ents: A - l. W eekly earnings o f o ffice w o r k e r s 3 A - 2. W eekly earnings o f profession a l and technical w o r k e r s 5 A -3. A v era g e w eekly earnings o f o ffic e, p r o fe ssio n a l, and tech n ical w o rk e rs, by s e x 6 A - 4. H ourly earnings o f m aintenance, toolroom, and powerplant w o rk e rs 7 A - 5. H ourly earnings of m aterial m ov em en t and cu stodial w o r k e r s 8 A - 6. A verage hourly earnings o f m aintenance, to o lro o m, p ow erplant, m a teria l m ovem ent, and cu stod ial w o rk e rs, by s e x 9 A -7. P e r c e n t in cre a ses in average h ourly earn ings, adjusted for em ploym ent shifts, fo r selected occu pational g r o u p s 10 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, ll.s. Government Printing Office, Washington. D C , GPO Bookstores, or BLS Regional Offices listed on back cover.

4 Introduction T h is a re a is 1 o f 75 in w h ich the U.S. D ep a rtm en t o f L a b o r 's B u reau o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s con d u cts s u rv e y s o f o ccu p a tio n a l ea rn in g s and re la te d b e n e fits. (See lis t o f a re a s on in sid e b a ck c o v e r.) In e a ch a r e a, o ccu p a tio n a l e a rn in g s data ( A -s e r ie s ta b le s ) a re c o lle c t e d annually. In fo rm a tio n on e s ta b lish m e n t p r a c t ic e s and su p p le m e n ta ry w age b e n e fits ( B -s e r ie s ta b le s ) is ob ta in ed e v e r y th ird y e a r. T h is r e p o r t has n o B - s e r i e s ta b le s. E a ch y e a r a fte r a ll in d iv id u a l a r e a w a ge s u rv e y s h ave b een c o m p le te d, tw o su m m a ry b u lletin s a re is s u e d. T he fir s t b rin g s to g e th e r data fo r ea ch m e tro p o lita n a re a s u r v e y e d ; the se c o n d p r e s e n ts n ation a l and re g io n a l e s tim a te s, p r o je c t e d fr o m in d iv id u a l m e tro p o lita n a re a data, fo r a ll S tandard M e tro p o lita n S ta tis tic a l A r e a s in the U nited S ta te s, e x clu d in g A la sk a and H aw aii. A m a jo r c o n sid e r a tio n in the a re a w age s u rv e y p r o g r a m is the n eed to d e s c r ib e the le v e l and m o v e m e n t o f w a g es in a v a r ie ty o f la b o r m a r k e ts, th rou gh the a n a ly sis o f (1) the le v e l and d istrib u tio n o f w a g es by o ccu p a tio n, and (2) the m o v e m e n t o f w a g es by o c c u p a tio n a l c a te g o r y and s k ill le v e l. The p r o g r a m d e v e lo p s in fo rm a tio n that m a y be u se d fo r m an y p u r p o s e s, in clu d in g w age and s a la r y a d m in is tra tio n, c o lle c t iv e b a rg a in in g, and a s s is ta n c e in d e te rm in in g plant lo c a tio n. S u rv ey r e s u lts a lso a re u sed by the U.S. D e p a rtm ent o f L a b o r to m a k e w agd d e te rm in a tio n s u nder the S e r v ic e C on tra ct A ct o f A - s e r i e s tables T a b les A - 1 th rou gh A -6 p r o v id e e s tim a te s o f s tr a ig h t-tim e w e e k ly o r h o u rly earn in gs fo r w o r k e r s in o ccu p a tio n s co m m o n to a v a r ie ty o f m an ufactu rin g and n onm an ufacturin g in d u s trie s. F o r the 31 la r g e s t s u rv e y a r e a s, ta b les A -8 th rou gh A - 13 p r o v id e s im ila r data fo r esta b lish m e n ts em p loy in g 500 w o r k e r s o r m o r e. T able A -7 p r o v id e s p e r c e n t ch a n ges in a v e ra g e h o u rly ea rn in g s o f o ffic e c le r ic a l w o r k e r s, e le c t r o n ic data p r o c e s s in g w o r k e r s, in d u stria l n u r s e s, sk ille d m ain ten ance tr a d e s w o r k e r s, and u n sk illed plant w o r k e r s. W h ere p o s s ib le, data a re p r e se n te d fo r a ll in d u strie s and fo r m a n u fa c tu rin g and n onm anufacturing s e p a r a te ly. Data a re not p r e s e n te d fo r s k ille d m a in ten a n ce w o r k e r s in n on m an u fa ctu rin g b e c a u s e the n u m b er o f w o r k e r s e m p lo y e d in this occu p a tio n a l g ro u p in n on m an u fa ctu rin g is to o s m a ll to w a rra n t sep a ra te p rese n ta tio n. T h is ta b le p r o v id e s a m e a s u r e o f w age tren d s a fte r e lin im a tion o f changes in a v e ra g e ea rn in g s ca u se d by e m p lo y m en t sh ifts am ong e sta b lish m en ts as w e ll as tu r n o v e r o f e sta b lish m e n ts in clu d ed in su rv e y sa m p le s. F o r fu rth e r d e ta ils, s e e app endix A. A p p en d ixes A ppendix A d e s c r ib e s the m eth od s and co n c e p ts u se d in the a re a w age su rv ey p r o g r a m and p r o v id e s in fo rm a tio n on the s c o p e o f the s u rv e y. A ppendix B p r o v id e s jo b d e s c r ip tio n s u sed b y B u rea u fie ld e c o n o m ists to c la s s ify w o r k e r s by o ccu p a tio n.

5 A. Earnings Table A-1. Weekly earnings of office workers in Norfolk Virginia Beach Portsmouth, Va. N.C., May 1978 Occupation and industry division of workers Weekly earnings1 (standard) Number of w orkers receiving straight-tim e weekly earnings of---- Average S s $ $ $ $ % s $ * $ $ * $ % % t % s $ s weekly (standard) Mean 2 Median 2 Middle range 2 and under ALL WORKERS SECRETARIES PUBLIC UTILITIES SECRETARIES. CLASS B nonmanufacturing SECRETARIES. CLASS C nonmanufacturing s e c r e t a r i e s, c l a ss nonmanufacturing STENOGRAPHERS PUBLIC UTILITIES STENOGRAPHERS. GENERAL STENOGRAPHERS. SENIOR TYPISTS PUBLIC UTILITIES TYPISTS. CLASS A TYPISTS. CLASS B PUBLIC UTILITIES FILE CLERKS FILE CLERKS. CLASS C MESSENGERS NONMANUFACTURING SWITCHBOARD OPERATORS SWITCHBOARO OPERATOR-RECEPTIONISTS- $ $ $ $ i " ~ " i _ - _ ~ ~ ~ i i i * _ i 2-5 _ _ i _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i * i i See footnotes at end of tables. 3

6 Table A-1. Weekly earnings of office workers in Norfolk Virginia Beach Portsmouth, Va. N.C., May 1978 Continued Occupation and industry division Number of woiken Weekly earnings1 (standard) Average weekly hours1 (standard) Mean2 Median2 Middle range 2 Number o f w ork ers receiving straight-time weekly earnings of * s * % $ s $ S s s $ s S $ % % * * $ % % and under ALL. WORKERS CONTINUED ORDER CLERKS NONMANUFACTURING ORDER CLERKS. CLASS B ACCOUNTING CLERKS PUBLIC UTILITIES ACCOUNTING CLERKS. CLASS A PUBLIC UTILITIES ACCOUNTING CLERKS. CLASS B BOOKKEE PING-MACHINE OPERATORS PAYROLL CLERKS KEY ENTRY OPERATORS: KEY ENTRY OPERATORS. CLASS A $ S $ $ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ See footnotes at end of tables. 4

7 Table A-2. Weekly earnings of professional and technical workers in Norfolk Virginia Beach Portsmouth, Va. N.C., May 1978 Occupation and industry division Number woxkers ^"weekl^arnlng^^ Number of w orkers receiving straight-tim e wee kly earnings of---- (standard) Average * s s s $ * s s $ s s $ S % $ $ s $ s s weekly hours1 (standard) Mean2 Median 2 Middle range2 and under ALL WORKERS COMPUTER SYSTEMS ANALYSTS (BUSINESS) COMPUTER SYSTEMS an a lysts (BUSINESS). CLASS A COMPUTER SYSTEMS ANALYSTS (BUSINESS). CLASS C COMPUTER OPERATORS MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING COMPUTER OPERATORS. CLASS B NONMANUFACTURING COMPUTER OPERATORS. CLASS C NONMANUFACTURING DRAFTERS DRAFTERS. CLASS B ELECTRONICS TECHNICIANS. CLASS A $ $ $ $ ~ 10 ~ ~ * 10 a ~ _ * a _ ~ ~ ~ 1 ' ' See footnotes at end of tables. 5

8 Table A-3. Average weekly earnings of office, professional, and technical workers, by sex. in Norfolk Virginia Beach Portsmouth, Va. N.C., May 1978 Sex, 3 occupation, and industry division Number of workers Weekly hours (standard) Average (mean^) Weekly earnings1 (standard) Sex, 3 occupation, and industry division Number of workers Weekly hours (standard) Average (mean2) Weekly earnings1 (standard) Sex, 3 occupation, and industry division Number of workers Weekly houre (standard) Average (mean2) Weekly earnings1 (standard) OFFICE OCCUPATIONS - WOMEN SECRETARIES MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIES SECRETARIES. CLASS B MANUFACTURING NONHANUFACTURING SECRETARIES. CLASS C MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING SECRETARIES. CLASS MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING STENOGRAPHERS NONMANUFACTURING STENOGRAPHERS. GENERAL NONHANUFACTURING $ OFFICE OCCUPATIONS - WOMEN CONTINUED SWITCHBOARD OPERATORS NONMANUFACTURING - - SWITCHBOARD OPERATOR-RECEPTIONISTS- MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING ORDER CLERKS NONMANUFACTURING ORDER CLERKS. CLASS B ACCOUNTING CLERKS MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIES ACCOUNTING CLERKS. C MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIES PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS - HEN $ COMPUTER SYSTEMS ANALYSTS $ (BUSINESS) COMPUTER SYSTEMS ANALYSTS (BUSINESS) CLASS A COMPUTER SYSTEMS ANALYSTS (BUSINESS). CLASS C COMPUTER PROGRAMMERS (BUSINESS) COMPUTER OPERATORS COMPUTER OPERATORS. CLASS B COMPUTER OPERATORS. CLASS C DRAFTERS STENOGRAPHERS. SENIOR TYPISTS MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIES TYPISTS. CLASS A TYPISTS. CLASS B NONHANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIES * ACCOUNTING CLERKS. CLASS B MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING BOOKKEEPING-MACHINE OPERATORS PAYROLL CLERKS MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING MANUFACTURING DRAFTERS. CLASS B ELECTRONICS TECHNICIANS. CLASS A PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS - WOMEN COMPUTER OPERATORS NONM ANUF ACTURIN FILE CLERKS NONMANUFACTURING KEY ENTRY OPERATORS. CLASS A COMPUTER OPERATORS. CLASS B FILE CLERKS. CLASS C NONMANUFACTURING COMPUTER OPERATORS. CLASS C U See footnotes at end of tables. 6

9 Table A-4. Hourly earnings of maintenance, toolroom, and powerplant workers in Norfolk Virginia Beach Portsmouth, Va. N.C., May 1978 Occupation and industry division Number Hourly earnings * workers Mean 2 Median2 Middle range 2 and under Number of w orkers receiving straight-tim e hourly earning s of S * s $ * % S S s t t * *! 5 s * S i * > > ALL WORKERS maintenance ELECTRICIANS manufacturing HAINTENANCE MACHINISTS HAINTENANCE MECHANICS (MACHINERY) - nonmanufacturing: PUBLIC UTILITIES HAINTENANCE MECHANICS (MOTOR VEHICLES) PUBLIC UTILITIES BOILER TENDERS $ $ $ $ ~ - i ~ i i _ a _ ~ _ _ _ 7 4 _ _ _ - _ See footnotes at end of tables. 7

10 Table A-5. Hourly earnings of material movement and custodial workers in Norfolk Virginia Beach Portsmouth, Va. N.C., May 1978 Occupation and industry division ALL WORKERS TRUCKDRIVERS NONMANUF ACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIES TRUCKORIVERS. LIGHT TRUCK TRUCKDRIVERS. MEDIUM TRUCK TRUCKDRIVERS. HEAVY TRUCK ( TRAILER ) PUBLIC UTILITIES TRUCKORIVERS. HEAVY TRUCK (OTHER THAN TRAILER) SHIPPING CLERKS RECEIVING CLERKS SHIPPING AND RECEIVING CLERKS WAREHOUSEMEN PUBLIC UTILITIES ORDER FILLERS MATERIAL HANDLING LABORERS FORKLIFT OPERATORS POWER-TRUCK OPERATORS (OTHER THAN FORKLIFT) GUARDS AND WATCHMEN JANITORS. PORTERS. AND CLEANERS PUBLIC UTILITIES Hourly earnings Number of w orkers receiving straight-tim e hourly earnings of s S * S S S * 1 s $ S S * $ S Number S S * S $ $ S * of workers Mean 2 Median2 Middle range 2 and - under t? t<? $ $ $ $ " _ 9 _ _ - _ ~ - * ~ ~ ~ _ _ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ 118 ~ ' " 78 ~ _ _ _ _ _ ~ " ~ _ " - " _ * ~ ~ ~ 43 " _ _ 16 _ ~ " _ - _ 3 _ _ ~ ~ " " ~ " See footnotes at end of tables. 8

11 Table A-6. Average hourly earnings of maintenance, toolroom, powerplant, material movement, and custodial workers, by sex, in Norfolk Virginia Beach Portsmouth, Va. N.C., May 1978 Sex, 3 occupation, and industry division Number of woikers A verage (m ean 2 ) hourly earnings4 Sex, 3 occupation, and industry division Number o f A verage (m ean 2 ) hourly earnings * MAINTENANCE* TOOLROOM. AND POUERPLANT OCCUPATIONS - HEN MAINTENANCE ELECTRICIANS MANUFACTURING MATERIAL MOVEMENT AND CUSTODIAL OCCUPATIONS - MEN CONTINUED (SHIPPING CLERKS NONMANUFACTURING $ MAINTENANCE MACHINISTS MANUFACTURING (RECEIVING CLERKS NONMANUFACTURING MAINTENANCE MECHANICS (MACHINERY* - MANUFACTURING nonmanufacturing: PUBLIC UTILITIES MAINTENANCE MECHANICS (MOTOR VEHICLES* MANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIES BOILER TENDERS MANUFACTURING MATERIAL MOVEMENT AND CUSTODIAL OCCUPATIONS - MEN TRUCKDRIVERS MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIES TRUCKDRIVERS. LIGHT TRUCK NONMANUFACTURING TRUCKDRIVERS. MEDIUM TRUCK MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING SHIPPING AND RECEIVING CLERKS WAREHOUSEMEN MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIES ORDER FILLERS MATERIAL HANDLING LABORERS MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING FORKLIFT OPERATORS MANUFACTURING NONNANUFACTURING POWER-TRUCK OPERATORS (OTHER THAN FORKLIFT* GUARDS AND WATCHMEN JANITORS. PORTERS. AND CLEANERS PUBLIC UTILITIES TRUCKDRIVERS. HEAVY TRUCK (TRAILER* MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING PUBLIC UTILITIES TRUCKDRIVERS. HEAVY TRUCK (OTHER THAN TRAILER) MATERIAL MOVEMENT AND CUSTODIAL OCCUPATIONS - WOMEN JANITORS. PORTERS. AND CLEANERS MANUFACTURING NONMANUFACTURING See footnotes at end of tables.

12 Table A-7. Percent increases in average hourly earnings, adjusted for employment shifts, for selected occupational groups in Norfolk Virginia Beach Portsmouth, Va. N.C., for selected periods M ay 1975 May 1976 M ay 1977 Industry and occupational group 5 to to to May 1976 May 1977 May 1978 A ll industries: Office c le r ic a l E lectronic data p rocessin g (*) (?) (?) Industrial nurses (6 ) n (6 ).Skilled maintenance trades Unskilled plant w ork ers Manufacturing: Office cle r ic a l. (6 ) (M ( ) E lectronic data p rocessin g (6 ) ( > ( > Industrial nurses (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) Skilled maintenance trades Unskilled plant w ork ers Nonmanufacturing: Office cle r ic a l E lectronic data processin g (6 ) ( ) (*) Industrial nurses (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) Unskilled plant w orkers See footnotes at end of tables. Footnotes 12 1 Standard hours reflect the workweek for which em ployees receive their regular straight-tim e salaries (exclusive of pay for overtim e at regular a n d/or prem iu m rates), and the earnings corresp ond to these weekly hours. 2 The m ean is computed for each job by totaling the earnings of all w orkers and dividing by the number of w orkers. The median designates position -half of the w orkers receive the sam e or m ore and half receive the sam e or less than, the rate shown. The middle range is defined by two rates of pay; a fourth of the w orkers earn the sam e or less than the low er of these rates and a fourth earn the same or m ore than the higher rate. 3 Earnings data relate only to w orkers w hose sex identification was p r o v i d e d by the establishment. 4 Excludes prem ium pay for overtim e and for w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late shifts. 5 Estimates for periods ending prior to 1976 relate to m en only for skilled maintenance and unskilled plant workers. All other estimates relate to m en and women. 6 Data do not meet publication criteria or data not available. 10

13 Appendix A. Scope and Method of Survey In ea ch o f th e 75 1 a r e a s c u r r e n tly su rv e y e d, the B u rea u ob ta in s w a g e s and re la te d b e n e fits data fr o m r e p re se n ta tiv e e s ta b lis h m e n ts w ithin s ix b r o a d in d u stry d iv is io n s : M a n u fa ctu rin g ; tr a n s p o rta tio n, c o m m u n ica tio n, and o th e r p u b lic u tilit ie s ; w h o le s a le tr a d e ; r e ta il tra d e ; fin a n ce, in su ra n c e, and r e a l e sta te ; and s e r v ic e s. G overn m en t op e ra tio n s and th e co n s tru c tio n and e x tra c tiv e in d u strie s a r e e x clu d e d. E sta b lish m en ts having fe w e r than a p r e s c r ib e d n u m b er o f w o r k e r s a re a ls o exclu d e d b e ca u s e o f in su fficie n t e m p lo y m e n t in th e o c c u p a tio n s stu d ied. A p p en d ix table 1 show s the n u m ber o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts and w o r k e r s estim a te d to be w ithin the s c o p e o f th is s u r v e y, as w e ll as the n u m b e r a ctu a lly stu died. B u rea u fie ld r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s obtain data by p e r s o n a l v is it s at 3 -y e a r in te r v a ls. In ea ch o f th e tw o in terven in g y e a r s, in fo rm a tio n on e m p lo y m e n t and o c c u p a tio n a l e a rn in g s on ly is c o lle c te d by a com b in a tio n o f p e r s o n a l v is it, m a il q u e s tio n n a ir e, and telep h on e in terv iew fr o m e s ta b lis h m en ts p a r tic ip a tin g in th e p r e v io u s su rv e y. A sa m p le o f the e s ta b lish m e n ts in the sco p e o f the s u r v e y is s e le c t e d f o r study p r io r to e a ch p e r so n a l v is it su rv ey. T h is s a m p le, le s s e s ta b lis h m e n ts w h ich go out o f b u s in e s s o r a re no lon g er w ithin the in d u stria l s c o p e o f the s u r v e y, is re ta in e d fo r the fo llo w in g two annual s u r v e y s. In m o s t c a s e s, e s ta b lis h m e n ts new to the a re a a re not c o n s id e r e d in the s c o p e o f th e s u r v e y u n til th e s e le c t io n o f a sa m p le fo r a p e r s o n a l v is it s u rv e y. T he sa m p lin g p r o c e d u r e s in v olv e d eta iled s tr a tific a tio n o f a ll e s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith in the s c o p e o f an in divid ual area s u rv e y by in d u stry and n u m b er o f e m p lo y e e s. F r o m th is s tra tifie d u n iv e rse a p r o b a b ility sa m p le is s e le c t e d, w ith ea ch e sta b lish m e n t having a p r e d e te r m in e d ch a n ce o f s e le c t io n. T o ob ta in o p tim u m a c c u r a c y at m in im u m c o s t, a g r e a te r p r o p o r tio n o f la r g e than s m a ll esta b lish m e n ts is s e le c te d. W hen data a re co m b in e d, e a ch e s ta b lis h m e n t is w eigh ted a c c o r d in g to its p r o b a b ility o f s e le c t io n s o that u n b ia sed e s tim a te s a r e gen era ted. F o r e x a m p le, if on e out o f fo u r e s ta b lis h m e n ts is s e le c t e d, it is given a w eight o f 4 to r e p r e se n t it s e lf plu s th r e e o th e r s. An a lte rn a te o f the sam e o r ig in a l p r o b a b ility is c h o s e n in the s a m e in d u s t r y -s iz e c la s s ific a tio n if data a r e not a v a ila b le fr o m the o r ig in a l s a m p le m e m b e r. If no su ita b le substitu te is a v a ila b le, a d d itio n a l w eigh t is a s s ig n e d to a sa m p le m e m b e r that is s im ila r to the m is s in g unit. 1 Included in the 75 areas are 5 studies conducted by the Bureau under contract. These areas are Akron, Ohio; Birmingham, Ala.; Norfolk Virginia Beach Portsmouth and Newport News Hampton, Va. N.C.; Poughkeepsie Kingston Newburgh, N.Y.; and Utica Rome, N.Y. In addition, the Bureau conducts more limited area studies in approximately 100 areas at the request of the Employment Standards Administration of the U. S. Department of Labor. 1 O ccu p a tio n s and ea rn in gs O ccu p a tio n s s e le c te d fo r study a r e co m m o n to a v a r ie ty o f m a n u fa c tu rin g and n on m an u fa ctu rin g in d u s trie s, and a r e o f the fo llo w in g ty p e s : (1) O ffic e c le r ic a l ; (2) p r o fe s s io n a l and te c h n ic a l; (3) m a in ten a n ce, to o lr o o m, and p o w e rp la n t; and (4) m a te r ia l m ov em en t and c u sto d ia l. O ccu p a tion a l c la s s ific a tio n is b a s e d on a u n ifo r m set o f jo b d e s c r ip tio n s d esig n ed to take a cco u n t o f in ter esta b lish m e n t v a ria tio n in du ties w ithin the sa m e jo b. O ccu p a tio n s s e le c te d fo r study a r e lis te d and d e s c r ib e d in appendix B. U n less o th e r w is e in d ica te d, the ea rn in g s data fo llo w in g the jo b title s a r e fo r a ll in d u strie s co m b in e d. E a rn in g s data fo r som e o f the o ccu p a tio n s lis te d and d e s c r ib e d, o r fo r s o m e in d u stry d iv is io n s w ithin the s c o p e o f the s u r v e y, a re not p r e se n te d in the A - s e r i e s ta b les b e ca u se e ith e r (1) em p lo y m e n t in the o ccu p a tio n is to o s m a ll to p r o v id e enough data to m e r it p r e se n ta tio n, o r (2) th e r e is p o s s ib ilit y o f d is c lo s u r e o f individual esta b lish m e n t data. S ep arate m e n 's and w o m e n 's e a rn in g s data a re not p r e se n te d w hen the n u m ber o f w o r k e r s not id e n tifie d by s e x is 20 p e r ce n t o r m o r e o f the m en o r w om en id e n tifie d in an o ccu p a tio n. E arn ings data not show n s e p a r a te ly fo r in d u stry d iv is io n s a r e in clu d ed in data fo r a ll in d u strie s c o m b in e d. 'L ik e w is e, fo r o ccu p a tio n s w ith m o r e than one le v e l, data a re in clu d ed in the o v e r a ll c la s s ific a tio n when a s u b c la s s ific a tio n is not show n o r in fo rm a tio n to s u b c la s s ify is not a v a ila b le. O ccu p a tio n a l em p loym en t and ea rn in g s data a re show n fo r fu ll-tim e w o r k e r s, i.e., th o s e h ir e d to w o r k a re g u la r w e e k ly sch e d u le. E arn ings data e x clu d e p r e m iu m p a y fo r o v e r tim e and fo r w o rk on w e e k e n d s, h o lid a y s, and la te s h ifts. N on p rod u ction b o n u ses a r e e x clu d e d, but c o s t -o f-liv in g a llo w a n ce s and in ce n tiv e b o n u ses a r e in clu d ed. W eek ly h ou rs fo r o ffic e c l e r i c a l and p r o fe s s io n a l and te c h n ic a l o ccu p a tio n s r e fe r to the standard w o rk w e e k (rou n d ed to the n e a r e s t h a lf hour) fo r w h ich e m p lo y e e s r e c e iv e re g u la r s tr a ig h t-tim e s a la r ie s (e x c lu s iv e o f pay fo r o v e r tim e at re g u la r a n d /o r p r e m iu m r a te s ). A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a rn in g s fo r th e s e occu p a tio n s a re rou n d ed to the n e a r e s t h a lf d o lla r. V e r t ic a l lin e s w ithin the d istrib u tion o f w o r k e r s on so m e A -ta b le s in d ica te a ch ange in the s iz e o f the c la s s in te rv a ls. T h e se s u rv e y s m e a s u r e the le v e l o f o ccu p a tio n a l e a rn in g s in an a rea at a p a r tic u la r tim e. C o m p a r is o n s o f in d ivid u a l o ccu p a tio n a l a v e ra g e s o v e r tim e m a y not r e fle c t e x p ected w a ge ch a n g e s. The a v e ra g e s for individual jo b s a r e a ffe c te d by ch a n ges in w a g e s and e m p loy m en t p a tte rn s. F o r ex a m p le, p r o p o r tio n s o f w o r k e r s e m p lo y e d b y h ig h - o r lo w -w a g e fir m s m ay ch ange, o r h ig h -w a g e w o r k e r s m ay a d v a n ce to b e tte r jo b s and be r e p la c e d by new w o r k e r s at lo w e r r a te s. Such sh ifts in e m p loy m en t co u ld d e c r e a s e an o c c u p a tion a l a v e r a g e even though m o s t e s ta b lish m e n ts in an a r e a in c r e a s e w ages 11

14 during th e y e a r. C h an ges in ea rn in g s o f o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s, show n in ta b le A - 7, a r e b e tte r in d ic a to r s o f w a g e tr e n d s than a r e e a rn in g s ch a n ges fo r in d ivid u a l jo b s w ith in the g r o u p s. A v e r a g e e a rn in g s r e fle c t c o m p o s ite, a re a w id e e s tim a te s. In d u stries and e sta b lish m e n ts d iffe r in p a y le v e l and jo b s ta ffin g, and thus co n trib u te d iffe r e n tly to the e s tim a te s fo r e a ch jo b. P a y a v e r a g e s m a y fa il to r e fle c t a c c u r a te ly the w a ge d iffe r e n tia l am on g jo b s in in d ivid u a l e s ta b lis h m e n ts. A v e r a g e p a y le v e ls fo r m en and w om en in s e le c t e d o ccu p a tio n s should not be a s su m e d to r e fle c t d iffe r e n c e s in p ay o f the s e x e s w ithin in d ivid u al e s ta b lis h m e n ts. F a c t o r s w h ich m a y co n trib u te to d iffe r e n c e s in clude p r o g r e s s io n w ithin e s ta b lis h e d ra te ra n g e s (on ly the ra tes p aid in cu m b en ts a r e c o lle c te d ) and p e r fo r m a n c e o f s p e c ific d u ties w ithin the g e n e ra l s u rv e y jo b d e s c r ip tio n s. Job d e s c r ip tio n s u se d to c la s s ify e m p lo y e e s in th e se s u r v e y s u su a lly a r e m o r e g e n e r a liz e d than th o s e u se d in in d ivid u a l e s ta b lish m e n ts and a llo w fo r m in o r d iffe r e n c e s am on g e sta b lish m e n ts in s p e c ific d u ties p e r fo r m e d. O ccu p a tio n a l em p lo y m e n t e s tim a te s r e p r e s e n t the to ta l in a ll e s ta b lish m e n ts w ithin the s c o p e o f the stu dy and not the n u m ber a ctu a lly su rv e y e d. B e ca u se o c c u p a tio n a l s tru c tu r e s a m on g esta b lish m e n ts d iffe r, e s tim a te s o f o ccu p a tio n a l e m p loy m en t ob ta in ed fr o m the s a m p le o f e sta b lis h m e n ts stu d ied s e r v e on ly to in d ica te the r e la tiv e im p o rta n ce o f the jo b s stu d ied. T h e se d iffe r e n c e s in o c c u p a tio n a l s tru ctu re do not a ffe c t m a t e r ia lly the a c c u r a c y o f the earn ings data. W age tr e n d s fo r s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n a l g rou p s The p e r c e n t in c r e a s e s p r e s e n te d in ta b le A -7 a re b a sed on ch a n ges in a v e ra g e h o u rly ea rn in g s o f m en and w om en in e sta b lish m e n ts re p o rtin g the tren d jo b s in both the cu rre n t and p r e v io u s y e a r (m a tch e d e s ta b lis h m e n ts ). The data a re a d ju sted to r e m o v e the e ffe c ts on a v e r a g e ea rn in g s o f e m p lo y m ent sh ifts am on g e s ta b lis h m e n ts and tu rn o v e r o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts in clu d ed in s u rv e y s a m p le s. T h e p e r c e n t in c r e a s e s, h o w e v e r, a r e s t ill a ffe c te d by fa c to r s o th e r than w a g e in c r e a s e s. H ir in g s, la y o ffs, and tu r n o v e r m ay a ffe ct an esta b lish m e n t a v e r a g e fo r an o ccu p a tio n w hen w o r k e r s a r e paid under plans p r o v id in g a ra n g e o f w a g e ra te s fo r in d ivid u a l jo b s. In p e r io d s o f in c r e a s e d h irin g, f o r e x a m p le, n ew e m p lo y e e s m a y en ter at the b o tto m o f the r a n g e, d e p r e s s in g the a v e r a g e w ithout a ch ange in w a ge r a te s. The p e r c e n t ch a n g es re la te to w a ge ch a n ges b etw een th e in d ica ted dates. W hen the tim e span b etw een s u r v e y s is oth e r than 12 m on th s, annual ra tes a re show n. (It is a s su m e d that w a g e s in c r e a s e at a con stant ra te betw een s u rv e y s.) O ccu p a tio n s u sed to com p u te w a ge O ffic e c le r ic a l S e c r e t a r ie s S te n o g r a p h e rs, g e n e ra l S te n o g r a p h e rs, s e n io r T y p is ts, c la s s e s A and B F ile c le r k s, c la s s e s A, B, and C M e s s e n g e r s S w itch b oa rd o p e r a to r s tr e n d s a r e : O ffic e c l e r i c a l C ontinued O r d e r c le r k s, c la s s e s A and B A cco u n tin g c le r k s, c la s s e s A and B B o o k k e e p in g -m a ch in e o p e r a t o r s, c la s s B P a y r o ll c le r k s K ey en try o p e r a t o r s, c la s s e s A and B E le c tro n ic data p r o c e s s in g C om puter syste m s a n a ly sts, c la s s e s A, B, and C C om puter p r o g r a m m e r s, c la s s e s A, B, and C C om puter o p e r a t o r s, c la s s e s A, B, and C Industrial n u rses R e g is te r e d in d u stria l n u rses S k illed m a in ten a n ce C a rp e n te r s E le c t r ic ia n s P a in te rs M a ch in ists M e c h a n ic s (m a ch in e ry ) M e c h a n ic s (m o to r v e h icle ) P ip e fitt e r s T o o l and die m a k e rs U n sk ille d plant J a n ito r s, p o r t e r s, and c le a n e r s M a te r ia l handling la b o r e r s P e rce n t ch anges fo r in d iv id u a l a r e a s in the p r o g r a m a r e com p u ted as fo llo w s : 1. A v e ra g e earn in gs a re com p u te d fo r e a ch o c cu p a tio n fo r the 2 y e a rs being c o m p a r e d. T he a v e r a g e s a r e d e r iv e d fr o m ea rn in gs in th o s e e s ta b lis h m e n ts w h ich a r e in the s u rv e y both y e a r s ; it is a s su m e d that e m p loym en t rem ain s unchanged. 2. E ach o ccu p a tio n is a s sig n e d a w eigh t b a s e d on its p r o p ortion a te em p loym en t in th e o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p in the b a se y e a r. 3. T h ese w eigh ts a re Used to com p u te g ro u p a v e r a g e s. E ach o c c u p a tio n 's a v e ra g e ea rn in g s (c o m p u te d in step 1) i^ m u ltip lie d by its w eig h t. T h e p r o d u c ts a r e to ta le d to obtain a grou p a v e ra g e. 4. The ra tio o f grou p a v e r a g e s fo r 2 c o n s e c u tiv e y e a r s is com pu ted by dividin g the a v e r a g e for the c u r r e n t y e a r by the a v e ra g e for the e a r lie r y e a r. T he r e s u lt e x p r e s s e d as a p e r ce n t le s s 100 is the p e r c e n t ch a n g e. F o r a m o r e d eta iled d e s c r ip tio n o f the m e th o d u sed to co m p u te th e s e w a ge tr e n d s, se e "Im p r o v in g A r e a W age S u rv ey I n d e x e s," M on th ly L a b o r R e v ie w, January 1973, pp E sta b lish m en t p r a c tic e s and s u p p le m e n ta ry w a g e p r o v is io n s T abu lation s on s e le c te d esta b lish m e n t p r a c t ic e s and su p p le m e n ta ry w a ge p r o v is io n s ( B -s e r ie s ta b les) a re not p r e s e n te d in th is b u lle tin. I n fo r m a tion f o r th ese tabu lation s is c o lle c t e d at 3 -y e a r in te r v a ls. T h e se ta b u la tion s on m in im u m en tra n ce s a la r ie s fo r in e x p e r ie n c e d o ffic e w o r k e r s ; shift d iffe r e n tia ls ; sch e d u le d w e e k ly h o u rs and d a y s; p a id h o lid a y s ; p a id v a ca tio n s ; and h e a lth, in su ra n c e, and p e n sio n p la n s a re p r e s e n te d (in the B - s e r i e s ta b le s) in p r e v io u s b u lletin s fo r th is a r e a. 12

15 Appendix table 1. Establishments and workers within scope of survey and number studied in Norfolk Virginia Beach Portsmouth, Va. N.C., May 1978 Industry division 2 M inimum em ployment in establishments in scope of study Number of establishments Within scope of study 3 Studied W orkers in establishments Within scope of study 4 Number Percent Studied ALL DIVISIONS NON * TRANSPORTATION. COMMUNICATION. AND OTHER PUBLIC UTILITIES WHOLESALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE. INSURANCE. AND REAL ESTATE SERVICES The Norfolk Virginia Beach Portsmouth Standard Metropolitan Statistical A rea, as defined by the Office of Management and Budget through February 1974, consists of Chesapeake, Norfolk, Portsmouth, Suffolk, and Virginia Beach Cities, Va.; and Currituck County, N.C. The "w orkers within scope of study" estimates shown in this table provide a reasonably accurate description of the size and com position of the labor force included in the survey. Estim ates are not intended, h ow ever, for com p arison with other employment indexes to m easure employment trends or levels since (1) planning of wage surveys requires establishment data com piled considerably in advance of the payroll period studied, and (2) sm all establishm ents are excluded from the scope of the survey. 2 The 1972 edition of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual was used in classifying establishm ents by industry division. H owever, all government o p e r a tions are excluded from the scope of the survey. 3 Includes all establishments with total employment at o r above the m inim um limitation. All outlets (within the area) of com panies in industries such as trade, finance, auto repair service, and motion picture theaters are considered as 1 establishment. 4 Includes all w orkers in all establishments with total em ployment (within the area) at or above the m inim um limitation. 5 Abbreviated to "public utilities" in the A -s e r ie s tables. Taxicabs and services incidental to water transportation are excluded. 6 Separate presentation of data is not made for this division. 7 Hotels and m otels; laundries and other personal services; business services; automobile repair, rental, and parking; motion pictures; nonprofit m em bership organizations (excluding religious and charitable organizations); and engineering and architectural services. 13

16 Appendix B. Occupational Descriptions T h e p r im a r y p u rp o s e o f p r e p a rin g jo b d e s c r ip tio n s fo r the B u re a u 's w a ge s u rv e y s is to a s s is t its fie ld s ta ff in c la s s ify in g into a p p ro p ria te o c c u p a tio n s w o r k e r s who a re e m p lo y e d u n d er a v a r ie ty o f p a y r o ll title s and d iffe re n t w o r k a rra n g e m e n ts fr o m esta b lish m e n t to e sta b lish m en t and fr o m a re a to a r e a. T h is p e r m its the g rou p in g o f o ccu p a tio n a l w age ra te s r e p r e se n tin g c o m p a r a b le jo b con ten t. B e ca u se o f th is e m p h a sis on in te re sta b lish m e n t and in te r a r e a c o m p a r a b ility o f o ccu p a tio n a l con ten t, the B u rea u 's jo b d e s c r ip tio n s m a y d iffe r s ig n ific a n tly fr o m th o s e in u se in in d ivid u a l e sta b lish m e n ts o r th o se p r e p a r e d fo r oth er p u r p o s e s. In a p p lyin g th e s e jo b d e s c r ip t io n s, the B u re a u 's fie ld e c o n o m is ts a r e in stru cte d to e x clu d e w o rk in g s u p e r v is o r s ; a p p r e n tic e s ; and p a r t -t im e, te m p o r a r y, a n d p r o b a tio n a r y w o r k e r s. H an dicap ped w o r k e r s w h o se e a rn in g s a r e re d u ce d b e c a u s e o f th e ir h an d icap a re a ls o ex clu d e d. L e a r n e r s, b e g in n e r s, and tr a in e e s, u n le ss s p e c ific a lly in clu d ed in the jo b d e s c r ip tio n, a r e e x clu d e d. Office S E C R E T A R Y A s s ig n e d as p e r s o n a l s e c r e t a r y, n o r m a lly to one in d iv id u a l. M a in tains a c lo s e and h ig h ly r e s p o n s iv e r e la tio n s h ip to the d a y -t o -d a y w o rk o f the s u p e r v is o r. W o r k s f a i r ly in d epen d en tly r e c e iv in g a m in im u m o f d e ta ile d s u p e r v is io n and g u id a n ce. P e r fo r m s v a r ie d c l e r i c a l and s e c r e t a r ia l d u ties, u su a lly in clu d in g m o s t o f the fo llo w in g : a. R e c e iv e s tele p h o n e c a lls, p e r s o n a l c a lle r s, and in co m in g m a il, a n s w e rs rou tin e in q u ir ie s, and ro u te s te c h n ic a l in q u ir ie s to the p r o p e r p e r s o n s ; c. in stru c te d ; b. E s ta b lis h e s, m a in ta in s, and r e v is e s the s u p e r v is o r 's f ile s ; M ain tain s the s u p e r v is o r 's c a le n d a r and m a k e s a p p oin tm en ts as d. R e la y s m e s s a g e s fr o m s u p e r v is o r to s u b o rd in a te s; e. R e v ie w s c o r r e s p o n d e n c e, m e m o ra n d a, and r e p o r ts p r e p a r e d b y o th e rs f o r the s u p e r v is o r 's sig n a tu re to a s s u r e p r o c e d u r a l and ty p o g ra p h ic a c c u r a c y ; f. P e r fo r m s s te n o g ra p h ic and typin g w o r k. S E C R E T A R Y C ontinued M a y a lso p e r fo r m oth e r c l e r i c a l and s e c r e t a r ia l ta sk s o f c o m p a r a b le n atu re and d ifficu lty. The w ork ty p ic a lly r e q u ir e s k n ow led g e o f o ffic e rou tin e and u nderstanding o f the o rg a n iz a tio n, p r o g r a m s, and p r o c e d u r e s re la te d to the w o rk o f the s u p e r v is o r. E x c lu s io n s N ot a ll p o s itio n s that a re title d " s e c r e t a r y " p o s s e s s the a b o v e c h a r a c t e r is t ic s. E x a m p les o f p o s itio n s w h ich a r e e x clu d e d fr o m the d e fin itio n a re as fo llo w s : a. P o sitio n s w hich do n ot m e e t the " p e r s o n a l" s e c r e t a r y c o n c e p t d e s c r ib e d a b ove; b. S ten ograp h ers n ot fu lly tr a in e d in s e c r e t a r ia l-t y p e d u tie s; c. S ten ograp h ers se rv in g as o ffic e a s s is ta n ts to a g ro u p o f p r o f e s sio n a l, te c h n ica l, o r m a n a g e ria l p e r s o n s ; d. S e c r e ta r y p o s itio n s in w h ich the d u ties a r e e ith e r s u b sta n ti m o r e rou tin e o r su b sta n tia lly m o r e c o m p le x and r e s p o n s ib le than th o se c h a r a c te r iz e d in the d efin ition ; 14

17 SE C R E TARY Continued E x c lu s io n s C on tin ued SEC RETAR Y Continued C la s s C e. A s s is ta n t -ty p e p o s itio n s w hich in v o lv e m o r e d iffic u lt o r m o r e 1. S e c r e ta r y to an e x e cu tiv e o r m a n a g e ria l p e r so n w h ose r e s p o n r e s p o n s ib le te c h n ic a l, a d m in is tra tiv e, s u p e r v is o r y, o r s p e c ia liz e d c l e r i c a l s ib ility is not eq u iv a len t to one o f the s p e c ific le v e l situ ation s in the defin ition d u tie s w h ich a r e not ty p ic a l o f s e c r e t a r ia l w ork. fo r c la s s B, but w h ose o rg a n iz a tio n a l unit n o r m a lly n u m b ers at lea st s e v e r a l d o z e n e m p lo y e e s and is u su a lly d iv id ed in to o rg a n iz a tio n a l seg m en ts w hich a re o fte n, in tu rn, fu rth e r su b d ivid ed. In som e c o m p a n ie s, th is le v e l in clu d e s a N O T E : T h e te r m "c o r p o r a t e o ffic e r, " used in the le v e l d e fin itio n s w id e range o f o rg a n iz a tio n a l e c h e lo n s ; in o th e r s, on ly one o r tw o; or fo llo w in g, r e f e r s to th o s e o ffic ia ls who have a sig n ifica n t co r p o r a te w id e p o lic y m a k in g r o le w ith r e g a r d to m a jo r com p a n y a c tiv itie s. The title "v ic e p r e s id e n t, " though n o r m a lly in d ica tiv e o f th is r o le, d o e s not in a ll c a s e s id e n tify such p o s it io n s. V ic e p r e sid e n ts w h ose p r im a ry r e s p o n s ib ility is to a ct p e r s o n a lly on in d iv id u a l c a s e s o r tr a n sa ctio n s ( e.g., a p p ro v e o r deny in d iv id u a l loan o r c r e d it a c tio n s ; a d m in iste r in d ivid u al tr u s t a c c o u n ts; d ir e c tly s u p e r v is e a c l e r i c a l sta ff) a r e not c o n s id e r e d to be "c o r p o r a te o f f i c e r s " fo r p u r p o s e s o f a p p ly in g the fo llo w in g le v e l d e fin itio n s. C la s s A 1. S e c r e t a r y to th e c h a irm a n o f the b o a rd o r p r e sid e n t o f a com p a n y that e m p lo y s, in a ll, o v e r 100 but fe w e r than 5,0 0 0 p e r s o n s ; o r 2. S e c r e t a r y to a c o r p o r a te o f fic e r (oth er than the ch a irm a n o f the b o a r d o r p r e s id e n t) o f a co m p a n y that e m p lo y s, in a ll, o v e r 5,0 0 0 but fe w e r than 2 5,0 0 0 p e r s o n s ; o r 3. S e c r e t a r y to the h ead, im m e d ia te ly b elow the c o r p o r a te o f fic e r le v e l, o f a m a jo r se g m e n t o r s u b s id ia r y o f a com p any that e m p lo y s, in a ll, o v e r 2 5,0 0 0 p e r s o n s. *1 C la s s B 2. S e c r e ta r y to the head o f an in d iv id u a l plant, fa c to r y, e tc. (o r o th e r e q u iv a len t le v e l o f o ffic ia l) that e m p lo y s, in a ll, fe w e r than 5,0 0 0 p e r s o n s. C la s s D 1. S e c r e ta r y to the s u p e r v is o r o r head o f a s m a ll o rg a n iz a tio n a l unit ( e.g., fe w e r than about 25 o r 30 p e r s o n s ); o 2. S e c r e ta r y to a n o n s u p e r v is o r y staff s p e c ia lis t, p r o fe s s io n a l e m p lo y e e, a d m in is tra tiv e o f fic e r, o r a s sista n t, sk ille d te ch n icia n, o r e x p e rt. (N O T E : M any c o m p a n ie s a s sig n s te n o g r a p h e r s, ra th e r than s e c r e t a r ie s as d e s c r ib e d a b o v e, to th is le v e l o f s u p e r v is o r y o r n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e r.) S T E N O G R A P H E R P r im a r y duty is to take d icta tion u sin g sh orth an d, and to tr a n s c r ib e the d ic ta tio n. M ay a ls o type fr o m w ritten c o p y. M ay o p e r a te fr o m a ste n o g ra p h ic p o o l. M ay o c c a s io n a lly tr a n s c r ib e fr o m v o ic e r e c o r d in g s (if p r im a r y duty is tr a n s c r ib in g fr o m r e c o r d in g s, see T r a n s c r ib in g -M a c h in e T y p is t). N O T E : T h is jo b is d istin g u ish ed fr o m that o f a s e c r e t a r y in that a s e c r e t a r y n o r m a lly w o rk s in a c o n fid e n tia l re la tio n s h ip with on ly one m a n a ger o r e x e cu tiv e and p e r fo r m s m o r e r e s p o n s ib le and d is c r e tio n a r y ta sk s as d e s c r ib e d in the s e c r e t a r y jo b d e fin itio n. 1. S e c r e t a r y to the ch a irm a n o f the b oa rd o r p r e sid e n t o f a co m p a n y that e m p lo y s, in a ll, fe w e r than 100 p e r s o n s ; o r S e c r e t a r y to a c o r p o r a te o f fic e r (oth er than the ch a irm a n o f the b o a r d o 'itjp re s id e n t) o f a co m p a n y that e m p lo y s, in a ll, o v e r 100 but fe w e r than 5,0 0 0 p e r s o n s ; o r 3. S e c r e t a r y to the h ead, im m e d ia te ly b elow the o ffic e r le v e l, o v e r e ith e r a m a jo r c o r p o r a tio n w id e fu n ction a l a ctiv ity (e.g., m a rk e tin g, r e s e a r c h, o p e r a tio n s, in d u s tr ia l r e la t io n s, e tc.) o a m a jo r g e o g ra p h ic o r o r g a n iz a tio n a l se g m e n t ( e.g., a r e g io n a l h e a d q u a rte rs; a m a jo r d iv isio n ) o f a com p a n y that e m p lo y s, in a ll, o v e r 5,0 0 0 but fe w e r than 2 5,0 0 0 e m p lo y e e s ; o r 4. S e c r e t a r y to the head o f an in d ivid u a l plant, fa c to r y, e tc. (o r o th e r e q u iv a len t le v e l o f o f fic i a l ) that e m p lo y s, in a ll, o v e r 5, 000 p e r s o n s ; o r 5. S e c r e t a r y to the head o f a la rg e and im p ortan t o rg a n iz a tio n a l se g m e n t (e.g., a m id d le m a n a g em en t s u p e r v is o r o f an o r g a n iz a tio n a l seg m en t o fte n in v o lv in g as m a n y as s e v e r a l hundred p e r so n s ) o r a com p a n y that e m p lo y s, in a ll, o v e r 2 5,0 0 0 p e r s o n s. S te n o g ra p h e r, G e n e ra l D icta tio n in v o lv e s a n o r m a l rou tin e v o c a b u la r y. M ay m aintain file s, k eep sim p le r e c o r d s, o r p e r fo r m oth er r e la tiv e ly rou tin e c le r ic a l ta sk s. S te n o g ra p h e r, S en ior D icta tion in v o lv e s a v a r ie d te c h n ic a l dr s p e c ia liz e d v o ca b u la ry such as in le g a l b r ie fs o r r e p o r ts on s c ie n tific r e s e a r c h. M ay a lso set up and m a in ta in f i l e s, k eep r e c o r d s, e tc. OR P e r fo r m s s te n o g ra p h ic d u ties re q u irin g s ig n ific a n tly g re a te r in d e p en d en ce and r e s p o n s ib ility than s te n o g r a p h e r, g e n e r a l, as ev id e n ce d by the fo llo w in g : W ork r e q u ir e s a high d e g r e e o f s te n o g ra p h ic sp e e d and a c c u r a c y ; a th orou g h w o rk in g k n ow led ge o f g e n e r a l b u s in e s s and o ffic e p r o c e d u r e ; and o f the s p e c ific b u s in e s s o p e r a tio n s, o r g a n iz a tio n, p o lic ie s, p r o c e d u r e s, file s, w o r k flo w, e tc. U ses th is k n ow led ge in p e r fo r m in g sten o g ra p h ic d u ties and r e s p o n s ib le c l e r i c a l ta sk s such as m ain tain in g fo llo w u p file s ; a sse m b lin g m a te r ia l fo r r e p o r t s, m e m o ra n d a, and le t t e r s ; co m p o s in g sim p le le tte r s fr o m g e n e r a l in s tru c tio n s ; rea d in g and rou tin g in co m in g m a il; and a n sw erin g rou tin e q u e s tio n s, e tc. 15

18 T R A N SC R IB IN G -M A C H IN E T Y P IS T P r im a r y duty is to ty p e co p y o f v o ic e r e c o r d e d d icta tio n w h ich d oes not in v olv e v a r ie d te c h n ic a l o r s p e c ia liz e d v o ca b u la ry such as that u sed in le g a l b r ie fs o r r e p o r ts on s c ie n tific r e s e a r c h. M ay a ls o ty p e fr o m w ritten co p y. M ay m ain tain f ile s, k eep sim p le r e c o r d s, o r p e r fo r m oth e r r e la tiv e ly rou tin e c le r ic a l ta s k s. (S ee S ten ograp h er d e fin ition fo r w o r k e r s in volved with shorthand dicta tion.) T Y P IS T U ses a ty p e w r ite r to m ake c o p ie s o f v a rio u s m a te r ia ls o r to m ake out b ills a fte r c a lcu la tio n s h ave been m ade b y a n oth er p e r s o n. M ay in clu d e typing o f s t e n c ils, m a ts, o r s im ila r m a te r ia ls fo r u se in d u p licatin g p r o c e s s e s. M ay do c l e r i c a l w o rk in v olv in g little s p e c ia l tr a in in g, su ch as k eep in g s im p le r e c o r d s, filin g r e c o r d s and r e p o r ts, o r s o rtin g and d istrib u tin g in co m in g m a il. C la s s A. P e r fo r m s one o r m o r e o f the fo llo w in g : T ypin g m a te r ia l in fin a l fo r m when it in v o lv e s co m b in in g m a te r ia l fr o m s e v e r a l s o u r c e s ; o r r e s p o n s ib ility fo r c o r.r e c t sp e llin g, s y lla b ic a tio n, pu nctu ation, e tc., o f te c h n ic a l o r unusual w o r d s o r fo r e ig n language m a te r ia l; o r plan ning la you t and typing o f c o m p lic a te d s ta tis tic a l ta b les to m ain tain u n ifo r m ity and b a la n ce in s p a cin g. M a y type rou tin e fo r m le t te r s, v a ry in g d e ta ils to su it c ir c u m s t a n c e s. C la s s B. P e r fo r m s one o r m o r e o f the fo llo w in g: C op y typing fr o m rough o r c le a r d r a fts ; o r rou tin e typin g o f fo r m s, in su ra n c e p o lic ie s, e t c.; o r settin g up sim p le stan dard ta b u la tion s; o r co p y in g m o r e c o m p le x ta b les a lr e a d y set up and sp a ce d p r o p e r ly. F IL E C L E R K F ile s, c la s s ifie s, and r e t r ie v e s m a te r ia l in an e s ta b lis h e d filin g s y s te m. M ay p e r fo r m c le r i c a l and m an ual ta sk s r e q u ir e d to m ain tain f ile s. P o s itio n s a r e c la s s ifie d in to le v e ls on the b a s is o f the fo llo w in g d e fin itio n s. C la s s A. C la s s ifie s and in d e x e s file m a te r ia l such a s c o r r e s p o n d e n ce, r e p o r ts, te c h n ic a l d o c u m e n ts, e t c., in an e s ta b lis h e d filin g sy s te m con tain in g a n u m b er o f v a r ie d s u b je c t m a tte r f ile s. M a y a ls o file this m a te r ia l. M ay k e e p r e c o r d s o f v a rio u s ty p es in co n ju n ctio n w ith the f ile s. M ay le a d a s m a ll g ro u p o f lo w e r le v e l file c le r k s. C la s s B. S o r ts, c o d e s, and file s u n c la s s ifie d m a t e r ia l b y sim p le (s u b je c t m a tte r) h ead in g s o r p a r tly c la s s ifie d m a t e r ia l by fin e r su b h ea d in gs. P r e p a r e s s im p le rela te d in d ex and c r o s s - r e f e r e n c e a id s. A s req u e ste d, lo c a te s c le a r ly id e n tifie d m a te r ia l in file s and fo r w a r d s m a t e r ia l. M ay p e r fo r m rela ted c l e r i c a l task s re q u ire d to m ain tain and s e r v ic e file s. C la s s C. P e r fo r m s rou tin e filin g o f m a te r ia l that h as a lr e a d y been c la s s ifie d o r w h ich is e a s ily c la s s ifie d in a sim p le s e r ia l c la s s ific a tio n s y s te m (e.g., a lp h a b e tica l, c h r o n o lo g ic a l, o r n u m e r ic a l). A s re q u e ste d, lo c a te s r e a d ily a v a ila b le m a t e r ia l in file s and fo r w a r d s m a t e r ia ls ; and m a y fill out w ith d raw a l c h a r g e. M ay p e r fo r m s im p le c l e r i c a l and m anual tasks re q u ire d to m ain tain and s e r v ic e f ile s. M ESSEN GER P e r fo r m s v a rio u s routine d u ties su ch as running e r r a n d s, op e ratin g m in or o ffic e m a ch in es such as s e a le r s o r m a ile r s, open in g and d istrib u tin g m a il, and oth er m in or c le r ic a l w o rk. E x clu d e p o s itio n s that r e q u ir e o p e r a tion of a m otor ve h icle as a sign ifican t duty. SW ITCH BOARD O P E R A T O R O p era tes a telep h on e s w itch b o a rd o r c o n s o le u se d w ith a p r iv a te b ra n ch exch ange (P B X ) s y s te m to r e la y in c o m in g, ou tg oin g, and in tr a s y s te m c a lls. M ay p r o v id e in form a tion to c a l l e r s, r e c o r d and tr a n s m it m e s s a g e s, k eep r e c o r d o f c a lls p la ce d and to ll c h a r g e s. B e s id e s o p e r a tin g a tele p h o n e s w itch b o a rd o r c o n s o le, m ay a ls o ty p e o r p e r fo r m rou tin e c l e r i c a l w o rk (typing o r routine c le r ic a l w o rk m ay o c c u p y the m a jo r p o r tio n o f the w o r k e r 's tim e, and is u su a lly p e r fo r m e d w h ile at the sw itch b o a rd o r c o n s o le ). C h ief o r lea d o p e r a to r s in e sta b lish m en ts e m p lo y in g m o r e than on e o p e r a to r a re exclu d e d. F or an o p e r a to r who a ls o a c ts as a r e c e p tio n is t, s e e S w itch b oa rd O p e ra to r -R e ce p tio n is t. SW ITCH BOARD O P E R A T O R -R E C E P T IO N IS T At a s in g le -p o s itio n telep h on e sw itch b o a rd o r c o n s o le, a cts both as an o p e r a to r s e e S w itchboard O p e ra to r and as a r e c e p tio n is t. R e c e p tio n is t's w o rk in v olv es such duties as g re e tin g v is it o r s ; d e te rm in in g n atu re o f v is it o r 's b u sin e ss and p rovid in g a p p ro p ria te in fo rm a tio n ; r e fe r r in g v is it o r to a p p r o p ria te p e r so n in the org a n iza tio n o r co n ta ctin g that p e r s o n by tele p h o n e and a rra n g in g an appointm ent; k eepin g a lo g o f v is it o r s. O R D E R C L E R K R e c e iv e s w ritten o r v e r b a l c u s t o m e r s ' p u r c h a se o r d e r s fo r m a te r ia l o r m e r ch a n d is e fr o m c u sto m e r s o r s a le s p e o p le. W o rk ty p ic a lly in v o lv e s som e com bin a tion o f the follow in g d u tie s : Q uoting p r ic e s ; d e te rm in in g a v a ila b ility o f o r d e r e d item s and su g g estin g su b stitu tes w hen n e c e s s a r y ; a d v isin g e x p e cte d d e liv e r y date and m ethod o f d e liv e r y ; r e c o r d in g o r d e r and c u s to m e r in fo rm a tio n on o r d e r sh eets; ch e ck in g o r d e r sh eets fo r a c c u r a c y and adeq u acy o f in form a tion r e c o r d e d ; a s c e r ta in in g c r e d it rating o f c u s to m e r ; fu rn ish in g cu sto m e r w ith a ck n ow led g em en t o f r e c e ip t o f o r d e r ; fo llo w in g -u p to se e that o r d e r is d e liv e r e d by the s p e c ifie d date o r to let c u s to m e r know o f a d e la y in d e liv e r y ; m ain tain in g o r d e r file ; ch e ck in g ship pin g in v o ic e a gain st o rig in a l o r d e r. E xclu d e w o r k e r s paid on a c o m m is s io n b a s is o r w h ose d u ties in clu d e any o f the fo llo w in g : R e c e iv in g o r d e r s fo r s e r v ic e s ra th e r than fo r m a te r ia l or m e r ch a n d is e ; p r o v id in g c u s to m e r s w ith con su lta tiv e a d v ice u sin g k n ow led ge gained fr o m e n g in e e rin g o r e x te n s iv e te c h n ic a l tr a in in g ; em p h a sizin g sellin g s k ills ; handling m a te r ia l o r m e r c h a n d is e as an in te g ra l part o f the job. P o sitio n s a re c la s s ifie d into le v e ls a c c o r d in g to the fo llo w in g d e fin itio n s : C la ss A. H andles o r d e r s that in v o lv e m akin g ju d g m en ts su ch as c h o o sin g w hich s p e c ific p roduct o r m a te r ia l fr o m the e s ta b lis h m e n t's p r o d u c t lin e s w ill sa tis fy the c u s t o m e r 's n e e d s, o r d e te rm in in g th e p r ic e to be quoted when p r ic in g in v o lv e s m o r e than m e r e ly r e fe r r in g to a p r ic e lis t o r m akin g som e sim p le m a th e m a tica l c a lc u la tio n s. 16

19 O R D E R C L E R K C on tin u ed C la s s B. H an d les o r d e r s in volvin g item s w hich have r e a d ily id e n t ifie d u se s and a p p lic a tio n s. M a y r e fe r to a c a ta lo g, m a n u fa c tu r e r 's m a n u a l, o r s im ila r d ocu m e n t to in s d r e that p r o p e r item is su p p lied o r to v e r ify p r i c e o f o r d e r e d ite m. A C C O U N T IN G C L E R K P e r fo r m s on e o r m o r e a ccou n tin g c le r ic a l ta sk s su ch as p o stin g to r e g is t e r s and le d g e r s ; r e c o n c ilin g bank a cco u n ts; v e rify in g the in tern a l c o n s is te n c y, c o m p le t e n e s s, and m a th e m a tica l a c c u r a c y of a ccou n tin g d o c u m e n ts; a s s ig n in g p r e s c r ib e d a cco u n tin g d istrib u tio n c o d e s ; exam inin g and v e r ify in g fo r c l e r i c a l a c c u r a c y v a r io u s ty p e s o f r e p o r ts, lis t s, c a lc u la tio n s, p o s tin g, e t c.; o r p r e p a r in g s im p le o r a s s is tin g in p r e p a rin g m o r e c o m p lic a te d jo u rn a l v o u c h e r s. M ay w o r k in e ith e r a m anual o r autom ated a ccou n tin g s y s te m. T he w o r k r e q u ir e s a k n ow led ge o f c le r i c a l m eth od s and o ffic e p r a c t i c e s and p r o c e d u r e s w h ich r e la te s to the c le r i c a l p r o c e s s in g and r e c o r d in g o f tr a n s a c tio n s and a cco u n tin g in fo rm a tio n. W ith e x p e r ie n c e, the w o r k e r ty p ic a lly b e c o m e s fa m ilia r w ith the b ook k eep in g and a cco u n tin g te r m s and p r o c e d u r e s u se d in the a s s ig n e d w o rk, but is not re q u ire d to h ave a k n ow led g e o f the fo r m a l p r in c ip le s o f b o ok k eep in g and a ccou n tin g. P o s itio n s a r e c la s s ifie d d e fin itio n s : into le v e ls on the b a s is o f the fo llo w in g C la s s A. U n der g e n e r a l s u p e r v is io n, p e r fo r m s a ccou n tin g c le r ic a l o p e r a t io n! w h ich r e q u ir e th e a p p lica tion o f e x p e rie n ce and ju d g m en t, fo r e x a m p le, c l e r i c a l l y p r o c e s s in g c o m p lic a te d or n on re p e titiv e a ccou n tin g t r a n s a c tio n s, s e le c t in g am on g a su b sta n tia l v a rie ty o f p r e s c r ib e d a ccou n tin g co d e s and c la s s ific a t io n s, o r tr a c in g tr a n s a ctio n s through p r e v io u s a ccou n tin g a c tio n s to d e te r m in e s o u r c e o f d is c r e p a n c ie s. M ay b e a s s is te d b y on e o r m o r e c la s s B a cco u n tin g c le r k s. C la s s B. U nder c l o s e s u p e r v is io n, follow in g d e ta ile d in stru ctio n s and sta n d a rd iz e d p r o c e d u r e s, p e r fo r m s one o r m o r e rou tin e a ccou n tin g c l e r ic a l o p e r a t io n s, su ch as p o s tin g to le d g e r s, c a r d s, o r w o rk s h e e ts w h e r e id e n tific a tio n o f ite m s and lo c a tio n s o f p o stin g s a re c le a r ly in d ica ted; ch e ck in g a c c u r a c y and c o m p le te n e s s o f sta n d a rd ized and r e p e titiv e r e c o r d s o r a cco u n tin g d o c u m e n ts; and cod in g d ocu m en ts using a few p r e s c r ib e d a cco u n tin g c o d e s. B O O K K E E P IN G -M A C H IN E O P E R A T O R O p e ra te s a b o o k k e e p in g m a ch in e (w ith o r without a ty p e w r ite r k e y b o a rd ) to k eep a r e c o r d o f b u s in e s s tr a n s a c tio n s. C la s s A. K eeps a set o f r e c o r d s req u irin g a k n ow led ge o f and e x p e r ie n c e in b a s ic b o o k k e e p in g p r in c ip le s, and fa m ilia r ity w ith the s tru ctu re o f th e p a r tic u la r a cco u n tin g s y s te m u se d. D e term in es p r o p e r r e c o r d s and d is trib u tio n o f d eb it and c r e d it ite m s to be u sed in ea ch p h a se o f the w o rk. M a y p r e p a r e c o n s o lid a te d r e p o r t s, b a la n ce s h e e ts, and o th e r r e c o r d s by hand. C la s s B. K eeps a r e c o r d o f on e o r m o r e p h a ses o r s e c tio n s o f a set o f r e c o r d s u s u a lly re q u ir in g little k n ow led ge of b a s ic b ook k eep in g. P h a s e s o r s e c tio n s in clu d e a cco u n ts p a y a b le, p a y r o ll, c u s t o m e r s ' a cco u n ts (not in clu d in g a s im p le ty p e o f b illin g d e s c r ib e d u nder m a ch in e b ille r ), BO O K K E E PIN G -M A C H IN E O PER A T O R Cont Lnued c o s t d is trib u tio n, e x p e n se d is trib u tio n, in v en tory c o n tr o l, e tc. M ay ch e ck o r a s s is t in p r e p a ra tio n o f tr ia l b a la n ce s and p r e p a r e c o n tr o l sh eets fo r the accou nting dep artm en t. M ACH IN E B IL L E R P r e p a r e s sta te m e n ts, b ills, and in v o ic e s on a m a ch in e oth er than an o r d in a r y o r e le c t r o m a t ic ty p e w r ite r. M ay a ls o k eep r e c o r d s as to b illin g s o r ship pin g ch a r g e s o r p e r fo r m oth er c l e r i c a l w o rk in cid en ta l to b illin g o p e r a tio n s. F o r w a ge study p u r p o s e s, m a ch in e b ille r s a r e c la s s ifie d by type o f m a ch in e, as fo llo w s : B illin g -m a c h in e b ille r. U ses a s p e c ia l b illin g m a ch in e (com b in a tion typin g arid adding m ach in e) to p r e p a r e b ills and in v o ic e s fr o m c u s t o m e r s ' p u r c h a se o r d e r s, in te rn a lly p r e p a r e d o r d e r s, shippin g m em ora n d a, etc. U su a lly in v o lv e s a p p lica tio n o f p r e d e te r m in e d d isco u n ts and shipping ch a rg e s and en try o f n e c e s s a r y e x te n s io n s, w h ich m ay o r m ay not be com p u ted on the b illin g m a ch in e, and to ta ls w h ich a re a u to m a tica lly a ccu m u la ted by m a ch in e. T he o p e r a tio n u su a lly in v o lv e s a la r g e n u m ber o f ca rb on co p ie s o f the b ill being p r e p a r e d and is often done on a fa n fold m a ch in e. B o o k k e e p in g -m a ch in e b i l l e r. U ses a b ook k eep in g m a ch in e (w ith o r w ithout a ty p e w r ite r k eyboa rd ) to p r e p a r e c u s t o m e r s ' b ills as p art o f the a cco u n ts r e c e iv a b le o p e r a tio n. G e n e r a lly in v o lv e s the sim u ltan eou s en try o f fig u r e s on c u s t o m e r s ' le d g e r r e c o r d. The m a ch in e a u to m a tica lly a ccu m u la tes fig u r e s on a n u m ber o f v e r t ic a l co lu m n s and co m p u te s and u su a lly p rin ts a u to m a tica lly the d eb it o r c r e d it b a la n c e s. D oes not in v o lv e a kn ow led ge o f b ook k eep in g. W o rk s fr o m u n ifo rm and stan dard ty p e s o f sa le s and c r e d it s lip s. P A Y R O L L C L E R K P e r fo r m s the c l e r i c a l ta sk s n e c e s s a r y to p r o c e s s p a y r o lls and to m ain tain p a y r o ll r e c o r d s. W o rk in v o lv e s m o s t o f the fo llo w in g : ^ P r o c e s s in g w o r k e r s ' tim e o r p r o d u c tio n r e c o r d s ; adju stin g w o r k e r s ' r e c o r d s fo r ch anges in w a g e r a te s, su p p le m e n ta ry b e n e fits, o r ta x d e d u ctio n s; editing p a y r o ll lis tin g s a gain st s o u r c e r e c o r d s ; tr a c in g and c o r r e c tin g e r r o r s in lis tin g s ; and a s s is tin g in p r e p a r a tio n o f p e r io d ic su m m a ry p a y r o ll r e p o r ts. In a n o n - autom ated p a y r o ll s y s te m, co m p u te s w a g e s. W o rk m ay r e q u ire a p r a c tic a l k n ow led ge o f g o v e r n m e n ta l r e g u la tio n s, com p a n y p a y r o ll p o lic y, o r the co m p u te r s y s te m fo r p r o c e s s in g p a y r o lls. KEY E N T R Y O P E R A T O R O p e ra te s a keyp unch m a ch in e to r e c o r d o r v e r ify alph abetic a n d /o r n u m e ric data on tabulating ca rd s o r on tape. P o s itio n s a r e c la s s ifie d into le v e ls on th e b a s is o f the fo llo w in g defin ition s. C la ss A. W o rk r e q u ir e s the a p p lica tio n o f e x p e r ie n c e and judgm ent in s e le c tin g p r o c e d u r e s to be fo llo w e d and in s e a rch in g f o r, in te rp re tin g, s e le c tin g, o r cod in g ite m s to be k eyp un ched fr o m a v a r ie ty o f s o u r c e d o c u m e n ts. On o c c a s io n m a y a ls o p e r fo r m s o m e rou tin e keyp un ch w o rk. M ay tr a in in e x p e r ie n c e d k eyp unch o p e r a t o r s. 17

20 KEY E N T R Y O P E R A T O R C ontinued C la s s B. W o rk is rou tin e and r e p e titiv e. U nder c lo s e s u p e r v is io n o r fo llo w in g s p e c ific p r o c e d u r e s o r in s tru c tio n s, w o r k s fr o m v a r io u s sta n d a rd iz e d s o u r c e d o cu m e n ts w h ich h av e b een c o d e d, and fo llo w s s p e c ifie d p r o c e d u r e s w h ich h ave b een p r e s c r ib e d in d e ta il and r e q u ir e little o r no s e le c tin g, c o d in g, o r in te rp re tin g o f data to be r e c o r d e d. R e fe r s to s u p e r v is o r p r o b le m s a r is in g fr o m e r r o n e o u s ite m s o r co d e s o r m is s in g in fo rm a tio n. T A B U L A T IN G -M A C H IN E O P E R A T O R O p e ra te s on e o r a v a r ie ty o f m a ch in e s su ch as the ta b u la to r, c a lc u la to r, c o lla t o r, in te r p r e te r, s o r t e r, re p r o d u c in g p u n ch, e tc. E x clu d e d fr o m this d e fin itio n a r e w o rk in g s u p e r v is o r s. A ls o e x clu d e d a r e o p e r a t o r s o f e le c t r o n ic d ig ita l c o m p u te r s, even though th ey m a y a ls o o p e r a te e le c t r ic accou nting m ach in e equipm ent. P o s itio n s a r e c la s s ifie d into le v e ls on the b a s is o f the fo llo w in g d e fin itio n s. C la ss A. P e r fo r m s c o m p le te r e p o r tin g and tabu latin g a ssig n m e n ts in cluding d e v isin g d ifficu lt c o n tr o l p a n el w ir in g u n d er g e n e r a l s u p e r v is io n. A s s ig n m e n ts ty p ic a lly in v o lv e a v a r ie ty o f lo n g and c o m p le x r e p o r ts w h ich often a r e ir r e g u la r o r n o n r e c u r r in g, r e q u ir in g s o m e plan nin g o f the n ature and seq u e n cin g o f o p e r a tio n s, and th e u se o f a v a r ie ty o f m a ch in e s. Is ty p ic a lly in v o lv e d in tra in in g new o p e r a t o r s in m a ch in e o p e r a tio n s o r tra in in g lo w e r le v e l o p e r a t o r s in w ir in g fr o m d ia g ra m s and in the o p e ra tin g se q u e n ce s o f lon g and c o m p le x r e p o r t s. D o e s not in clu d e p o s itio n s in w hich w irin g r e s p o n s ib ility is lim ite d to s e le c tio n and in s e r tio n o f p r e w ir e d b o a r d s. C la s s B. P e r fo r m s w o rk a c c o r d in g to e s ta b lis h e d p r o c e d u r e s and u nder s p e c ific in s tru c tio n s. A s s ig n m e n ts t y p ic a lly in v o lv e co m p le te but r o u tine and r e c u r r in g r e p o r ts o r p a rts o f la r g e r and m o r e c o m p le x r e p o r ts. O p e ra te s m o r e d ifficu lt tabu latin g o r e le c t r ic a l a cco u n tin g m a ch in e s su ch as the ta b u la to r and c a lc u la to r, in a d d ition to th e s im p le r m a ch in e s u se d by c la s s C o p e r a t o r s. M ay be r e q u ir e d to do so m e w ir in g fr o m d ia g r a m s. M ay tr a in n ew e m p lo y e e s in b a s ic m a ch in e o p e r a tio n s. C la ss C. U nder s p e c ific - in s tru c tio n s, o p e r a te s s im p le tabulatin g o r e le c t r ic a l a cco u n tin g m a ch in e s su ch as the s o r t e r, in te r p r e te r, r e p r o du cin g pu nch, c o lla t o r, e tc. A s s ig n m e n ts ty p ic a lly in v o lv e p o r tio n s o f a w o rk u n it, fo r e x a m p le, in d ivid u a l so rtin g o r c o lla tin g ru n s, o r r e p e titiv e o p e r a tio n s. M a y p e r fo r m s im p le w irin g fr o m d ia g r a m s, and do so m e filin g w o rk. Professional and Technical C O M P U T E R SY STE M S A N A L Y S T, BUSINESS A n a ly z e s b u s in e s s p r o b le m s to fo r m u la te p r o c e d u r e s fo r s o lv in g th em by u se o f e le c t r o n ic data p r o c e s s in g e q u ip m en t. D e v e lo p s a co m p le te d e s c r ip tio n o f a ll s p e c ific a tio n s n e e d e d to en able p r o g r a m m e r s to p r e p a r e re q u ire d d ig ita l co m p u te r p r o g r a m s. W o rk in v o lv e s m o s t o f the fo llo w in g : A n a ly z e s s u b je c t-m a t te r o p e r a tio n s to be autom a ted and id e n tifie s con d itio n s and c r it e r ia r e q u ir e d to a c h ie v e s a tis fa c to r y r e s u lts ; s p e c ifie s n u m ber and C O M P U T E R SYSTEM S A N A L Y S T, BUSINESS C ontinued ty p es o f r e c o r d s, file s, and d ocu m en ts to b e u s e d ; o u tlin es a ctio n s to be p e r fo r m e d b y p e r so n n e l and c o m p u te rs in s u ffic ie n t d e ta il fo r p r e se n ta tio n to m an agem en t and fo r p r o g ra m m in g (ty p ic a lly th is in v o lv e s p r e p a r a tio n o f w o r k and data flo w c h a r ts ); c o o r d in a te s the d e v e lo p m e n t o f te s t p r o b le m s and p a rticip a te s in tr ia l runs o f new and r e v is e d s y s te m s ; and r e c o m m e n d s equipm ent ch anges to obtain m o r e e ffe c t iv e o v e r a ll o p e r a tio n s. (N O T E : W o r k e r s p e r fo r m in g both syste m s a n a ly sis and p r o g r a m m in g sh ou ld be c la s s ifie d a s s y s te m s a n aly sts if th is is the s k ill u sed to d e te rm in e th e ir p ay.) D oes not in clu d e e m p lo y e e s p r im a r ily r e s p o n s ib le fo r th e m a n a g e m ent o r s u p e rv is io n o f oth e r e le c t r o n ic data p r o c e s s in g e m p lo y e e s, o r s y s te m s analy sts p r im a r ily c o n c e r n e d w ith s c ie n tific o r e n g in e e rin g p r o b le m s. F o r w age study p u r p o s e s, s y s te m s a n a ly sts a r e c la s s ifie d as fo llo w s : C la ss A. W o rk s in d ep en d en tly o r u n d er o n ly g e n e r a l d ir e c tio n on c o m p le x p r o b le m s in volv in g a ll p h a ses o f s y s te m s a n a ly s is. P r o b le m s a re c o m p le x b e ca u se o f d iv e r s e s o u r c e s o f input data and m u lt ip le -u s e r e q u ir e m en ts o f output data. (F o r e x a m p le, d e v e lo p s an in te g ra te d p r o d u c tio n s c h e d u lin g, in v en tory c o n tr o l, c o s t a n a ly s is, and s a le s a n a ly sis r e c o r d in w h ich e v e r y ite m o f each ty p e is a u to m a tica lly p r o c e s s e d th rou g h the fu ll s y s te m o f r e c o r d s and a p p ro p ria te fo llo w u p a ctio n s a r e in itia ted by the co m p u te r.) C o n fe rs w ith p e r s o n s co n c e r n e d to d e te r m in e the data p r o c e s s in g p r o b le m s and a d v is e s s u b je c t-m a tte r p e r so n n e l on the im p lic a tio n s o f new o r r e v is e d s y s te m s o f data p r o c e s s in g o p e r a tio n s. M a k es r e c o m m e n d a tio n s, if n e e d e d, fo r a p p ro v a l o f m a jo r s y s te m s in sta lla tio n s o r ch a n ges and fo r obtain in g e q u ip m en t. M ay p r o v id e fu n ction a l d ir e c tio n to lo w e r le v e l who a r e a s sig n e d to a s s is t. s y s te m s a n a ly sts C la ss B. W ork s in depen den tly o r u n d er o n ly g e n e r a l d ir e c tio n on p r o b le m s that a re r e la tiv e ly u n co m p lica te d to a n a ly z e, p la n, p r o g r a m, and o p e r a te. P r o b le m s a re o f lim ite d c o m p le x ity b e c a u s e s o u r c e s o f input data a re h om ogen eou s and the output data a r e c lo s e ly re la te d. (F o r e x a m p le, d e v e lo p s sy ste m s fo r m aintaining d e p o s ito r a cco u n ts in a bank, m ain tain in g a cco u n ts r e c e iv a b le in a re ta il e s ta b lis h m e n t, o r m a in ta in in g in v e n to ry a cco u n ts in a m an u factu rin g o r w h o le s a le e s ta b lis h m e n t.) C o n fe r s w ith p e r son s c o n c e r n e d to d e te rm in e the data p r o c e s s in g p r o b le m s and a d v is e s s u b je c t-m a tte r p e r so n n e l on the im p lic a tio n s o f the data p r o c e s s in g s y s te m s to be a p p lied. OR W ork s on a segm en t o f a c o m p le x data p r o c e s s in g s c h e m e or s y s te m, as d e s c r ib e d fo r c la s s A. W o rk s in d epen d en tly on rou tin e a s sig n m e n ts and r e c e iv e s in stru ctio n and gu idan ce on c o m p le x a s s ig n m e n ts. W o rk is r e v ie w e d fo r a c c u r a c y o f ju d g m en t, c o m p lia n c e w ith in s tr u c tio n s, and to in su re p r o p e r a lign m en t with the o v e r a ll s y s te m. C la ss C. W o rk s u nder im m e d ia te s u p e r v is io n, c a r r y in g out a n a ly ses as a ssig n e d, u su a lly o f a sin g le a c tiv ity. A s s ig n m e n ts a re d e s ig n e d to d e v e lo p and expand p r a c tic a l e x p e r ie n c e in the a p p lica tio n o f p r o c e d u r e s and s k ills re q u ire d fo r syste m s a n a ly sis w o r k. F o r e x a m p le, m a y a s s is t a h ig h er le v e l s y s te m s analyst by p r e p a rin g the d e ta ile d s p e c ific a tio n s r e q u ir e d by p r o g r a m m e r s fr o m in fo rm a tio n d e v e lo p e d by the h ig h e r le v e l a n a ly st. 18

21 C O M P U T E R P R O G R A M M E R, BUSINESS C O M P U T E R P R O G R A M M E R, BUSINESS C ontinued C o n v e rts sta tem en ts o f b u s in e s s p r o b le m s, ty p ic a lly p r e p a r e d b y a s y s te m s a n a ly st, into a s e q u e n ce o f d e ta ile d in stru ctio n s w h ich a r e r e q u ir e d to s o lv e th e p r o b le m s by a u to m a tic data p r o c e s s in g equip m en t. W ork in g fr o m ch a r ts o r d ia g r a m s, the p r o g r a m m e r d e v e lo p s the p r e c is e in s tru ctio n s w h ich, w hen e n te re d into the c o m p u te r s y s te m in co d e d language, ca u se the m a n ip u la tio n o f data to a c h ie v e d e s ir e d r e s u lts. W o rk in v olv es m o s t o f the fo llo w in g : A p p lie s k n o w le d g e o f c o m p u te r c a p a b ilit ie s, m a th e m a tics, lo g ic e m p lo y e d by c o m p u te r s, and p a r t ic u la r s u b je c t m a tte r in v olv ed to a n a ly ze ch a rts and d ia g r a m s o f th e p r o b le m to be p r o g r a m m e d ; d ev elop s s e q u e n ce o f p r o g r a m s te p s ; w r ite s d e ta ile d flo w c h a r ts to show o r d e r in w h ich data w ill be p r o c e s s e d ; c o n v e r ts th e s e c h a r ts to co d e d in stru ctio n s fo r m a ch in e to fo llo w ; te s ts and c o r r e c t s p r o g r a m s ; p r e p a r e s in stru ctio n s fo r o p e r a tin g p e r s o n n e l d u rin g p r o d u c tio n run; a n a ly z e s, r e v ie w s, and a lte r s p r o g r a m s to in c r e a s e o p e r a tin g e ffic ie n c y o r adapt to new r e q u ire m e n ts ; m a in ta in s r e c o r d s o f p r o g r a m d e v e lo p m e n t and r e v is io n s. (N O T E : W o rk e r s p e r fo r m in g both s y s te m s a n a ly sis and p r o g r a m m in g should be c la s s ifie d as s y s te m s a n a ly sts if th is is the sk ill u sed to d e te rm in e th eir pay.) D o e s not in clu d e e m p lo y e e s p r im a r ily r e s p o n s ib le fo r the m a n a g e m en t o r s u p e r v is io n o f oth e r e le c t r o n ic data p r o c e s s in g e m p lo y e e s, o r p r o g r a m m e r s p r im a r ily c o n c e r n e d w ith s c ie n tific a n d /o r e n g in e e rin g p r o b le m s. F o r w a g e study p u r p o s e s, p r o g r a m m e r s a re c la s s ifie d as fo llo w s C la s s A. W o rk s in d ep en d en tly o r u nder only g e n e r a l d ir e c tio n on c o m p le x p r o b le m s w h ich r e q u ir e c o m p e te n ce in a ll p h a se s o f p r o g r a m m in g c o n c e p ts and p r a c t ic e s. W o rk in g fr o m d ia g ra m s and ch a rts w h ich id e n tify th e n atu re o f d e s ir e d r e s u lts, m a jo r p r o c e s s in g steps to be a c c o m p lis h e d, and th e r e la tio n s h ip s b etw een v a r io u s steps o f the p r o b le m s o lv in g rou tin e; p la n s the fu ll ra n g e o f p r o g r a m m in g a ctio n s n eed ed to e ffic ie n tly u tiliz e th e co m p u te r s y s te m in a ch ie v in g d e s ir e d end p r o d u c ts. A t th is l e v e l, p r o g r a m m in g is d ifficu lt b e ca u s e c o m p u te r equip m en t m u st be o r g a n iz e d to p r o d u c e s e v e r a l in te rre la te d but d iv e r s e p r o d u c ts fr o m n u m e ro u s and d iv e r s e data e le m e n ts. A w id e v a rie ty and e x te n s iv e n u m b er o f in te rn a l p r o c e s s in g a c tio n s m u st o c c u r. T h is r e q u ir e s su ch a ctio n s as d e v e lo p m e n t o f co m m o n o p e r a tio n s w hich can be re u se d, e sta b lish m e n t o f lin k a g e p o in ts b etw e e n o p e r a t io n s, a d ju stm en ts to data when p r o g r a m r e q u ir e m e n ts e x c e e d c o m p u te r s to r a g e c a p a c ity, and substantial m a n ip u la tion and r e s e q u e n c in g o f data e le m e n ts to fo r m a h igh ly in tegra ted p r o g r a m. M ay p r o v id e fu n ctio n a l d ir e c tio n to lo w e r le v e l p r o g r a m m e r s who a r e a s s ig n e d to a s s is t. C la ss B. W o rk s in d ep en d en tly o r u nder only g e n e r a l d ir e c tio n on r e la t iv e ly s im p le p r o g r a m s, o r on sim p le segm en ts o f c o m p le x p r o g r a m s. P r o g r a m s (o r s e g m e n ts ) u s u a lly p r o c e s s in form a tion to p r o d u c e data in tw o o r th r e e v a r ie d s e q u e n c e s o r fo r m a t s. R e p o r ts and lis tin g s a r e p r o d u c e d by r e fin in g, a d a p tin g, a r r a y in g, o r m akin g m in o r additions to o r d e le tio n s fr o m input data w h ich a r e r e a d ily a v a ila b le. W h ile n u m e ro u s r e c o r d s m ay be p r o c e s s e d, the data h ave b een r e fin e d in p r io r a ctio n s so that the a c c u r a c y and seq u en cin g o f data can b e te s te d b y u sin g a fe w rou tin e ch e c k s. T y p ic a lly, the p r o g r a m d e a ls w ith rou tin e r e c o r d k e e p in g o p e r a tio n s. OR W o rk s on c o m p le x p r o g r a m s (as d e s c r ib e d fo r c la s s A) under c lo s e d ir e c tio n o f a h ig h er le v e l p r o g r a m m e r o r s u p e r v is o r. M ay a s s is t h igher le v e l p r o g r a m m e r by in d ep en d en tly p e r fo r m in g le s s d ifficu lt ta sk s a ssig n e d, and p e r fo r m in g m o r e d ifficu lt ta sk s u nder fa ir ly c lo s e d ir e ctio n. M ay gu ide o r in stru ct lo w e r le v e l p r o g r a m m e r s. C la s s C. M akes p r a c t ic a l a p p lica tio n s o f p r o g ra m m in g p r a c tic e s and co n c e p ts u su a lly le a rn e d in fo r m a l tra in in g c o u r s e s. A ssig n m en ts a re d e sig n e d to d e v e lo p c o m p e te n c e in the a p p lica tio n o f stan dard p r o c e d u r e s to rou tin e p r o b le m s. R e c e iv e s c lo s e s u p e r v is io n on new a s p e c ts o f a ssig n m en ts; and w o rk is r e v ie w e d to v e r ify its a c c u r a c y and c o n fo r m a n c e w ith req u ired p r o c e d u r e s. C O M P U T E R O P E R A T O R M o n ito rs and o p e r a te s the c o n tr o l c o n s o le o f a d ig ita l co m p u ter to p r o c e s s data a c c o r d in g to o p e r a tin g in s tr u c tio n s, u su a lly p r e p a r e d by a p r o g r a m m e r. W o rk in clu d e s m o s t o f the fo llo w in g : Studies in stru ction s to d e te rm in e equip m en t setup and o p e r a tio n s ; lo a d s equipm ent w ith req u ire d ite m s (ta p e r e e ls, c a r d s, e t c.); sw itch e s n e c e s s a r y a u x ilia r y equipm ent into c ir c u it, and sta rts and o p e r a te s c o m p u te r; m a k es a d ju stm en ts to com p u ter to c o r r e c t o p e ra tin g p r o b le m s and m e e t s p e c ia l c o n d itio n s ; re v ie w s e r r o r s m ade du rin g o p e r a tio n and d e te rm in e s ca u se o r r e fe r s p r o b le m to s u p e rv is o r o r p r o g r a m m e r ; and m ain tain s o p e ra tin g r e c o r d s. M ay te s t and a s s is t in c o r r e c tin g p r o g r a m. fo llo w s : F o r w a ge study p u r p o s e s, co m p u te r o p e r a to r s a re c la s s ifie d as C la ss A. O p e ra te s in d ep en d en tly, o r u nder on ly g e n e ra l d ir e c tio n, a co m p u te r running p r o g r a m s w ith m o st o f the fo llo w in g c h a r a c te r is t ic s : N ew p r o g r a m s a r e fre q u e n tly te s te d and in tro d u ce d ; sch ed u lin g re q u irem en ts a re o f c r it ic a l im p o rta n ce to m in im iz e d ow n tim e; the p r o g r a m s a re o f c o m p le x d e sig n so that id e n tifica tio n o f e r r o r s o u r c e often re q u ir e s a w ork in g k n ow led g e o f the to ta l p r o g r a m, and a lte rn a te p r o g r a m s m ay not be a v a ila b le. M a y g iv e d ir e c tio n and gu id a n ce to lo w e r le v e l o p e r a t o r s. C la ss B. O p e ra te s in d ep en d en tly, o r u nder on ly g e n e ra l d ir e c tio n, a co m p u te r running p r o g r a m s w ith m o st o f the fo llo w in g c h a r a c te r is t ic s ; M o st o f the p r o g r a m s a r e e sta b lish e d p r o d u c tio n ru n s, ty p ic a lly run on a r e g u la r ly r e c u r r in g b a s is ; th e re is little o r no te s tin g o f new p r o g r a m s r e q u ir e d ; a lte rn a te p r o g r a m s a r e p r o v id e d in c a s e o r ig in a l p r o g r a m n eed s m a jo r ch ange o r cannot be c o r r e c t e d w ithin a r e a s o n a b ly sh ort tim e. In 19

22 C O M P U T E R O P E R A T O R C ontinued D R A F T E R -T R A C E R co m m o n e r r o r situ a tio n s, d ia g n o s e s ca u se and ta k es c o r r e c t iv e a ctio n. T h is u su a lly in v o lv e s applyin g p r e v io u s ly p r o g r a m m e d c o r r e c t iv e s te p s, o r u sin g stan dard c o r r e c t io n te c h n iq u e s. OR O p e ra te s u nder d ir e c t s u p e r v is io n a c o m p u te r running p r o g r a m s o r se g m e n ts o f p r o g r a m s w ith the c h a r a c t e r is t ic s d e s c r ib e d fo r c la s s A. M ay a s s is t a h ig h er le v e l o p e r a to r by in dep en d en tly p e r fo r m in g le s s d ifficu lt ta sk s a s sig n e d, and p e r fo r m in g d iffic u lt ta sk s fo llo w in g d e ta ile d in stru ctio n s and w ith freq u en t r e v ie w o f o p e r a tio n s p e r fo r m e d. C la ss C. W o rk s on rou tin e p r o g r a m s u n d er c lo s e s u p e r v is io n. Is e x p e cte d to d e v e lo p w o rk in g k n ow led g e o f the c o m p u te r equip m en t u se d and a b ility to d e te ct p r o b le m s in v o lv e d in running rou tin e p r o g r a m s. U su a lly has r e c e iv e d s o m e fo r m a l tra in in g in co m p u te r o p e r a tio n. M ay a s s is t h ig h er le v e l o p e r a to r on c o m p le x p r o g r a m s. D R A F T E R C la s s A. P la n s the g ra p h ic p r e se n ta tio n o f c o m p le x ite m s having d is tin c tiv e d e sig n fe a tu r e s that d iffe r s ig n ific a n tly fr o m e sta b lish e d d raftin g p r e c e d e n ts. W o rk s in c lo s e su p p ort w ith the d e sig n o r ig in a to r, and m ay re co m m e n d m in o r d e sig n ch a n g e s. A n a ly z e s the e ffe c t o f ea ch ch ange on the d e ta ils o f fo r m, fu n ctio n, and p o s itio n a l r e la tio n s h ip s o f co m p o n e n ts and p a r ts. W o rk s w ith a m in im u m o f s u p e r v is o r y a s s is ta n c e. C om p leted w o r k is re v ie w e d by d e sig n o r ig in a to r f o r c o n s is te n c y w ith p r io r en g in e e rin g d e t e r m in a tio n s. M ay e ith e r p r e p a r e d raw in g s o r d ir e c t th e ir p r e p a ra tio n by lo w e r le v e l d r a fte r s. C la ss B. P e r fo r m s n on rou tin e and c o m p le x d raftin g a ssig n m e n ts that r e q u ir e the a p p lica tio n o f m o s t o f th e sta n d a rd ized draw in g te ch n iq u e s r e g u la r ly u se d. D u ties t y p ic a lly in v o lv e such w o rk a s : P r e p a r e s w o rk in g d raw in gs o f s u b a s s e m b lie s w ith ir r e g u la r sh a p e s, m u ltip le fu n ctio n s, and p r e c is e p o s itio n a l r e la tio n s h ip s betw een c o m p o n e n ts; p r e p a r e s a r c h ite c tu r a l d raw in gs fo r c o n s tru c tio n o f a b u ild in g in clu d in g d e ta il d raw in g s o f fo u n d a tion s, w a ll s e c tio n s, flo o r p la n s, and r o o f. U ses a c c e p te d fo r m u la s and m anuals in m akin g n e c e s s a r y co m p u ta tion s to d e te rm in e quantities o f m a te r ia ls to be u s e d, lo a d c a p a c it ie s, s tre n g th s, s t r e s s e s, e tc. R e c e iv e s in itia l in s tr u c tio n s, r e q u ir e m e n ts, and a d v ic e fr o m s u p e r v is o r. C om p leted w o rk is ch e ck e d fo r te c h n ic a l a d eq u acy. C la ss C. P r e p a r e s d e ta il d raw in g s o f sin g le u nits o r p a rts fo r e n g in e e rin g, c o n s tru c tio n, m a n u fa ctu rin g, o r r e p a ir p u r p o s e s. T y p e s o f d raw in gs p r e p a r e d in clu d e is o m e t r ic p r o je c t io n s (d e p ic tin g th r e e d im e n s io n s in a c c u r a te s c a le ) and s e c tio n a l v ie w s to c la r ify p o sitio n in g o f co m p o n e n ts and co n v e y n e e d e d in fo rm a tio n. C o n so lid a te s d e ta ils fr o m a n u m b er o f s o u r c e s and a d ju sts o r tr a n s p o s e s s c a le as r e q u ir e d. S u ggested m eth od s o f a p p ro a ch, a p p lica b le p r e c e d e n ts, and a d v ic e on s o u r c e m a te r ia ls a r e given with in itia l a s sig n m e n ts. In stru ctio n s a r e le s s c o m p le te w hen a ssig n m e n ts r e c u r. W ork m a y b e s p o t -c h e c k e d d u rin g p r o g r e s s. C opies plans and d raw in gs p r e p a r e d by o th e r s by p la cin g tr a c in g clo th o r p a p er o v e r d raw in gs and tr a c in g w ith p en o r p e n c il. (D o e s not in clu d e tr a c in g lim ite d to plan s p r im a r ily c o n s is tin g o f stra ig h t lin e s and a la r g e s c a le not re q u irin g c lo s e d e lin e a tio n.) A N D /O R P r e p a r e s sim p le o r r e p e titiv e d ra w in g s o f e a s ily v is u a liz e d ite m s. W o rk is c lo s e ly su p e rv is e d du rin g p r o g r e s s. ELE CTRO N ICS TECHNICIAN W ork s on v a rio u s ty p es o f e le c t r o n ic equip m en t and re la te d d e v ic e s by p e r fo r m in g one o r a com b in a tion o f the fo llo w in g : In sta llin g, m a in ta in in g, r e p a ir in g, ov erh a u lin g, tr o u b le s h o o tin g, m o d ify in g, c o n s tru c tin g, and te s tin g. W o rk re q u ir e s p r a c tic a l a p p lica tio n o f te c h n ic a l k n ow led ge o f e le c t r o n ic s p r in c ip le s, a b ility to d eterm in e m a lfu n c tio n s, and s k ill to put equip m en t in re q u ire d operating con dition. T he equipm ent co n sistin g o f e ith er m an y d iffe r e n t kinds o f c ir c u it s o r m u ltip le rep etition o f the sam e kind o f c ir c u it in c lu d e s, but is not lim ite d t o, the fo llo w in g : (a) E le c tro n ic tr a n s m ittin g and r e c e iv in g equip m en t ( e.g., r a d a r, r a d io, te le v is io n, te le p h o n e, s o n a r, n a v ig a tio n a l a id s ), (b) d ig ita l and analog c o m p u te r s, and (c) in d u stria l and m e d ic a l m e a s u r in g and c o n tr o llin g equipm ent. T h is c la s s ific a tio n e x clu d e s r e p a ir e r s o f su ch stan d ard e le c t r o n ic equipm ent as co m m o n o ffic e m a ch in e s and h o u se h o ld ra d io and te le v is io n s e ts ; p roductio n a s s e m b le r s and t e s t e r s ; w o r k e r s w h o se p r im a r y duty is s e r v ic in g e le c tro n ic te s t in stru m e n ts; te c h n ic ia n s w ho h ave a d m in is tra tiv e o r s u p e r v is o r y re s p o n s ib ility ; and d r a fte r s, d e s ig n e r s, and p r o fe s s io n a l e n g in e e r s. P o s itio n s a re c la s s ifie d into le v e ls on th e b a s is o f th e fo llo w in g d e fin itio n s. C la ss A. A p p lie s a d van ce te c h n ic a l k n ow led g e to s o lv e u n u su ally c o m p le x p r o b le m s ( i.e., th o se that t y p ic a lly can not b e s o lv e d s o le ly b y r e f e r en ce to m a n u fa c tu r e r s ' m anuals o r s im ila r d o cu m e n ts) in w o rk in g on e l e c tr o n ic equipm ent. E x a m p les o f su ch p r o b le m s in clu d e lo c a tio n and d e n sity o f c ir c u it r y, e le ctro m a g n e tic r a d ia tio n, is o la tin g m a lfu n c tio n s, and freq u en t e n g in e e rin g ch a n g es. W o rk in v o lv e s : A d e ta ile d u n d ersta n d in g o f the in t e r re la tio n s h ip s o f c ir c u it s ; e x e r c is in g in depen den t ju d g m en t in p e r fo r m in g such ta sk s as m aking c ir c u it a n a ly se s, c a lc u la tin g w a v e fo r m s, tr a c in g r e la t io n ship s in sign al flo w ; and r e g u la rly u sin g c o m p le x te s t in stru m e n ts ( e.g., dual tr a c e o s c illo s c o p e s, Q -m e t e r s, d e v ia tio n m e t e r s, p u ls e g e n e r a to r s ). W ork m ay be re v ie w e d by s u p e r v is o r (fre q u e n tly an e n g in e e r o r d e s ig n e r) fo r g e n e ra l co m p lia n c e w ith a c c e p te d p r a c t ic e s. M a y p r o v id e te c h n ic a l guidance to lo w e r le v e l te c h n ic ia n s. C la ss B. A p p lie s c o m p r e h e n s iv e te c h n ic a l k n ow led g e to s o lv e c o m p le x p r o b le m s ( i.e., th o se that t y p ic a lly can b e s o lv e d s o le ly b y p r o p e r ly in te rp re tin g m a n u fa c tu r e r s ' m anuals o r s im ila r d ocu m en ts) in w ork in g on 2 0

23 E L E C T R O N IC S T E C H N IC IA N Continued e le c t r o n ic eq u ip m e n t. W o r k in v o lv e s : A fa m ilia r ity w ith th e in te r r e la t io n sh ip s o f c ir c u it s ; and ju d g m en t in d eterm in in g w o rk seq u e n ce and in s e le c tin g to o ls and te s tin g in s tru m e n ts, u su a lly le s s c o m p le x than th o s e u se d by the c la s s A te c h n ic ia n. R e c e iv e s te c h n ic a l g u id a n ce, as r e q u ir e d, fr o m s u p e r v is o r o r h ig h e r le v e l te c h n ic ia n, and w o r k is re v ie w e d fo r s p e c ific co m p lia n c e w ith a c c e p te d p r a c t ic e s and w o r k a s s ig n m e n ts. M ay p r o v id e te c h n ica l g u id a n ce to lo w e r le v e l te c h n ic ia n s. C la s s C. A p p lie s w o rk in g te c h n ic a l kn ow led ge to p e r fo r m s im p le o r rou tin e ta sk s in w o rk in g on e le c t r o n ic equip m en t, fo llo w in g d e ta ile d in s t r u c tio n s w h ich c o v e r v ir tu a lly a ll p r o c e d u r e s. W ork ty p ic a lly in v o lv e s su ch ta s k s a s : A s s is tin g h ig h e r le v e l te c h n icia n s by p e r fo r m in g su ch a c tiv itie s as r e p la c in g co m p o n e n ts, w ir in g c ir c u it s, and taking te s t re a d in g s ; r e p a ir in g s im p le e le c t r o n ic eq u ip m en t; and u sin g to o ls and co m m o n te s t in stru m e n ts ( e.g., m u lt im e t e r s, a udio s ig n a l g e n e r a to r s, tube t e s t e r s, o s c illo s c o p e s ). Is not r e q u ir e d to b e fa m ilia r w ith the in te rre la tio n s h ip s o f c ir c u it s. T h is k n o w le d g e, h o w e v e r, m a y b e a c q u ir e d th rou gh a ssig n m e n ts d e sig n e d to in c r e a s e c o m p e te n c e (in clu d in g c la s s r o o m train in g) so that w o r k e r can a d v a n ce to h ig h e r le v e l te c h n ic ia n. R e c e iv e s te c h n ic a l g u id a n ce, as r e q u ir e d, fr o m s u p e r v is o r o r h ig h er le v e l te c h n ic ia n. W o rk is t y p ic a lly spot ch e c k e d, but is g iv en d e ta ile d r e v ie w w hen new o r a d v a n ce d a s sig n m e n ts a re in volved. R E G IS T E R E D IN D U S T R IA L N U RSES A r e g is t e r e d n u r s e w ho g iv e s n u rsin g s e r v ic e u n d er g e n e r a l m e d ic a l d ir e c t io n to ill o r in ju re d e m p lo y e e s o r oth e r p e r s o n s w ho b e c o m e ill o r s u ffe r an a c c id e n t on th e p r e m is e s o f a fa c to r y o r oth er esta b lish m e n t. D uties in volve a com b in a tion o f the follow in g : Giving fir s t aid to the ill o r in ju re d ; attending to su b seq u en t d r e s s in g o f e m p lo y e e s ' in ju r ie s ; k eep in g r e c o r d s o f p a tie n ts tr e a te d ; p r e p a r in g a ccid e n t re p o rts fo r co m p e n sa tio n o r o th e r p u r p o s e s ; a s s is t in g in p h y s ic a l exam in ation s and h ealth evalu a tion s o f a p p lica n ts and e m p lo y e e s ; and planning and c a r r y in g out p r o g r a m s in v olv in g h ealth e d u ca tio n, a ccid e n t p r e v e n tio n, evalu ation o f plant e n v iro n m e n t, o r o th e r a c tiv itie s a ffe c tin g th e h ealth, w e lfa r e, and sa fety o f a ll p e r s o n n e l. N u rsin g s u p e r v is o r s o r h ead n u r s e s in e sta b lish m en ts em p lo y in g m o r e than on e n u r s e a r e e x clu d e d. Maintenance, Toolroom, and Powerplant M A IN T E N A N C E C A R P E N T E R P e r fo r m s th e c a r p e n t r y duties n e c e s s a r y to co n stru ct and m ain tain in g o o d r e p a ir b u ild in g w o o d w o r k and equipm ent such as b in s, c r ib s, c o u n te r s, b e n c h e s, p a r t itio n s, d o o r s, f l o o r s, s ta ir s, c a s in g s, and t r im m ade o f w o o d in an e s ta b lis h m e n t. W o rk in v o lv e s m o st o f the fo llo w in g : P lanning and la y in g out o f w o r k fr o m b lu e p r in ts, d ra w in g s, m o d e ls, o r v e r b a l in s tru c tio n s ; u sin g a v a r ie ty o f c a r p e n t e r 's h a n d to o ls, p o r ta b le p o w e r t o o l s, and stan d ard m e a s u r in g in stru m e n ts ; m a k in g stan dard shop com p u ta tion s re la tin g to d im en s io n s o f w o r k ; and s e le c tin g m a te r ia ls n e c e s s a r y fo r the w o rk. In g e n e r a l, the w o r k o f the m a in te n a n ce c a r p e n te r r e q u ir e s rounded tra in in g and e x p e r i e n c e u su a lly a c q u ir e d th rou g h a fo r m a l a p p re n tice sh ip o r equiv alen t tra in in g and e x p e r ie n c e. M A IN T E N A N C E E L E C T R IC IA N P e r fo r m s a v a r ie ty o f e le c t r ic a l tr a d e fu n ction s su ch as the in s ta l la tio n, m a in te n a n ce, o r r e p a ir o f equipm ent fo r the g e n e ra tio n, d istrib u tio n, o r u tiliz a tio n o f e le c t r ic e n e rg y in an e sta b lish m e n t. W o rk in v olv es m ost o f the fo llo w in g : In sta llin g o r r e p a ir in g any o f a v a r ie ty o f e le c t r ic a l e q u ip m ent such as g e n e r a to r s, t r a n s fo r m e r s, s w itc h b o a r d s, c o n t r o lle r s, c ir c u it b r e a k e r s, m o t o r s, heating u n its, con du it s y s te m s, o r oth er tr a n s m is s io n equip m en t; w ork in g fr o m b lu e p r in ts, d r a w in g s, la y o u ts, o r oth er s p e c ific a tio n s ; lo ca tin g and d ia g n osin g tr o u b le in the e le c t r ic a l s y s te m o r e q u ip m en t; w ork in g sta n d a rd com p u ta tion s re la tin g to lo a d r e q u ire m e n ts o f w irin g o r e le c t r ic a l equip m en t; and u sin g a v a rie ty o f e le c t r ic ia n 's h andtools and m e a s u rin g and te stin g in stru m e n ts. In g e n e r a l, the w o r k o f the m ain ten ance e le c t r ic ia n r e q u ir e s rou n d ed train in g and e x p e r ie n c e u su a lly a cq u ired through a fo r m a l a p p re n tice s h ip o r equiv alen t train in g and e x p e r ie n c e. M A IN T E N A N C E P A IN T E R P a in ts and r e d e c o r a te s w a lls, w o o d w o rk, and fix tu r e s o f an e s ta b lis h m e n t. W o rk in v o lv e s the fo llo w in g : K n ow led ge o f s u r fa c e p e c u lia r itie s and ty p e s o f paint r e q u ir e d fo r d iffe re n t a p p lica tio n s ; p r e p a rin g s u rfa ce fo r pain tin g by re m o v in g o^.d fin ish o r by p la cin g putty o r f ille r in n ail h o le s and in t e r s t ic e s ; and a p p lyin g paint w ith sp ra y gun o r b ru sh. M ay m ix c o l o r s, o i l s, w hite le a d, and oth e r paint in g re d ie n ts to obtain p r o p e r c o lo r o r c o n s is t e n c y. In g e n e r a l, the w o rk o f the m a in ten a n ce p a in ter r e q u ire s rou n d ed tra in in g and e x p e r ie n c e u su a lly a c q u ir e d th rou gh a fo r m a l a p p re n tic e s h ip o r equiv alen t tra in in g and e x p e r ie n c e. M A IN T E N A N C E M ACH IN IST P r o d u c e s r e p la c e m e n t p a r ts and new p a rts in m aking re p a ir s o f m e ta l p a rts o f m e c h a n ic a l equipm ent o p e r a te d in an esta b lish m e n t. W ork in v o lv e s m o st o f th e fo llo w in g : In terp retin g w ritte n in stru ctio n s and s p e c i fic a tio n s ; p lannin g and la y in g out o f w o rk ; u sin g a v a r ie ty o f m a ch in is t's h an d tools and p r e c is io n m e a s u rin g in stru m e n ts; settin g up and op eratin g sta n d a rd m a ch in e t o o l s ; shaping o f m e ta l p a rts to c lo s e to le r a n c e s ; m aking sta n d a rd shop com p u ta tion s re la tin g to d im e n sio n s o f w o r k, to o lin g, fe e d s, and sp e e d s o f m a ch in in g ; k n ow led ge o f the w o rk in g p r o p e r t ie s o f the co m m o n m e ta ls ; s e le c tin g stan d ard m a t e r ia ls, p a r ts, and equipm ent req u ire d fo r this w o rk ; and fittin g and a s s e m b lin g p a rts into m e c h a n ic a l equip m en t. In g en e ra l, the m a c h in is t's w o rk n o r m a lly r e q u ir e s a rou n d ed tra in in g in m a ch in e -sh o p p r a c t ic e u su a lly a c q u ir e d th rou gh a fo r m a l a p p re n tice s h ip o r equivalent tra in in g and e x p e r ie n c e. M A IN T E N A N C E M E C H A N IC (M a ch in ery ) R e p a ir s m a c h in e r y o r m e c h a n ic a l equipm ent o f an esta b lish m en t. W o rk in v o lv e s m o s t o f the fo llo w in g : E xam in in g m a ch in e s and m e ch a n ica l equipm ent to d ia g n o se s o u r c e o f tr o u b le ; d ism a n tlin g o r p a rtly dism antlin g m a ch in e s and p e r fo r m in g r e p a ir s that m a in ly in v o lv e the u se o f h an dtools in s c r a p in g and fittin g p a r ts ; r e p la c in g b ro k e n o r d e fe c tiv e p a rts with item s obta in ed fr o m s to c k ; o r d e r in g the p r o d u c tio n o f a re p la c e m e n t p art by a m a ch in e shop o r sending the m a ch in e to a m a ch in e shop fo r m a jo r r e p a ir s ; p r e p a rin g w ritte n s p e c ific a tio n s fo r m a jo r r e p a ir s o r fo r the p rod u ction of p a rts o r d e r e d fr o m m a ch in e s h o p s; r e a s s e m b lin g m a ch in e s; and m aking a ll n e c e s s a r y a d ju stm en ts fo r o p e r a tio n. In g e n e r a l, the w o r k o f a m a ch in e ry m a in ten a n ce m e c h a n ic r e q u ir e s rou nded tra in in g and e x p e r ie n c e u su ally 21

24 M A IN T E N A N C E M E C H A N IC (M a ch in e ry ) C ontinued a c q u ir e d th rou g h a fo r m a l a p p re n tice s h ip o r eq u iv a len t tra in in g and e x p e r i e n ce. E x clu d e d fr o m th is c la s s ific a tio n a r e w o r k e r s w h o se p r im a r y du ties in volve setting up o r adjusting m a ch in e s. M A IN T E N A N C E M E C H A N IC (M o to r V e h ic le s ) R e p a ir s a u to m o b ile s, b u s e s, m o t o r t r u c k s, and t r a c t o r s o f an e s ta b lish m e n t. W o rk in v o lv e s m o s t o f the fo llo w in g : E xam in in g a u to m o tiv e e q u ip m ent to d ia g n o se s o u r c e o f tr o u b le ; d is a s s e m b lin g equip m en t and p e r fo r m in g r e p a ir s that in v o lv e the u se o f su ch h an d tools as w r e n c h e s, g a u g e s, d r ills, o r s p e c ia liz e d equip m en t in d is a s s e m b lin g o r fittin g p a r ts ; r e p la c in g b ro k e n o r d e fe c tiv e p a rts fr o m s to ck ; g rin d in g and adju stin g v a lv e s ; r e a s s e m b lin g and in sta llin g th e v a r io u s a s s e m b lie s in the v e h ic le and m akin g n e c e s s a r y a d ju stm e n ts; and a lig n in g w h e e ls, adju stin g b ra k e s and lig h ts, o r tightenin g bod y b o lts. In g e n e r a l, the w o r k o f the m o to r v e h ic le m a in ten a n ce m e c h a n ic r e q u ir e s rou n d ed tr a in in g and e x p e r ie n c e u su a lly a c q u ir e d th rou g h a fo r m a l a p p re n tice s h ip o r eq u iv a len t tra in in g and e x p e r ie n c e. T h is c la s s ific a t io n d o e s not in clu d e m e c h a n ic s w ho r e p a ir c u s t o m e r s ' v e h ic le s in a u to m o b ile r e p a ir sh o p s. M A IN T E N A N C E P IP E F IT T E R In sta lls o r r e p a ir s w a te r, s te a m, g a s, o r oth e r ty p e s o f p ip e and p ip efittin gs in an esta b lish m en t. W ork in volves m ost o f the follow in g : Laying out w o r k and m e a s u rin g to lo c a te p o s itio n o f p ip e fr o m d ra w in g s o r oth er w ritten s p e c ific a t io n s ; cutting v a rio u s s iz e s o f p ip e to c o r r e c t len gth s w ith c h is e l and h a m m e r o r o x y a c e ty le n e to r c h o r p ip e -c u ttin g m a c h in e s ; th rea d in g pipe w ith s to c k s and d ie s ; bending p ip e by h a n d -d riv e n o r p o w e r -d r iv e n m a ch in e s; a s s e m b lin g p ip e w ith co u p lin g s and fa sten in g p ip e to h a n g e rs; m aking stan d ard sh op co m p u ta tion s re la tin g to p r e s s u r e s, flo w, and s iz e o f pip e r e q u ir e d ; and m akin g stan d ard te s ts to d e te rm in e w h eth er fin ish e d p ip e s m e e t s p e c ific a t io n s. In g e n e r a l, the w o rk o f the m a in ten a n ce p ip e fitte r r e q u ir e s rou n d ed tra in in g and e x p e r ie n c e u su a lly a c q u ir e d th rou gh a fo r m a l a p p re n tice s h ip o r equiv alen t tra in in g and e x p e r ie n c e. W o r k e r s p r im a r ily en gaged in in sta llin g and re p a ir in g bu ild in g sa n ita tion o r heating syste m s a re e x clu d e d. M A IN T E N A N C E S H E E T -M E T A L W O R K E R F a b r ic a t e s, in s ta lls, and m ain tain s in g ood r e p a ir the s h e e t-m e ta l equipm ent and fix tu r e s (su ch as m a ch in e g u a rd s, g r e a s e p a n s, s h e lv e s, l o c k e r s, ta n k s, v e n tila to r s, ch u te s, d u cts, m e ta l ro o fin g ) o f an e sta b lish m e n t. W ork in v olv es m o st o f the fo llo w in g : Planning and layin g out a ll types o f s h e e t-m e ta l m a in ten a n ce w o rk fr o m b lu e p rin ts, m o d e ls, o r o th e r s p e c i f i c a tio n s ; settin g up and o p e ra tin g a ll a v a ila b le ty p e s o f s h e e t-m e ta l w o rk in g m a ch in e s; u sin g a v a r ie ty o f h an d tools in cu ttin g, b en d in g, fo r m in g, sh apin g, fittin g, and a s s e m b lin g ; and in sta llin g s h e e t-m e ta l a r tic le s as r e q u ir e d. In g e n e r a l, the w o r k o f the m a in ten a n ce s h e e t-m e ta l w o r k e r r e q u ir e s rou n d ed tra in in g and e x p e r ie n c e u su a lly a c q u ir e d th rou g h a fo r m a l a p p re n tice s h ip o r equiv alen t tra in in g and e x p e r ie n c e. M IL L W R IG H T In sta lls new m a ch in e s o r h eavy eq u ip m en t, and d ism a n tle s and in sta lls m a ch in e s o r heavy equip m en t w hen ch a n g es in the plant layou t a re r e q u ir e d. W o rk in v o lv e s m o s t o f the fo llo w in g : P lan nin g and la y in g out M IL L W R IG H T Continued w o rk ; in terp retin g b lu ep rin ts o r o th e r s p e c ific a t io n s ; u sin g a v a r ie ty o f h an d- to o ls and rig g in g ; m aking stan dard sh op com p u ta tio n s rela tin g to s t r e s s e s, stren gth o f m a te r ia ls, and c e n te r s o f g r a v ity ; a lig n in g and b a la n cin g e q u ip m en t; s e le ctin g stan dard t o o ls, eq u ip m en t, and p a rts to be u sed ; and in sta llin g and m aintaining in g ood o r d e r p o w e r tr a n s m is s io n equip m en t su ch as d r iv e s and s p e e d r e d u c e r s. In g e n e ra l, the m illw r ig h t's w o r k n o r m a lly r e q u ir e s a rou nded train in g and e x p e r ie n c e in the tr a d e a c q u ir e d th rou gh a fo r m a l a p p re n tice sh ip o r equivalent tra in in g and e x p e r ie n c e. M A IN T E N A N C E T R A D E S H E L P E R A s s is ts on e o r m o r e w o r k e r s in the s k ille d m a in ten a n ce tr a d e s, by p e r fo r m in g s p e c ific o r g e n e ra l d u ties o f l e s s e r s k ill, su ch as k eep in g a w o r k e r supplied w ith m a te ria ls and t o o l s ; cle a n in g w ork in g a r e a, m a ch in e, and equipm ent; a s sistin g jo u rn eym a n by h old in g m a te r ia ls o r t o o l s ; and p e r fo r m in g oth er u n sk illed ta sk s as d ir e c te d by jo u rn e y m a n. The kind o f w o rk the h e lp e r is p e rm itte d to p e r fo r m v a r ie s fr o m tr a d e to tr a d e : In som e tr a d e s the h elp er is con fin ed to su p p ly in g, liftin g, and h old in g m a te r ia ls and t o o l s, and clean ing w ork in g a r e a s ; and in o th e r s he is p e r m itte d to p e r fo r m s p e c ia liz e d m ach in e o p e r a tio n s, o r p a rts o f a tr a d e that a r e a ls o p e r fo r m e d by w o r k e r s on a fu ll-tim e b a s is. M A C H IN E -T O O L O P E R A T O R (T O O L R O O M ) S p e cia liz e s in op e ratin g on e o r m o r e than on e ty p e o f m a ch in e to o l ( e.g., jig b o r e r, grin d in g m a c h in e, en gine la th e, m illin g m ach in e) to m a ch in e m eta l fo r u se in m aking o r m a in ta in in g ji g s, fix tu r e s, cu tting t o o l s, g a u g e s, o r m e ta l d ie s o r m o ld s u se d in shaping o r fo r m in g m e ta l o r n o n m e ta llic m a te ria l ( e.g., p la s t ic, p la s t e r, r u b b e r, g la s s ). W o r k ty p ic a lly in v o lv e s : Planning and p e r fo r m in g d iffic u lt m a ch in in g o p e r a tio n s w h ich r e q u ir e co m p lic a te d setups o r a high d e g r e e o f a c c u r a c y ; setting up m a ch in e to o l o r to o ls (e.g., in sta ll cutting t o o ls and a d ju st g u id e s, s to p s, w ork in g ta b le s, and oth er c o n tr o ls to h an d le the s iz e o f s to c k to b e m a ch in ed; d e te rm in e p r o p e r fe e d s, sp e e d s, to o lin g, and o p e r a tio n se q u e n ce o r s e le c t th o s e p r e s c r ib e d in d ra w in g s, b lu e p r in ts, o r la y o u ts ); u sin g a v a r ie ty o f p r e c is io n m ea su rin g in stru m e n ts; m akin g n e c e s s a r y a d ju stm en ts d u rin g m a ch in in g op e ra tio n to a ch ie v e r e q u is ite d im e n s io n s to v e r y c lo s e to le r a n c e s. M ay be re q u ire d to s e le c t p r o p e r co o la n ts and cutting and lu b r ica tin g o i l s, to r e c o g n iz e when to o ls n eed d r e s s in g, and to d r e s s t o o ls. In g e n e r a l, the w o rk o f a m a c h in e -to o l o p e r a to r (to o lr o o m ) at the s k ill le v e l c a lle d fo r in th is c la s s ific a tio n re q u ir e s e x te n s iv e k n ow led g e o f m a c h in e -s h o p and t o o l r o o m p r a c tic e u su a lly a cq u ir e d th rou g h c o n s id e r a b le o n -t h e -jo b tra in in g and e x p e r ie n c e. F o r c r o s s -in d u s t r y w age study p u r p o s e s, th is c la s s ific a t io n d o e s not in clu d e m a c h in e -to o l o p e r a to r s (to o lr o o m ) e m p lo y e d in t o o l and d ie jo b b in g sh op s. T O O L AN D DIE M A K E R C on stru cts and r e p a ir s ji g s, fix tu r e s, cutting t o o l s, g a u g e s, o r m e ta l d ie s o r m o ld s u sed in shaping o r fo r m in g m e ta l o r n o n m e ta llic m a te r ia l (e.g., p la s t ic, p la s t e r, r u b b e r, g la s s ). W o rk ty p ic a lly in v o lv e s : P lan nin g and layin g out w o rk a c c o r d in g to m o d e ls, b lu e p r in ts, d r a w in g s, o r oth er w ritten o r o r a l s p e c ific a tio n s ; u n d ersta n d in g the w o rk in g p r o p e r t ie s o f co m m o n m etals and a llo y s ; s e le c tin g a p p r o p r ia te m a t e r ia ls, t o o l s, and 2 2

25 T O O L A N D DIE M A K E R C on tin ued p r o c e s s e s r e q u ir e d to c o m p le te ta s k s ; m akin g n e c e s s a r y shop co m p u ta tio n s; se ttin g up and o p e r a tin g v a r io u s m a ch in e to o ls and re la te d equip m en t; u sin g v a r io u s to o l and d ie m a k e r 's h an dtools and p r e c is io n m e a su rin g in stru m e n ts; w o rk in g to v e r y c lo s e t o le r a n c e s ; h e a t-tre a tin g m eta l p a rts and fin is h e d to o ls and d ie s to a c h ie v e r e q u ir e d q u a litie s ; fittin g and a s se m b lin g p a rts to p r e s c r ib e d t o le r a n c e s and a llo w a n c e s. In g e n e r a l, the t o o l and d ie m a k e r 's w o r k r e q u ir e s rou n d ed tr a in in g in m a c h in e -s h o p and to o lr o o m p r a c t ic e u s u a lly a c q u ir e d th rou g h fo r m a l a p p re n tice sh ip o r equivalent tr a in in g and e x p e r ie n c e. F o r c r o s s - in d u s t r y w a g e study p u r p o s e s, this c la s s ific a tio n d o e s not in clu d e to o l and d ie m a k e r s w ho (1) a re e m p lo y e d in t o o l and d ie job b in g sh op s o r (2) p r o d u c e fo r g in g d ie s (d ie s in k e r s ). S T A T IO N A R Y E N G IN E E R O p e r a te s and m a in ta in s and m a y a lso s u p e r v is e the o p e r a tio n o f s ta tio n a ry en g in e s and equip m en t (m e ch a n ica l o r e le c t r ic a l) to supply the e sta b lish m e n t in w h ich e m p lo y e d w ith p o w e r, heat, r e fr ig e r a t io n, o r a i r - co n d itio n in g. W o r k in v o lv e s : O p era tin g and m aintaining equipm ent su ch as ste a m e n g in e s, a ir c o m p r e s s o r s, g e n e r a to r s, m o t o r s, tu r b in e s, ven tila tin g and r e fr ig e r a t in g eq u ip m e n t, ste a m b o ile r s and b o ile r - fe d w a te r p u m p s; m a k in g eq u ip m en t r e p a ir s ; and k eepin g a r e c o r d o f o p e r a tio n o f m a c h in e r y, te m p e r a tu r e, and fu e l co n su m p tio n. M ay a lso s u p e r v is e th e s e o p e r a tio n s. H ead o r c h ie f e n g in e e r s in e s ta b lish m e n ts em p loyin g m o r e than on e e n g in eer a r e e x c lu d e d. B O IL E R T E N D E R F ir e s s ta tio n a ry b o ile r s to fu rn ish the e sta b lish m en t in w hich e m p lo y e d w ith h eat, p o w e r, o r stea m. F e e d s fu e ls to f ir e by hand o r o p e r a te s a m e c h a n ic a l s to k e r, g a s, or o il b u r n e r; and c h e ck s w a te r and s a fe ty v a lv e s. M a y c le a n, o i l, o r a s s is t in re p a ir in g b o ile r r o o m equip m en t. Material Movement and Custodial T R U C K D R IV E R D r iv e s a tr u c k w ith in a city o r in d u stria l a re a to tr a n s p o r t m a t e r ia ls, m e r c h a n d is e, eq u ip m e n t, o r w o r k e r s betw een v a rio u s ty p es o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts su ch a s : M a n u fa ctu rin g p la n ts, freig h t d ep ots, w a r e h o u s e s, w h o le s a le a n d r e t a il e s ta b lis h m e n ts, o r b etw een reta il e sta b lish m e n ts and c u s t o m e r s ' h o u s e s o r p la c e s o f b u s in e s s. M ay a lso loa d o r u n load tr u c k w ith o r w ithout h e lp e r s, m a k e m in o r m e c h a n ica l r e p a ir s, and k eep tr u c k in g ood w o rk in g o r d e r. S a le s r o u te and o v e r -t h e -r o a d d r iv e r s a r e e x clu d e d. F o r w a g e stu dy p u r p o s e s, tr u c k d r iv e r s a re c la s s ifie d by s iz e and ty p e o f eq u ip m en t, as fo llo w s : ( T r a c t o r -t r a ile r should b e ra te d on the b a s is o f t r a i le r c a p a c ity.) T r u c k d r iv e r, lig h t tr u c k (under 1 V2 tons) T r u c k d r iv e r, m e d iu m tr u c k (IV 2 to and in cluding 4 tons) T r u c k d r iv e r, h e a v y tr u c k (tr a ile r ) (o v e r 4 tons) T r u c k d r iv e r, h eavy tr u c k (oth er than tr a ile r ) (o v e r 4 ton s) SH IPPIN G A N D R E C E IV IN G C L E R K P r e p a r e s m e r c h a n d is e f o r sh ip m en t, o r r e c e iv e s and is r e s p o n s ib le fo r in co m in g sh ip m en ts 01 m e r ch a n d is e o r oth er m a t e r ia ls. Shipping w o rk in v o lv e s : A k n ow led g e o f ship pin g p r o c e d u r e s, p r a c t ic e s, r o u te s, a v a ila b le m ea n s o f tr a n s p o r ta tio n, and r a te s ; and p r e p a rin g r e c o r d s o f the g ood s sh ip p ed, m akin g up b ills o f la d in g, p o stin g w eigh t and shipping c h a r g e s, and k eep in g a file o f shipping r e c o r d s. M ay d ir e c t o r a s s is t in p r e p a rin g the m e r c h a n d is e fo r sh ip m en t. R e c e iv in g w o r k in v o lv e s ; V e r ify in g o r d ir e c tin g o th e rs in v e r ify in g the c o r r e c t n e s s o f sh ip m en ts a gain st b ills o f la d in g, in v o ic e s, o r o th e r r e c o r d s ; ch e ck in g fo r sh o rta g e s and r e je c tin g dam aged g o o d s ; rou tin g m e r c h a n d is e o r m a te r ia ls to p r o p e r d ep a rtm e n ts; and m a in tain in g n e c e s s a r y r e c o r d s and file s. F o r w a g e study p u r p o s e s, w o r k e r s a re c la s s ifie d as fo llo w s : Shipping c le r k R e c e iv in g c le r k Shipping and r e c e iv in g c le r k W A R E H O U SE M A N A s d ir e c t e d, p e r fo r m s a v a r ie ty o f w a re h o u sin g d u ties w hich re q u ire an u n d ersta n d in g o f th e e s ta b lis h m e n t's s to r a g e p la n. W o rk in v o lv e s m ost o f the fo llo w in g : V e r ify in g m a te r ia ls (o r m e r ch a n d is e ) against r e c e iv in g d o c u m e n ts, n otin g and r e p o rtin g d is c r e p a n c ie s and o b v io u s d a m a g e s; routing m a te r ia ls to p r e s c r ib e d s to r a g e lo c a tio n s ; s to r in g, s ta ck in g, o r p a lle tiz in g m a te r ia ls in a c c o r d a n c e w ith p r e s c r ib e d s to r a g e m e th o d s; re a rra n g in g and takin g in v e n to ry o f s to r e d m a t e r ia ls ; exam in in g s to r e d m a te r ia ls and re p o rtin g d e te r io r a tio n and d a m a g e; re m o v in g m a te r ia l fr o m s to ra g e and p r e p a rin g it fo r sh ip m en t. M ay o p e r a te hand o r p o w e r tr u c k s in p e r fo r m in g w a re h o u sin g d u tie s. E x clu d e w o r k e r s w h o se p r im a r y duties in v o lv e shipping and r e c e iv in g w o r k (s e e Shipping and R e c e iv in g C le rk and Shipping P a c k e r ), o r d e r fillin g (s e e O r d e r F i l l e r ), o r op e ratin g pow er tr u c k s (s e e P o w e r -T r u c k O p e r a t o r ). O R D E R F IL L E R F ills sh ip pin g o r t r a n s fe r o r d e r s fo r fin ish e d g ood s fr o m sto re d m e r c h a n d is e in a c c o r d a n c e w ith s p e c ific a tio n s on s a le s s lip s, c u s t o m e r s ' o r d e r s, o r o th e r in s tru c tio n s. M a y, in addition to fillin g o r d e r s and in d i ca tin g ite m s fille d o r o m itte d, k eep r e c o r d s o f ou tgoin g o r d e r s, re q u isitio n a d d ition a l s to c k o r r e p o r t sh o rt su p p lies to s u p e r v is o r, and p e r fo r m oth er r e la te d d u ties. SH IPPIN G P A C K E R P r e p a r e s fin is h e d p r o d u c ts fo r ship m en t o r s to r a g e by p la cin g them in shipping c o n ta in e r s, the s p e c ific o p e r a tio n s p e r fo r m e d being dependent upon the ty p e, s iz e, and n u m b er o f units to be p a ck e d, the ty p e o f co n ta in er e m p lo y e d, and m e th o d o f sh ip m en t. W o rk r e q u ir e s th e p la cin g o f ite m s in ship pin g c o n ta in e rs and m a y in v o lv e one o r m o r e o f the fo llo w in g : K now led ge o f v a r io u s ite m s o f s to ck in o r d e r to v e r ify con ten t; s e le c tio n o f a p p ro p ria te ty p e and s iz e o f c o n ta in e r; in se rtin g e n c lo s u r e s in c o n ta in e r; using e x c e ls io r o r oth e r m a te r ia l to p rev e n t b re a k a g e o r d a m a g e; c lo s in g and sea lin g c o n ta in e r ; and app lyin g la b e ls o r en terin g id en tify in g data on co n ta in e r. P a ck e r s w ho a ls o m a k e w ood en b o x e s o r c r a te s a r e exclu d e d. 23

26 M A T E R IA L H AN D LIN G L A B O R E R A w o r k e r e m p lo y e d in a w a r e h o u s e, m a n u fa ctu rin g p la n t, s to r e, o r oth er e sta b lish m e n t w h o se d u ties in v o lv e on e o r m o r e o f the fo llo w in g ; L oading and u nloadin g v a r io u s m a te r ia ls and m e r c h a n d is e on o r fr o m fre ig h t c a r s, t r u c k s, o r o th e r tr a n s p o rtin g d e v ic e s ; u n p a ck in g, s h e lv in g, o r p la cin g m a te r ia ls o r m e r c h a n d is e in p r o p e r s to r a g e lo c a tio n ; and tr a n s p o rtin g m a te r ia ls o r m e r c h a n d is e by h an d tru ck, c a r, o r w h e e lb a r r o w. L o n g s h o r e w o r k e r s, w ho lo a d and unload sh ip s, a r e exclu d e d. P O W E R -T R U C K O P E R A T O R O p e ra te s a m a n u a lly c o n tr o lle d g a s o lin e - o r e le c t r ic -p o w e r e d tr u c k o r t r a c t o r to tr a n s p o r t g ood s and m a te r ia ls o f a ll kin ds about a w a r e h o u s e, m a n u fa ctu rin g p la n t, o r oth er e sta b lish m e n t. F o r w age study p u r p o s e s, w o r k e r s a r e c la s s ifie d b y ty p e o f p o w e r - tr u ck, as fo llo w s : F o r k lift o p e r a to r P o w e r -t r u c k o p e r a to r (o th e r than fo r k lift) G U A R D A N D W ATCH M AN G u a rd. P e r fo r m s rou tin e p o lic e d u tie s, e ith e r at fix e d p o st o r on to u r, m aintaining o r d e r, u sin g a r m s o r f o r c e w h e r e n e c e s s a r y. In clu d es gu a rd s w ho are station ed at gate and c h e c k on id en tity o f e m p lo y e e s and oth e r p e r s o n s e n te rin g. W atch m an. M akes rounds o f p r e m is e s p e r io d ic a lly in p r o te c tin g p r o p e r ty against f ir e, th eft, and ille g a l en try. JA N IT O R, P O R T E R, OR C L E A N E R C lean s and k eep s in an o r d e r ly c o n d itio n fa c t o r y w o rk in g a r e a s and w a s h r o o m s, o r p r e m is e s o f an o f f i c e, a p a rtm en t h o u s e, o r c o m m e r ic a l o r oth e r e sta b lish m en t. D uties in v o lv e a co m b in a tio n o f the fo llo w in g : S w eep in g, m op pin g o r scru b b in g, and p o lis h in g f l o o r s ; re m o v in g c h ip s, tr a s h, and o th e r r e fu s e ; dusting equip m en t, fu r n itu r e, o r fix tu r e s ; p o lish in g m e ta l fix tu re s o r tr im m in g s ; p r o v id in g s u p p lie s and m in o r m a in ten a n ce s e r v ic e s ; and cle a n in g la v a to r ie s, s h o w e r s, and r e s t r o o m s. W o r k e r s who s p e c ia liz e in w indow washing a re exclu ded. 24

27 Area Wage Surveys A lis t o f the la te s t b u lletin s a v a ila b le is p r e se n te d b e lo w. B u lletin s m a y be p u r c h a s e d fr o m any o f the B LS re g io n a l o ffic e s show n on the b a ck c o v e r, o r fr o m the S u p erin ten d en t o f D ocu m en ts, U.S. G overn m en t P rin tin g O ffic e, W a sh in g ton, D.C M ake ch e ck s payable to S u perin ten den t o f D o cu m e n ts. A d ir e c t o r y o f o c c u p a tio n a l w age s u r v e y s, c o v e r in g the y e a rs 1970 th rou gh 1976, is a v a ila b le on req u e st. B u lletin n um ber A r e a and p r ic e * A k ro n, O h io, D e c , 80 cen ts A lbany S ch en ecta d y T r o y, N.Y., Sept , 80 cen ts A n ah eim Santa Ana G a rd en G r o v e, C a lif., O ct , $ A tla n ta, G a., M ay , $ B a lt im o r e, M d., A u g , $ B illin g s, M o n t., July , $ B irm in g h a m, A la., M a r , 80 cen ts B o s to n, M a s s., A u g , $ B u ffa lo, N.Y., O ct , $ C anton, O h io, M ay , $ C h atta n ooga, T en n. G a., S ept , 70 cen ts C h ic a g o, 111., M ay , $ C in cin n a ti, O h io K y. In d., July , $ C le v e la n d, O h io, Sept , $ C o lu m b u s, O h io, O ct , $ C orp u s C h r is ti, T e x., July , $ D a lla s F o r t W o r th, T e x., O ct , $ D avenport R o c k Island M o lin e, Iowa 111., F eb , 70 cen ts D ayton, O h io, D e c , $ D aytona B e a c h, F la., A u g , $ D enver B o u ld e r, C o lo., D e c , $ D e tr o it, M ic h., M a r , $ F r e s n o, C a lif., June , 70 cen ts G a in e s v ille, F la., S ep t , $ G re e n B a y, W is., July , 70 cen ts G r e e n s b o r o W in s to n -S a le m H igh P oin t, N.C., A u g , $ G r e e n v ille S p a rta n b u rg, S.C., June , 70 cen ts H a r tfo r d, C o n n., M a r , $ H ou ston, T e x., A u g , $ H u n ts v ille, A la., F e b , 70 cen ts In d ia n a p o lis, In d., O ct , $ J a c k s o n, M i s s., Jan , 70 cen ts J a c k s o n v ille, F la., D e c , 70 cen ts K ansas C ity, M o. K a n s., S ep t , $ L o s A n g e le s L on g B e a ch, C a lif., O ct , $ L o u is v ille, K y.-i n d., N ov , $ M e m p h is, Tenn. A r k. M i s s., N ov , 70 cen ts B ulletin num ber A r e a and p r ic e * M ia m i, F la., O ct , $ M ilw a u k ee, W is., A p r , $ M in n ea p olis St. P a u l, M inn. W is., Jan , $ N a s s a u -S u ffo lk, N.Y., June , $ N ew a rk, N.J., Jan , $ N ew O r le a n s, L a., Jan , $ N ew Y o r k, N.Y«N.J., M ay , $ N o rfo lk V ir g in ia B e a c h -P o r ts m o u th, V a. N.C., M ay , 70 cents N o rfo lk V ir g in ia B e a c h -P o r ts m o u th and N ew port N ew s H am pton, V a. N.C., M ay , 70 cen ts N orth ea st P e n n sylv a n ia, A u g , $ O k lahom a C ity, O k la., A u g , $ O m ah a, N e b r.-i o w a, O ct , $ P a te rson C lifton P a s s a ic, N.J., June , 70 cen ts P h ila d e lp h ia, P a. N.J., N ov , $ P ittsb u rg h, P a., Jan , $ P o r tla n d, M a in e, D e c , 70 cents P o r tla n d, O r e g. W a s h., M ay , $ P o u g h k e e p s ie, N.Y., June , 70 cen ts P o u gh k eep sie -K in gston N ew burgh, N.Y., June , 55 cents P r o v id e n c e W a rw ick P a w tu ck e t, R.1. M a s s., June , $ R ich m o n d, V a., June , $ St. L o u is, M o.-h L, M a r , $ S a cra m e n to, C a lif., D e c , $ Saginaw, M ic h., N ov , 70 cen ts Salt L ake City O gden, U tah, N ov , 80 cents San A n to n io, T e x., M ay , 70 cents San D ie g o, C a lif., N ov , $1.10 San F r a n c is c o O ak land, C a lif., M a r , $ San J o s e, C a lif., M a r , $ S eattle E v e r e tt, W a sh., D e c , 80 cents South B en d, In d., A ug , $ T o le d o, O h io -M ic h., M ay , 80 cen ts T r e n to n, N.J., Sept , 70 cen ts U tica r-r om e, N.Y., July , $1.10 W a sh in gton, D.C. M d. V a., M a r , $ W ich ita, K a n s., A p r , 80 cen ts W o r c e s t e r, M a s s., A p r , $ Y o r k, P a., F e b , $1.10 Prices are determined by the Government Printing Office and are subject to change. Data on establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions are also presented.

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