H STO RY OF TH E SA NT

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2 O RY OF E N G L R R VER ritten for the entennial of th e Foundin g of t lair oun t y on ay 8 82 Y EEL N E JEN K RP O N! R ENJ F ] jun E !

3 Ph in t ed b y h e t l a i r R ep u b l i c a n O

4 E E L N E J E N K R P O N

5 K N O L E D G E N h e w r i t e r o f t h i s i s t o r y o f h e t l a i r R i v e r i s i n d e b t e d t o e n n e p i n s D i a r y a n d E x p l o r at i on o f h e G r ea t L a k e s b y D o l l i e r d e a r s o n a n d D e r e h a n t d e G a l l i n ee h e l at t e r b o o k i s i n F r e n c h a n d E n g l i sh a n d t h e tw o b o o k s w e r e o b t a i n e d f ro m t h e i c h i g a n r o o m o f t h e a r n e g i e L i b r a r y P o r t u r o n t h r ou g h t h e c o u r t e s y o f t h e L i b r a r y O ff i c i a l s l s o to r \V L J e n k s i s t o r y o f t l a i r o un t y V o l ; tot h e i s t o r y o f t l a i r oun t y p u b l i s h e d b y t h e e s t e r n i s t o r i c a l o i n ; " h e n i c h i g a n \\ 7 a s N e w b y u l d a o l l an d ; al s o D au gh t e r O f N e w F r an ce b y a r y a t h e r i n e r o w l e y ; t o u t t l e s i s t o r y o f i c h~ iga n ; i s t o r y O f h e m e r i c a n P e o p l e b y r t h u r G i l m a n ; t o a p t a i n e s l e y r o w n a p t a i n e r b e r t F i n n i g an o n e n r y c o r ra n o f P o r t u r o n r F r e d a b y a p t ai n J o s L o w e s aj o r E P e t i t a n d o t h e r s

6 isto r y o f th e t la ir R iv er ha p t e r O n e D e s c ri p t i v e o f P a lm e r P a r k i s a n a t t r a ct i v e p l a c e w i t h t h e n am e t _ l a i r o n t h e h e t l a i r R i v e r h a s h ad v a r i o u s b a n k m a r k e d w i t h w h i t e s t o n e s s n a m e s h e n d i a n s c a l l e d i t O t s i E a s t h i n a i s a h i s t o r i c s p o t a s a l l K e t a o f t i p p i " a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i st o r y l a i r o u n t y b y t h e e s ter n b o at s s t o p p ed t h e re i n t h e 3 0 s a n d a t t h e d o c k o f a p t J o h n l a r k t o i s t o r i c a l o m p a n y r s u l d a l o a d c o r d w o o d f o r fu e l F o u r h u n d r e d o l l an d i n h e r b o o k a s N e w c a l l s t h e R i v e r h e n i c h i g a n Ots i i pp i " n i n e t e e n p e o p l e a r i n e i t y r e s i d e th e r e w h e r e m an y b o a t s h av e h e n D o l l i e r a n d G a l l in ee ca m e u p b e e n b u i l t h a s i n h a b i t a n t s h e r e t h e R i v e r a y 2 5 th t h e l a t t e r i n h i s a c c o u n t of t h e i r j o u r n e y w r i t e s o f h e t r e i gh t a r e s u m m e r r e s o r t s n e a r h e r r y e a c h P e a r l e a c h a n d o t h e r s a r e n o t e d o n e s n o n e o f t h e e a r l i er m a p s i t i s lg o n a c w h i c h m a y p r o p e r l y b e p a ced a s t h e u r o n r i v e r h e n c a l l e d t h e p e e d b o a t o w n h a s a P at r i c k i n c l a i r b o u g h t t h e l a n d w h e r e p op u l a t i o n o f i n c l u d i n g t h e p e o p l e t l a i r n o w s t a n d s a n d b u i l t F o r t of l a y o w n s h i p P o i n t e d u h e n e i s i n c l a i r i n t h e R i v e r b o r e t h e l o c a t e d b e l o w l g o n a c h e e n t i r e n a m e i n c l a i r or f i ft y y e a r s R i v e r s e ct i o n i s a p o p u l a r s u m m e r r e h e p r e s e n t n am e i s i n h o n o r of s o r t G e n e r a l r th u r t l a i r w h o w a s h e t l a i r R i v e r i s t h e p r e s e n t G o v e r n o r O f t h e N o r t h w e s t e r n e r r i n a m e o f t h e b o d y of w a t e r w h i c h fl o w s to r y o f w h i c h i c h i g a n w a s a p a r t f r o m L a k e u r o n t o L a k e t l a i r O c t 5 th h e l e n g t h i s t h i r t y n i n e m i l e s h e o m i ng d o w n th e s t re am t h e f i r s t w i d t h v a r i e s w i t h a n av e r ag e o f t h r e e c i t y i s P o r t u r o n ( t h e u n n e l i t y ) fo u r t hs o f a m i l e h e r e i s a n n d i a n w it h a p o p u l at i o n i n of l e g e n d t h a t o n c e t h e R i v e r w a s a t o n e t o u t h P a r k t h e r e i s a n a t t r a c t i v e p l a c e s o n a r r o w t h a t a t a l l t r e e fa l l i n g l it t l e p a r k o n t h e r i v e r s i d e a r y s v i l l e t h e n e w c i t y c o m e s o n t h e b a n k a c r o s s t h e R i v e r w o u l d a l l ow p a s s ag e f r o m sh o r e t o s h o r e n e x t w i t h a p r e s e n t p o p u l a t i o n o f h e c o r k p i n e w h i c h g r e w a l o n g t h e Fa rt h e r d o w n a r e a n u mbe r o f at t ra c R iv e r s o m e t i m e s a t t a i n e d t h e h e i g h t t i v e s u m me r h o m e s n t h e a r t m a n c f s e v e n t e y i g h t t o on e h u n d r e d 6 0 h o m e r i l l s th e fou n d e r o f f e e t s o p o s s i b l y t h e R i v e r m i g h t ar y s v i l l e h a s b e e n l i v i n g w i t h h i s h av e b e e n t h a t na r r o w b u t i m p r o b a b l e fa m i l y d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r h e Pa r k e h e d e p t h a l s o v a r i e s h e n s o u n d ~ h o m e a b o v e i s a n at t r a c t i v e l an d m a r k i n g f o r th e t l a i r u n n e l a d e p th a s a re t h e h o m e s o f r s J am e s N o f f o r t y on e fe e t w a s fo u n d h e r e a r e f r i g h t a nd t h e b e au t i fu l p l a c e o f r n u m e r ou s s h o a l s w h e r e t h e w a t e r i s J oh n a rh i m w h e r e t h e g r o u n d s a r e t e r r a c ed t o t h e R i v e r e d g e m ak i n g a v e r y s h a l l o w h e o n e o p p o s i t e P o r t u r o n i s c a l l e d t h e m i d d l e g r o u n d mo s t i n t e r e s t i n g s i g h t f r o m t h e p a s s! h a t i n f r o n t o f t l a i r i s k n o w n a s i ng b o a t s t h e a r t c a n b e l o c a t e d b y t h e t l a i r it y i s t h e o l d e s t s e t t l e n a k e d e y e a s t h e w at e r o v e r i t i s m e n t o n t h e R i v e r w i t h a p o p u l a t i o n l i gh t e r i n c o l o r n a n e a r ly d ay t h e r e

7 to O R Y O F E L R R V E R w a s o n e a t t h e m ou t h o f P i n e r i v e r s l a n d s a r e a n a d i a n ; t r a w b e r r y s b u t w h e n th e r i v e r w a s d e e p e n e d f or l a n d m e r i c a n ; D i ck i n s o n s l a t n d U s h i p b u i l d i ng t h e b a r w a s g r a d u a l l y b i g m a r s h s ep er a t es t r o m n e s s o r wa s h e d a w a y R u b y s l a n d f r o m D i c k i n s o n s l a n d c u b i c fe e t o f w a t e r a re t t h e t l a i r F l a ts c a l l e d t h e V e n i c e co n t a in e d i n t h e R i v e r h e o f m e r i ca t h e r e a r e n u m b e r l e s s c u r r e n t a v e r a g e s t w o a n d a h a l f t o s m a l l i s l a n d s t h e b e s t k n o w n o f w h i c h t h r e e mi l e s a n h o u r t t h e Ra p i d s i s t a r s l a n d ( U ) w h er e t h e w at e r f r o m L a k e u r o n h e r i v e r s fl o w i n g i n t o t l a i r a r e e n t e r s t h e t a i r R i v e r t h e c u r r e n t l a c k r i v e r a t P o r t u r on P i n e a t t i s v e r y s w i ft an d t h e w a t e r d e e p h e l a i r an d el l e at a r i n e i t y h e s e R i v e r fl o w s o u t h b y e s t a r e n av i g a b l e f o r s om e d i s t a n c e a n d O n t h e a n a d i an h o r e P o i n t E d wa r d m an y b o at s h a v e b e e n b u i l t o n t h e i r e x t e n d s i n t o t h e R i v e r fo r m i n g a r n i a ba n k s a s w e l l a s on t h e t l a i r O n a y w h i c h i s u s u a l l y f i l l e d w i t h l o g s r a ft e d d ow n f r o m t h e G e o r g i a n a y t h e a n a d i a n s h o r e th e r e a r e c r e e k s b u t n o l a r g e r i v e r s fl o w i n g i n t o t h e d i s t r i c t h e r e i s a l eg e n d t h a t a t a n t l a i r h e n y a r t e fl o w s f r o m t ea r l y p e ri o d t h e l a k e w a t e r h a d a l a i r R i v e r in t o L ak e t l a i r a l o n g c h a n n e l d i r e c t l y i n t o a nn i a a y t h e e a s t s i d e o f t n n e s s l a n d a r n i a t h e m p e r i a l i t y h ad a p op u l a ti on i n o f e l o w i s t h e nd i a n R e s e r v a t i o n w i t h c h u r c h a n d N e a r t h e b e g i n n i n g o f it s c o u r s e i t m e e t s t h e id i n gh a m r i v e r f r o m th e a n ad i a n m a i n l a n d a l mo s t h e a d o n s c h o o l h e i l l s o o f a r y s a n d t o g e t h e r t h e t w o t ra v el on i n t o v i l l e w i t h t h e c o n s e n t of t h e a n ad ia n L a k e t l a i r h e w a t e r f r o m t h e G o v e r n m e n t h a s p u r c h as e d a c r e s n y a r t e p r o p e r i s h o w e v e r o f m u c h o f t h i s l a n d o r u n na i s a v i l l ag e a t g r e a t e r v o l u me t h a n t h a t f r o m t h e t h e h e ad o f t ag s l a n d o n t h e a n id in gh a m h e n c e i t m a y b e s a i d t h e a d i a n s h o r e Fu r t h e r d o w n ta r e o o r e id in gh a m fl o ws i n t o t h e n y h i s t o w n o u r t r i g h t o m b r a P o r t L am b i s a b o u t t h e o n l y k n o wn p l a c e w h e r e t o n ( a s u m m e r r e so r t ) a n d a l l a c e two r i v e r s m e e t h e a d on br a n c h bu r g o ff t h e n y a r t e a v e r y w i n d i ng o f th e n y a r t e k n o w n a s J oh n s t o n s b r a n c h of t h e t la i r R i v e r w h i c h h an n e l f l o w s f r o m t h e n y in t o L a k e fl o w s i n t o L ak e t l a i r ea s t o f t t l a i r b e t w e e n Va l p o l e an d t n n e s s l an d n n e s s l a n d s O n a l p o l e a n d t n n e s l a n d s o r e t o n n ag e g o e s t h r o u g h t h e t i s a n n d ia n R e s e r v at i o n w i t h ab ou t la i r R i v e r t h a n f r o m t h e d o c k s o f n i n e h u n d r e d n d i a n s h e y h o l d an N e w Y o r k a n d o s t o n c o m b i n e d a n d a n n u a l fa i r i n u g u s t e a c h y ea r m o re t h a n p a s s e s t h r o u g h th e u e 7 h e i s l a n d s f r o m n o r t h t o s ou t h a rc a n a l n t h e r e w e r e t a g s l a n d i n an a d i a n w a t e r a p op t o n s o f i r o n o re p a s s e d d o w n F o u r u l a r s u m m e r r e s o r t a n d n o w o w n e d b y b o at s c a r r i e d w o r t h of t h e F r a t e r n a l F e l l o w s h i p s s o c i a t i o n f r e i g h t n t h e r e w a s s h i p p ed c o m p o s e d o f O d d F e l l o w s a s o n s a n d f r o La m k e u p e r i o r i nc l u d i n g F o r t K n i g h t s o f y th i a s ; Fa w n s l a n d op p o s i te a r i n e i t y a s m a l l t r a c t o f l a n d w h e r e t h e re w a s o n c e a h o u s e b u t b us h e l s o f g r a i n o r t o n s l r r om L a k e i c h i g a n c a m e b u s h e l s o r t o n s o t h e r w i s e u n i n h ab i t e d b e l o n g i n g t o o f g r a i n h e t ota l t o n n ag e t h r o u g h t h e U ; a r s e n s s l a n d t h e u p p e r pa rt o f w h i ch i s c a l l e d Ru s s e l l s l a n d i s m e r i c an ; a l p o l e a n d q u i r r e l t h e a n a l l o c k s a t au l t t e a r i e f or w a s b u s h e l s h e l a r ge s t c a r g o o f s o f t co a l w a s

8 O R Y OF E L R R VE R 3 ca r r i e d u p b y t h e s t e am e r D G K e r r h a p t e r w o E a rl y i s t or y n a t w e n t y t r i p s e as o n th e c o m b in e d c a r ry i n g ca p ac i t y i s g r os s t o n s o n a s i n g l e t r i p w i t h t h e f e e t of bo a t s h e s e a s o n c a p ac h e f i r s t i nh a b i ta n t s o n t h e t l a i r R i v e r w e r e s o fa r a s kn o w n t h e m e r i c an n d i a n s l o n g t h e R i v e r i t y i s g r o s s t o n s h e g r an d w er e t h e u r o n s O t t a w a s i a ma s t ot a l c o m p r i s e s v e s s e l s o f or m o r e g r o s s t o n s w i t h t h e g r o s s to n l l i n o i s P ot ta w at o m i e s l g o n q u i n s L o u p s K i ck a p o o s a u t e u r s Oj b w a s n ag e o f t o n s h e e x p o r t s o n t h R e i v e r i n a c s ; e n o m i n e e s h a w n e e s y a n o t t e s lv i s s i s s a ge s h i p p e w a s o f d w e r e o f t h e v a l u e o f t h e w h i c h t h e r e w e r e t w e n t y s i x t r i b e s i m p o r t s w e r e v a l u e d a t a r o u n d w h a t i s n o w t l a i r h e n t h e r e w e r e b o at s p a s s O t ta g a mies ( o r F o x e s ) l i v e d a r o u n d e d G r a t i o t l i g h t h o u s e an d t h at y e a r L ak e t l a i r a b o a t p a s s e a d g i v en p oi n t at t h e r at e o f o n e e v e r y s ix m i n u t e s f t e r a f og 1 8 f r e igh t e r s w e r e s e en at o n e t i m e a f e w y e a r s a go i n s i g h t a t o n c e t t h e m o u t h o f t h e R i v e r a r e v a r h e s e t r i b e s h a d t h e i r ow n e m b l e m t h e o w l fi s h e ag l e b e a r b e a v e r a n d o t h e r s y m bo l s to d i s t i n g u i s h th e d i f ~ f er en t t r i b es e fo r e t h e i r c o n t a c t w i t h t h e w h i t e m a n t h e i r m e a n s of o ffe n c e a n d d e fen c e a s w el l a s t h e w a y io u s c h a n n e l s h en D ol l i er a n d t o o b t a i n t h e i r f o o d w a s b y t h e u s e G a l l in ee c am e f r o m w h a t i s n ow c a l l o f t h e b o w a n d a r r o w h e y h ad n o el L a k e t l a i r i n t he y f o u n d c l o t h i n g b u t t h a t f u r n i s h ed b y fu r a n d fi v e mo u t h s to th e R i v er t h e y n ame d s k i n s o f a n i ma l s h e y t r a v e l l e d on " t r e i g h t h e s e a r e n o w ca l l e d n y t h e R i v e r i n c a n o e s m ad e of s t r i p s o r o t h e N or t h h a n n e l t h e i d d l e o f b i r c h b a r k s ew e d w i t h t h o n g s o m e h a n n e l ou t h h a n n el a n d n y a r t e c a n o e s w e r e t w e n t y fe e t l on g b y t w o O n e t h in g t h e e a r l y s e t t l e r s f ou n d i n w i d t h a n d t h e s e t h e n d i a n s p a d d l o n t h e R i v e r w h i c h w a s d e c id e d l y u n e d w i t h g r e a t d e x t e r i t D y u o g u t s p l e a s a n t w i th w h i c h n e a r l y a l l p i o n w e r e m ad e b y b u r n i n g ou t l og s h e y eer s w e r e a ff l i ct e d w a s " ch i l l s a n d h a d f l i n t f or s t r i k i n g fi r e fe v e r b et t e r k n o w n a s a g u e t o r i e s h e ndi a n can o e s c ou l d m ak e fo r t y a r e t o l d o f v i c t i m s sh ak i ng s o h a r d w i t h a c h i l l t h at t h e b e d on w h i ch t h e m il e s a d a y p a d d l i n g d o w n t h e L ak e s a n d fas t can o e s m a d e e i g h t m i l e s an u n fo r t u n at e on e w a s l y i ng w a s s h a k e n h o u r h e l a r g e s t c a n oe s h e l d a s w i t h t h e v i ol e n c e s t h e c oun t r y w as m a n y a s s e v e n t y m e n s e t t l e d t r e e s w e r e c u t d ow n a n d th e l a n d d r a n ed so t h a t t h e m a l a d y d i s a p p e a r e d h e o n l y r e m e d y t o t h e h e n d i an w om e n o f t o d a y a r e n ot fa r b e h in d t h e i r w h i t e s i s t e r s a s t h e y d e ma n d t h e v o t e a t t h e t ri b a l e l e c " p i o n e e r s fo r t h e agu e w a s qu i n in e a n d t i o n s t h e y b ou g ht i t i n qu a n t i t y d o cu m e n t w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o n h e r e i s n o r i v e r l i k e o u r o w n t l a i r d i a n a ffa i r s i n t h i s l o c al i t y i s h e r e G 0 w h e r e y ou w i l l n o n e o t h e r ca n g i v e i n n f u l l c o m p a r e t s s p a rk l i n g r ipp l i n g w a v e s a r e h ea VVa r D ep a r t m e n t O ffi c e n d i a n t? v en s f s o w n b l u e fai r s Ja n u ar y 4 th i s e v e r y r e s t l e s s ch an g i n g i n i t s i r : t r a n s m i t h e r e w i t h a c o p y o f v i ew N O p o e t s p e n w i t h j u s t i c e c a n d e c l a r e h e g l or y o f o u r w o n d e r fu l t l a i r a l e t t e r d a t e r 1 1 th O c t o b e r a p p o i n t i ng y ou r J c o n j unct i o n w i t oh n cd on el t o v a l u e i m p r o v e J h

9 4 OR Y O F E L R R VE R m e n t s u n d e r t h e l a t e t r e a t y w i t h t h e O t t a w a s a n d h i p p e w a w i l l t h an k y o u t o a d v i s e m e o f y o u r a cc e p t a n c e o r n o t h i s a p p o i n t m e n t a n s Ve r y R e s p e c t fu l l y c c e p t an c e o f Y o u r m o s t o b e d i e n t u b j e c R R o m m t s e t t l e r s w a s J o h n R i l e y wh o o w n e d t h e l a n d w h e r e P o r t u r o n i s n ow l o c a t e d i n e h a d a b l oc k h o u s e a t t h e s o u t h w e s t c o r n e r o f i l i t a r y a n d a t e r st r e e t s e h a d a c h e c k e r e d c a r e e r o me t i m e s h e w a s a g o o d n d i a w h e n h e w a s f r i e n d n l y t o t h e s e t t l e r s a n d h e l p e d t h e m i n o : J o h n la r k e t l a i r i c h P o s t v a r i o u s w a y s b u t w a s a v e r y b a d n m a s t e r h i n a ine h t h e r o qu o i s o r F i v e N a t i o n s l a t e r i x N a t i o n s c a me u p th e L ak e s h ey d r o v e t h e e a r l i e r n d i an s fu r t h e r t n o r t h a n d k i l l e d n u m b e r s o f t h e m h e e a r l i e r t r i b e s a ft e r t h e a d v e nt o f t h e F r en c h p e o p l e w e l c o m e d t h e m ( t h e F r e n c h ) a s b r o t h e r s a n d o ft e n i n te r m a r r i e d w i t h t h e m h e r o q u ois w e r e m o r e f r i e n d l y t o t h e E n g l i s h p e o p l e Fo l l o w i n g i s a n e x t r a c t f r o m a l e t t e r w r i t t d u r i n g t h e i e g e o f D e t r o i t b y en r o q u o i s n d i a n s i n : e h av e b e e n b es eig ed h e r e t w o m o n t h s b y n d i a n s e h av e b ee n o n t h e w at c h n i g h t a n d d ay f r o m t h e 8 t h o f a y a n d h a v e n ot h ad o u r c l o th e s o ff n o r s l e p t a l l n i g h t s i n c e i t b e g a n a R ein f o r c eme n t s r r i v e d o n J u l y 2 6 th b y a v e s s e l f r o m a c k i n a w P a t r i c k i n c l a i r w a s i n c o m m a n d o f t h i s re l i e f s h i p O f t h e p a s s i n g of t h e n d i a n t h e s e l in e s h a v e b e e n w r i t t e n h e y l e ft n o h i s t o ry b u t l i v e d a n d d i e d L i k e t h e w i l d a n i m a l s a r ou n d t h e m w h i c h t h e y s l ew ; h e w o od s a n d s t r e a m s t h e i r r av e n ou s w a n t s s u p p l i e d o h u n g e r a n d t o t h i r s t w e r e a l l t h e y k n e w h e s k i n s o f b e a s t s a b o u t t h e i r o i n s t h e y d r e w n d m a d e t h e m s e l v e s r u d e w e a p o n s j u n w h e n h e pa d d l e d d o w n th e t l a i r R i v e r t o a r sen s s l a nd g ot d r u n k a n d s h o t r J a m e s a r s e n w h o d i e d l a t e r f r o m t h e w o u n d s r e c ei v ed h e w a s i a n o l d s t u nt e e x c u s e d h i m s e l f s a y i n g squ eeb y ( d r u n k ) h i s w a s o f t h e n d i a n t o g e t d r u n k c o m mi t c r i m e s a n d c l a i m w h e n a bo u t to b e p u n i s h e d t h a t t h e y d i d n ot k n o w w h a t t h e y w e r e d o i n g G a l l i n ee w r i t e s t h a t a s e a r l y a s w h e n h e a n d D o l l i e r w e r e o n t h e i r w a y u p t h e L a k e s a n d r i v e r s t h a t th e n d i a n s o n L a k e O n t a r i o w o u l d g e t d r u n k a n d d r e a d fu l l y t o r t u r e t h e i r p r i s o n e r s a n d en em i e s a n d c l a i m e x e m p t i o n f o r t h e i c r i m e b e c au s e t h e y w e r e d r u n k R i l e y w a s c h i e f o f t h e Otch i p w e n d L a n s e c o u l d r e a d a nd w r i t e h a v i n g a t t e n d e d a m i s s i o n s c h o o l o n t h e t fu l l b l o o d e a w k h a l l a i r R i v e r b f d s q u a w r e e d i s w i fe w a s a e w a s a o h O t h e r n d i ans o f th e R i v e r w e r e i g J o h n ( O g m ke a g a t o ) o f t h e h i p p ew a t r i b e N a ta q u a to a n d N e m e k e u m u r o n c h i e fs o n t h e R i v e D u c k s o i n~ n l r r l a c k a w o f h i e f l a c k na k e o f l a c k r i v e r m a d e t r o u b l e f o r t h e s e t t l e r s K is h h a w ke a n d h i s s o n w e r e a l l i e d a g a i n s t t h e m e r i c a n s i n t h e w a r of a s w a s a w a n o sh wh o ki l l e d t h e h u s b a n d o f G r a n n y R o d d n t o i n e Ro d d w h o w a s f r i e n d l y t o th e m e r i c an s i 1 n G r a n n y R o d d w a s w e l l a n d f a v o ra b l y k n o w n th e l e n g t h o f t h e R i v e r w h e r e s h e m ad e y e a r l y p i l g r i m a g e s o u t o f s t on e p a r k a r r o h w e a d s a n d a n ce s st a ff i n h a n d t o v i s i t t h e g r a v e o f h e r d a u g h t e r b u r i e d o n a n s l a n d h e m o n g t h e n d i a n s k n o w n t o e a r l y c a m e t o t h e w r i t e r s h o m e o n e u n da y

10 OR Y O F E L R R VE R a ft e r n o o n a s k in g p e r m i s s i o n t o s l e e p b y t h e k i t c h e n fi r e fte r s u p p e r s h e w r a p p e d u p i n h e r b l an k e t a n d w e c h i l d r e n t i p t o e d o u t t o t h e k i t c h e d o o r t o l o o k a t h e o v e r h a r n h e l i v e d to b e u nd r e d a n d d i e d i n h e fo l l o w i n g v e r s e s ar e t w o o f a p o e m w r i t t e n of h e r au t h o r u n k n o w n O l d o t h e r Ro d d l l O l d ot h e r R o d d h e n e l e m e n t s c o m b i n e t og eth e r o d r i v e p o o r h r i s t i an s f r o m t h e r o a d y t h i s ha r d s na p o f w i n t r y w e at h e r h a t d r i v e s t h e e f r o m t h y w i l d b u s h h o m e n d t h y c a m p f i r e a c r o s s t h e R i v e P o r t u r o n s s n o t o r oam w w r r e at h e d s t r e e t s Vh en w h i t e fo l k s r o u n d t h e i r s t o v e s d o s h i v e r Ol d oth e r R o d d! h e R i v er t r u e Ro l l s o n a s t h e n w i th r a p i d cu r r e nt s w h e n t h y fa m i l y s b i r c h can oe kimm ed l i g h t l y o e r th e s k r e n t b y lu e t o r n h y f r i e n d s r o a m e d h e r e a n d w a n d e r d t h e r e l V i th h a rp e n d s t o n e w i t h b o w a n d q u i v er e fo r e th e w a n d e r in g b r av e t l a i r e q u e a t h e d h i s n ame t o t h i s p r o u d r i v e r o m e o f t h e e a r l y e x p l o r e r s h o p e d t o r e a c h h i n a f r o m t h e G r e a t L ak e s w h i c h w e r e s u p p o s e d t o g i v e t h e w ay to t h e V e r m i l l i o n e a o r Gu l f o f a l if or n i a h e y s t i l l h o p e d fo r a s h o r t r o u t e t o n d i a n t h e e x p l o r e r a r t i e r w h o d i s c o v e r e d t h e t L a w r e n c e R i v e r w a s t o l d o f g r e a t l ak e s w e r e u n f o r t u n at e l y l o s t w h en h i s c an o e w a s u p s e t i n t h e st La w r e n c e r i v e r o n h i s r e t u r n f r o m t h e m o me nt o u s t r i p n u p th e s o m e E ng l i s h fu r t r a d e r s cam e t a c k i na w l a i r R ive r on t h e i r w a y t o h e f i r s t m a p s w h i c h h av e b e en p r e s e r v e d of t h i s l o c a l i t y w e r e ma d e b y D o l lie r D e a r s o n a n d G a l in ee i n m a p o f N o r t h m e r i c a w a s p ub i l sh ed in P a r i s i n s h o w i n g t h e l ak es a n d r i v e r s i n t h i s r eg i o n b y an s o n e s p ok e of L a k e a t l a i r a s b ei n g e a a t e r L a k e b u t G a l i n ee w r i t e w e s a w n o s i g n o f s a l t w a t e r ; ( n o n e o f t h e n d i a n l a n g u ag e s th e w o r d O tsiketa m e an s s a l t P r o b a b l y t h e n d i an a p p l i e d t h e n am e t o t h e t l a i r R i v e r a n d t l a i r L ak e b e c au s e of t h e n u m e r o u s s a l t l i ck s fo u n d h e r e t i s p r o b a b l e t h a t a n s on h e a r i n g t h e ter m Ot s iket a " t h ou g h t th a t t h e n d ia n s m e an t t ha t L a k e t l a i r w a s s a l t w at e r ) J o l i e t g a v e D o l l i e r a n d G a l in ee i n fo r ma t i o n a b o u t t h e t r i p t h e y w e r e t o t ak e w h e n h e m e t t h e m a t La k e O n t a r i o h e o r i g i n a l l e t t e r s o f G a l l in ee a r e n o w i n t h e i b l i o t h e qu e Na t ion a l e P a r i s h e b o o k t h e w r i t e r q u o t e s f r o m i s w r i t t e n o n e p a g e i n F r e n c h a n d o n e i n E n g l i s h G a l in ee w r i t e s Of Lake E r i e t l a s t w e a r r i v e d o n th e 1 3 th o r 1 4 th o f O ct o b e r ( ) a t th e s h o r e o f L a k e E r i e w h i c h a p p e a r e d to u s a t fi r s t l i k e a g r e a t s e a b e c au s e t h e r e w a s a gr e a t s o u t h w i n d b l o w i n g a t th e t i m e t h e w h o l e r i s e so h e r e i s p e rh a p s n o l ak e i n c ou n t r y i n w h i c h th e w a v e s h i g h b e cau s e o f i t s g r e at d e p t h a n d i t s g r e at e x t e n t om e o f u s an d r i v e r s i n t h e n o r t h w e s t b u t i t c an ag r e e w i t h G a l i n e e a s t o th e r e m a i n e d fo r J o l i e t t o b e t h e fi r s t r ou g hn e s s o f L a k e E r i e G a l i n ee a n d w h i t e m a n t o p a s s d o w n t h e t l a i r D ol l i e r s t o p p e d at on e o f th e i s l a nd s R i v e r i n a s a i l i n g c a n o e i n ( O n e h i s t o r y s ay s t h a t F at h e r J o s e p h L e Of L ak e E r i e k i l l i n g t h r e e s t ag s a n d a h i n d h e y p a s s e d t h e w i n t e r o f ar on w i t h t w e l v e m e n c a m e t o t h e an d o n th e n o r t h s h o r e o f t l a i r R i v e r i n h a v i n g b e e n L a k e E r i e a t t h e a h u g a r i v e r n h i s s e n t o u t b y h am p l a i n ) J o l i e t m a d e a c c o u n t G a l in ee c a l l s L a k e u r o n t h e fi r s t m a p s o f th e r eg i o n b u t t h e s e i ch i g a n e e t h u s d es c r i b e s t h e

11 6 O R Y O F E L R R V E R t l a i r R i v e r Ve e n t e r e d th e o u t o f t h e D i o c e s e o f N a n t e s i n r i t t a n y l e t of L a k e i c h i g a n e w h i c h i s n o t a qu a r t e r o f a l e ag u e i n w i d t h t l e n gt h a ft e r t e n or t w e l v e l e ag u e s w e e n t e r e d th e l a r g e s t l ak e i n a l l m~ e r i c a c a l l e d t h e f r e s h w a t e r s e a a n d D e G a l in e e of t h e D i o c e s e oi R e n n e s i n r i t t an y a n d i t s u r e l y l o o k s s t r a n g e t o u s n o w E v e n t s h a p p e n e d i n th e su m m e r o f w h i c h w e r e m ome n t o u s i n t h e o f t h e u r o n s o r i n l g o n f i r s t h i s t o r y o f o u r R i v e r F a t h e r k i n i ch i g a n e l e ag u e s i n c i r c u m fe r e n c t i s o r e t h e y p a s s e n n e p i n a n d R e n e R o b e r t a v el l i e r i e u r d e L a a l l e s a i l e d f r o m La e d t h r o u g h t l a i r R i v er a y 2 5 R o c h e l l e F r a n ce s o o ft e n m e n t i o n e d a n d i n s t r u c t e d t h e n d i ans o n t h e i n t h e G r e a t or l d a r fo r Q u e be c s h o r e w h e r e D o l l i e r s e t u p h i s a l t a r r e a ch i n g t h e re i n e p t e m b e r n on ev e r y o p p o r t u n i t P a s s i n g u p t h e t l a i r R i v e r i n a y t h e y c o n t i n u e d u p L a k e y F e b r u a r y w o r k w a s c o m m e n c e d o n t h e s a i l i n g v e s s e l " G r iff i n o f 4 5 t o n s b u r t h e n b e i n g b u i l t tw o l e ag u e s u r o n a n d r e t u r n e d h o m e b y G e o r g i a n a b o v e t h e g r e a t Fa l l a t N i ag a r a b y a y t h e F r e n c h O t ta w a a n d o t h e r s t r L a a l l e O n t h s e e v e n t h d a y o f e a ms h a v i n g t o p or t ag e m an y t i me a n d f i n a l l y r ea ch e d o n t r e a l J u n e 1 8 s u g u s t t h e G r i ff i n s a i l e d n o r th t o b e t h e fi r s t v e s s e l t o s a i l t h r o u g h h e y h a d s p e n t d a ys o n th e r o u n d t r i p n D ol ier w h o w a s a p r i e s t a n d m i s s i o n a r y t h i r t t y h r e e y e a r s o f ag e w r o t e : w a s s e e k i n g t o fo r m comm u n i c at i o n b e t w e e n La k e O n t a r i o a n d L ak e u r o n w h e r e t h e c o p p e r m i n e i s sa i d t o b e D o l l i e r G a l l in ee an d L a a l l e a b r o t h e r o f t h e L a a l l e w h o l at e r b u i l t t h e G r i ff in w i t h s e v e n c a n o e s an d t h r e e m e n i n e a c h c a n o e a n d w i th tw o c a n o e s of r o q u o i s a s g u i d es l e ft o n t r e a l J u l y 6 th r e a c h e d L ak e O n t a r i o u g u s t zu d L a a l l e w h o w a s t w e n t y s i x y e a r s o f ag e l e ft t h e m O c t o b e r 3 rd a n d r e t u r n e d w i t h h i s me n to o n t r e a l h e r e s t of th e p a r t y i n c l u d i n g th e D u t c h i n t e r p r e t e r O r e a ch e d L ak e E r i e c t o b e r 1 3 t h a nd ca m p e d f or t h e w i n t e r a t t h e m o u th o f t h e a h u g a r i v e r o n t h e n o r t h s h o r e o f t h e L a k e h e y f o u n d th e w i n t e r s e v e r e b u t n ot s o m u c h s n o w a s i n t h a t p a r t o f a n a d a w h i c h t h e y h a d 1 n l e ft F a th e r l l o u e z e s t a b l is h e d a mi s s i o n a t L a P o i n t e o n L ak e u p E G R F F N F R L N G V E t h e E L O P U P R V E R t l a i r R i v e r L L R a a l l e h a d s e n t 1 5 m e n i n c a n o e s t o i n fo r m t h e e r io r o f w h i c h w e s h a l l h e a r l at e r n d i a n s a l o n g t h e L a k e s t h a t h e h a d h e f i r s t m a p o f t h e l ak e s an d r i v b e e n g r an t e d a u t h o r i t y f r o m F r a n c e e r s w a s b y F r a n c o i s D o l l i e r P r i e s t t o b u i l d a c h a i n o f f o r t s u p o n t h e

12 O R Y O F E L R R V E R l a k e s a n d r i v e r s h i s h o p e b e i n g t o co n n e c t a n a d a w i t h t h e G u l f o f e x i c o h r e e p r i es t s w e r e on t h e G r i ff i n t h i r t y L eagu e s l on g w h i ch i s of a n e qu a l b r e a d t h a l m o s t a l l o v e r e x ce pt i n th e m i d d l e t h a t i t e n l a r g e s i t s e l f b y h e l p of a n oth er L ak e fa r l e s s t h a n F at h e r s e n n e p i n R ib ou rd e a n d a n y o f t h e r e s t wh i c h i s o f a c i r cu l a r e m b r e L a a l l e w a s c o m ma n d e r f o r m a b o u t s i x l e ag u es o v e r a c c o r d of t h e e x p e d i t i o n t h e o b j e c t o f w h i c h i n g t o t h e o b s e r v a t i o n o f o u r p i l ot wa s t o b uy fu r s o f th e n d i a n s h e e g a v e i t t h e n a m e o f L a k e p i l o t Of i t h e G r ff i n w a s a n o c e an s a i l o r h e c r e w co n s i s t e d of t w e n fo u r ty t h o u g h t h e roq u e se w h o f r e q u e n t l y c a l l i t Ot s K i p a s s o v e r i t e t a h e m e n c o u n t r y w h i c h b o r d e r s u p o n t h i s m o s t e n ne p i s n t at e s t h at t h e d a y t h e y ag r e ea b l e t r ei g h t i s a p l e as a n t h am b o a rd e d t h e v es s el w e f i r e d t h r e e p ag n e c o u n t r y a s s h a l l r e l at e g u n s an d s an g e D e u m w hich w a s h i s n ame Ot si k e t a ap p l i e d t o a l l a t t e n d e d w i t h l o u d a c c l a m at i o n s o f w at e r b e t w e e n L ak e E ri e a n d L ak e j o y O f w h i c h t h o s e o f t h e roqu u r o n e w r i t e s fu r t h e r o f o u r e s e w h o w e r e a c c i d e nta l l y p r e s en t a t t h i s c e r e m o n y w e r e a l s o p a rta ker t R i v e r t h s u h e cu r r e n t o f t h a t t r e i gh t i s v er y v i o l e n t b u t n ot h a l f f or w e g a v e th e m b r an d y t o d r i n k a s s o m u ch a s t h a t o f N ia g a r a ; a n d t h e r e w e l l a s o u r m e n w h o i m m ed i a t e l y qu i t t e d t h e i r c ab i n s o f R i n d s o f t r e e s fo r e w e s a i l e d u p w i t h a b r i s k g a l e a n d g o t i n t o t h e t r e i g h t b e t w e e n th e a nd h a ng e d t h e i r h a m m o c k s u n d e r L a k e E r i e a n d t h e L a k e t l a i r e : t h e d e c k o f t h e s h i p t h e r e t o l i e w i t h t h i s l a s t i s v e r y s h a l l o w e s p e c i a l l y mo r e s e c u r i t y t h an a s h o r e a t i t s m o u t h h e L a k e u r o n f a l l s h e roqu ese b e i n g r e t u r n e d f r o m in to t h i s o f t l a i r e b y s e v e r a l c a n h u n t i n g b e a v e r w e r e mi g h t i l y s u r p r i s n a l s w h i c h a r e c o m m o n l y i n t e r r u p t e d ed t o s e e ou r s h i p a f l o a t a n d c a l l e d b y s an d s a n d r o ck s e s o u n d e d u s Otken t h at i s i n t h e i r l an g u ag e m o s t p e n e t r at i n g w i t s F o r t h e y c o u l d n o t a p p r e h e n d h o w i n s o s h o r t a l l o f t h e m a n d fou n d o n e a t " ab o u t on e l e agu e b r o ad w i t h o u t a n y s a n d s i t s d e p t h b e i n g e v e r y w h e r e f r o m t h r e e a t i m e w e h a d b e e n a b l e t o b ui l d s o t o e i g h t fa t h o m s of w a t e r e s a i l e d g r e a t a s h i p t m i g h t h av e u p t h at a n a l b u t w e r e fo r c e d t o d r o p b e e n c a l l e d a m o v i n g fo r t r e s s ; fo r a l l t h e s av ag e s i n h ab i t i n g t h e b an k s of t h o s e l ak e s an d r i v e r s h a v e men tion ed f o r f i ve h u n d r e d l e ag u e s w er e fi l l e d w i t h fe a r an d a d m irat i o n w h e n th e y s a w it U p o n r e a ch i n g a c k i n a w L a a l l e o u r a n ch o r s n e a r t h e m o u t h o f t h e L ak e fo r t h e e x t r a o r d i n a r y qu a n t i t y o f w a t e r s w h i ch c a m e d o w n f r o m t h e U p p e r L a k e ( u p e r i o r ) an d t h a t o f L a k e l l i n o i s ( i c h i g a n ) b e cau s e o f a s t r o n g n o r t w h e s t w i n d h ad s o m u ch a u g m e n t e d t h e r a p i d i t y o f t h e cu r h ad t ak e n 1 4 m e n i n f i v e c an o e s t o p a d r e n t ( t h e R a p i d s ) o f t h i s t r e i g h t t h a t d l e d o w n t h e w e s t s h o r e o f L ak e i c h i t w a s a s v i o l e nt a s t h at o f N i ag a r a ig an w h i l e o u t y w a s t o go d o w n h e w in d t u r n i n g s ou t h e r l y w e t h e e a s t s h o r e L a a l l e a ft e r m an y s a i l e d aga i n a n d w i t h t h e h e l p o f a d v e n t u r e s d i e d i n b e i n g s h o t t w e l v e m e n w h o h a u l l d o u r s h i p f r o m o n t h e ba n k s o f t h e i s s i s s i p p i b y a t h e s h o r e g o t s a fe l y t h e 2 3 rd Of u g u s t j e a l o u s n e p h e w e n n e p i n p u b l is h ed i n t o t h e L ak e u r o n e s u n g t h e a b o o k o f h i s t r av el s f r o m w h i c h w e qu o t e e D eu m a s e c on d t i m e t o r e t u r n o u r t h a n k s t o t h e l m i g h t y fo r ou r h a p p y e t w e e n L a k e E r i e a n d u r o n n a v i ga t i o n th e r e i s a l m o s t s u c h an o t h e r t r e i g h t h e G r i ff i n ( s o m e t i m e s e r r o n e o u s l y

13 8 O R Y O F E L R R VE R s p e l l e d Gr i f fo n ) h a d o n b o a r d fi v e a n d t h e w o r d w a wa a c c o r d i n g t o c a n n o n an d t w o a n ch o r s O n t h e r e e n r y L o n g fe l l o w m e an s t h e w i l d t u r n v o y a g e t h e G r i ffi n l a d e n w i t h fu r s g o o s e t h e a d v e r t i s e m e n t of th e a n d s k i n s s t a r t e d o n t h e w a y b ac k t o i l l s o o f a r y s v i l l e r epr e s e n ti n g N i aga r a b u t t h e s h i p w a s h a r d l y a t h e b i g w i l d g o o s e f l y i n g d o w n th e l e a gu e f r o m t h e c o a s t w h e n i t w a s t l a i r R i v e r i s m o s t a p p r op r i ate t o s s e d u p b y a v i o l e n t s t o r m i n s u ch a m a n n e r t h a t o u r m e n w e r e n e v e r h e a r d o f s i n c e ; a n d i t w a s s u p p o s e d t h a t t h e s h i p s t r u c k u p o n s a n d a n d h e fi r s t fo r t e r e c t e d o n t h e _ t l a i r Rive r w a s i n b y Du Lut h ( t h e n ame i s s p e l l e d i n a n u m b e r o f w a y s ) h i s fo r t s t o o d o n ab ou t t h e wa s t h e r e b u ri e d h i s w a s a gre a t s a m e s p o t a s t h a t o c c u p i e d b y F o r t l o s s f o r L a a l l e a n d ot h e r a d v en tur G r a t i o t a t a m u c h l a t e r d at e ( ) L U E R N G O N E N K O F E L R er s fo r th a t s h i p w i t h i t s c a r g o c o s t h e F r e n c h fo r t b u i l t b y D u L u t h w a s a b o v e s i x t y t h o u s a n d l i v r e s c a l l e d F o r t t J o s e p h an d w a s b u r n e d n o t h e r v e r s io n i s t h a t t h e c r e w i n La a l l e s ab s e n c e m u t i n i e d s o l d t h e u g u s t 2 7 th a t w h i c h t i m e t h e a t t e m p t t o m a i n t a i n th e fo r t r e s s i n c a r g o o f fu r s a n d s a n k t h e G r i ffi n t h i s s e c t i o n w as a b a n d on e d b y t h e t i s n o t k n o w n d e fi n i t e l y w h i c h s t o r y F r e n ch n th e y e a r t h e s e c o n d i s c o r r e c t La k e u r o n w a s n am e d Otta w a w a m i l i t a r y p o s t t o b e e r e c t e d i n t h e o u n t y w a s b u i l t a t t h e p o i n t w h e r e b y t h e n d i a n s s t h e w a t e r o f t h at P i n e r i v e r e n t e r s t h e t l a i r R i v e r La k e f l o w s i n t o t h e t l a i r R i v e r h i s fo r t w a s c o n s t r u c t e d b y P a t r i c k

14 OR Y O F E L R R VE R inc l a i r o f t h e E n g l i s h a r m y a n d w a s n a me d i n h i s h o n o r " Fo r t i n c l a i r ( th e h a l s f t l a i r F l a t s ) a m u l t i t u d e u b m e r g e d i s l e t s w h e r e w e s a w o f h i s w a s du r i n g r i t i s h o c cu p an c y n d i a n s s p e a r i n g f i s h a n d w h e r e w i l d of t h i s s e ct io n a n d t h e E ng l i s h fl a g d u c k s a n d ot h e r w at e r fo w l a b o u n d e d f l oat e d o v e r t h e p o s t h e t h i r d e s h o t s o g r e a t a n u mb e r o f t h e fo r t i f i ca t i o n t o b e b u il t a l o n g t h e t d u c k s t h a t a l l a v a i l ab l e s p a c e in t h e l a i r R iv e r w a s F o r t G r at i o t b u i l t b y ca n o e s w a s t a k en u p w i t h t h e m h e n t h e Un i t e d t at e s i n a n d t h e w e f l oa t e d o n w a r d o v e r t h e p l ac i d t a r s a n d t r i p e s w e r e th e f i n a l n at w a t e r s of t h e l i t t l e la k e of t e i oma l e m b l e m t o f l y a b o v e a f o r t o n l a i r e t h e R i v e r h e fo l l o w i n g s p r i n g ( ) t h e r e n t h e r e p a s s e d d o w n t h e p a s s e d d o w n t h e R i v e r t l a i r b at R i v e r t l a i r a n u m b e r o f c a n o e s e au x c on t a i n i n g t h e w i v e s o f ad i l l a c wh o s e o c cu p a n t s w e r e d e st i n e d t o b e c om e fa m o u s i n i c h i g a n h i s t o r y o n t i an d o f t h e t r a d e r s a n d o t h e r men i n D e t r o i t h e r e w e r e n d i a n a s t h e fou n d e r s o f D e t r o i t i e u r r o w e r s a n d g u i d e s a n ad i a n f ur t r a d d e l a o t h e Oa d il l a c wa s a t t h e e r s c o u rē u r s d e b oi s a n d o t h e rs wh o h e a d o f t h e e x p e d i t i o n e w a s a c a c c o m p a n i e d t h e l i t t l e f l e et l s o co m p a n i e d b y o n s i eu r s d e on ty Du g u e a n d h a c o r n a cl e a n d tw o p r i e s t s Va i l l a n t a n d Fa t h e r D e l a l l e w i t h fi f t y s o l d i e r s a n d f i ft y b u i l d e r s a n d t r ad e r s d e o n t i w a s a p t a i n th e s i x y e a r o l d s o n of a d i l l ac a n d w e c a n i m ag i n e t h e s u r p r i s e i n t h e e ye s o f t h e l i t t l e s on a t t h e s t r a ng e s i g h t s o f th e l o n g t r i p h e b a t e a u i n w h i ch w e r e t h e w o m e n b o r e a wh i t e D u gu e a n d h a r c onn a cl e w e re L i eu t en b a n n e r a t t h e p r o w a n d t h e F r en c h a n t s h e y l e f t L a h i n e o n J u n e a fl ag of t h e ne u r d e ~ l i s p r ou d l y w av e d a n d w e r e to go b y w a y of O t t a w a t e l l i n g t h e m e n o f t h e a r r i v a l of t h e i r r i v e r h e y h a d t o p o r t ag e t h i r t y l o v e d o n e s t i mes f r om r i v e r t o r i v er a n d t h e L a k e h e r e w e r e t w o r e a s on s w h y t h e s e o f t h e N ip ic erin es h e n th r u t h e p e o p l e h a d c o m e d o w n t h e R i v e r F r e n c h r i v e r i n G e o r g i a n a y an d F i r s t th e d r e a d o f t h e r o q u o is n d i a n s d own L ak e u r o n w h o w e r e h o s t i l e a n d s e c o n d t h e N i a _ n six _ w eeks t h e y r e a c h e d t h e l ai r R i v e r w h i c h is t h u s d e s c r i b e d O u r sma l l fl o t i l l a r e a ch e d th e r u in s t g a r a F a l l s a s i t w o u l d h a v e b e e n n e c e s s a r y t o p o r t ag e s o m e d i s t a n ce F o r t h e sam e r e as o n s J o l i e t cam e d o w n o f o ns i e u r d u L h ut s a b an d o n e d t r ad i n g p o s t F o r t J t o s e p h ( b u i l t i n a n d b u r n e d i n av i n g t a r r i e d to e x a m i n e t h e p l a ce ad i l l a c th e R i v e r ft e r D e t r o i t w a s s e t t l e d b y Gad i l l a c a n d h i s p e o p l e i n b o at s w e r e f r e q u e n t l y p a s s i n g t h r o u g h t h e t g a v e i o rd e rs t ha t w e e m b a r k a n e w a n d l ai r R i v e r b e t w e e n D e t r o i t a n d i c h e r e_ l o n g w e e n t e r e d u p o n t h e r i v e r il ima ckin a c n d i a n ca n o es w h o s e wh i ch t h e a r o n L a h o n t a n d e s c r i b e d t o h i s f r i e n d s a t Q u e b e c a s t h e N e c k o w n e r s h a d b e e n p u l l i ng o u t of t h e w a t e r t h e f i n e f i s h s o p l e n t i fu l t h e n b u t w h i c h w e n ow kn ow a s t h e u p p e r F r e n c h f u r t r ad e r s ; co u r e u r s d e b o i s p a r t of t h e t r a i t t w a s a t r a n qui l s c e n e a n d o n e i t h e r h an d t h e a n d b oa t s l o a d e d w i t h s u p p l i es f or D e t r o i t a n d l o ad s o f fu rs g o i n g t o Q u g r een l e v e l c o u n t r y s t r e t c h e d a w ay a s eb e c o m e o f t h e s e c a n o e s h e l d t e n f a r a s t h e e y e c ou l d r e a c h e x c e p t o r f i ft e e n m e n h e fu r s ca r r i e d i h w h e r e h e r e a n d t h e r e a f or est t i n ter v e n e d _ N e x t w e c a m e t o a cu r i o u s p l a c e t h e m w e r e b ea r m i n k f ox w o l f b e a v e r w h i c h w a s s o m u c h i n f a v o r t h a t i t b e cam e s c a r c e a n d t h e n d ia n s w e re

15 1 0 OR Y O F E L R R VE R a l l o w e d t o s e l l b e av e r p e l t s o n l y t o t h e f r o m t h e n d ia n s o f t h e h i p p e w a F r en c h g o v e r nme n t u ffa l o r o am e d t r i b e s c o n f i r m i n g i n c l a i r s d e e d t h r o u g h t h e r e g i o n a n d u n d o u b t e d l y h e R i v e r w a s k n own a s i n c l a i r s o me of t h e i r s k i n s w e r e i n t h e b oa t s fo r f i ft y y e a rs a n d i t m i g h t n o t b e l s o t h e s k i n s o f w o l v e r i n e s w h i c h w e r e s o p l e n t i fu l t h at i c h i g a n t o ok a b a d p l a n i f ou r c i t y o f t l a i r a n d t h e R i v e r w e r e r e n a m ed i n c l a i r th e na m e o f th e o l v e r in e t a t e fo r t h i s i n t r e p i d s c o t c h m a n h e n d i a n s w e r e p a i d fo r t h e i fu r s i n p r o v i s i o n s w e a r i n g a p p a r e l k n i v e s a n d s c i s s o r s a n d two o ft e n a l s o b r an d y w a s e x c h a n g e d f o r p e l t s P e l t s p u r c h a s e d w e r e b o u n d b y d e e r t h o n g s a n d p l a c e d i n a s t o r e h ou s e i n D e t r o i t u n t i l t h e y c o u l d b e s e n t to Q u e b e c n a l l j u s t i c e t h e t l a i r R i v e r s h o u l d h a v e b e e n c a l l e d D u l u t h o r i n c l a i r p r e fe r ab l y in c l a i r G e n r t h u r t l a i r w a s n e v e r o n o r n e a r t h e R i v e r o r i n a n y w a y co n n e ct e d w i t h t h e l ak e r i v e r o r c i t y w h i c h b e a r s h i s n am e a l t h o u g h h e w a s g o v e r n o r o f t h e N o r t h w e s t er r i t o r y f r o m t o P at r i c k i n c l a i r n o t on l y b u i l t t h e fo r t a b o v e r e fe r r e d t o b u t a l s o s e v e r a l h o u s e s a n d a m i l l a n d p l a n t e d or c h a r d s a l o n g t h e R i v e r s b a n k s e m a y p r o p e r l y b e c a l l e d t h e f i r s t b i g b u s i n e s s ma n o n t h e t l a i r R i v e r F o r se v en t e e n y e a r s h e o w n e d t o a c r e s 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t a i n e d a d e e d h a p t e r h ree R a f t i n g o n t h e R i v er h e r a ft i n g t h r o u g h t h e R i v e r c om men c ed a b o u t w h en P a t r i c k i n c l a i r b e g a n t o c u t o ff t h e t re e s t l a i r c i t y n o w s t a n d s w er e r af t e d t o D e t r o i t n r a h ou s e o n t h e L o u i s t t w h e r e i s l og s e r na r d b u i l t l a i r R i v e r u s i n g b r i c k s f r o m F o r t i n c l a i r fo r h i s c h i m n e y r t e r n a r d t o o k t h e c o nt r a c t t o d e l i v e r t h e t i m b e r fo r t c h u r c h i n D e t r o i t n n e s h e l og s w e r e u n d ou b tl y r a ft e d d o w n t h e R i v e r t o D e t roit Fa t h e r R i c h a r d h a d c h a r g e o f b u i l d i n g t h e ch u r c h F r o m t h i s t i m e o n a s p i o n e e r s a p p e a r ed a l o n g t h e b a n k s o f t h e R i v e r m o r e l u m b e r w a s cu t a n d r a ft e d h e s e r a ft s w e r e m a n a g e d p r o b a b l y b y ca n o e s a n d b at e au x w hi c h t h e e a r l y F r e n c h s e t t l e r s u s ed i n t h e i r t r a ff i c u p a n d d o w n t h e R i v e r b o u t t u g s b e ga n t o a p p e a r h en l a r g e r r a ft s w e r e m a d e a n d t h e s e w e r e t o w e d to t h e i r d e s t i na t i o n s b y t h e t u g s n t h e ca s e o f u n u s u a l l y l a r g e r a ft s two t u g s w e r e o ft e n s e e n p u l l i n g a s i n g l e r a ft O c ca s i on a l l y a r af t w o u l d b r e a k l o o s e a n d t h e l og s w o u l d d r i f t d o w n t h e R i v e r a n d m e n a n d b o y s a l l a l o n g th e sh o r e w ou l d p u t o u t i n b o a t s a n d b r i n g t h e l og s to s h o r e f or t h e i r o w n u s e F i n a l l y t h e U G o v e r n m e n t m a d e s t r i c t l a w s m a k i n g i t a c r i m i n a l o ffen s e to u s e a n y l o g s o b t a i n ed t o s u c h a m a n n e r h e l a r g e s t r a ft t h a t e v e r p a ss e d d o w n th e R i v e r fl o a t e d d o w n in t h e y e a r t 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