[ ]:543.4(075.8) 35.20: ,..,..,.., : /... ;. 2-. ISBN , - [ ]:543.4(075.8) 35.20:34.
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2 [ ]:543.4(075.8) 35.20: ,..,..,.., : /... ;. 2-. : -, ISBN , -,,. - «,, -, -», ,, «-», -. [ ]:543.4(075.8) 35.20: ,.. ISBN , 2008, 2008., 2009
3 () , ()
4 UO , ( ) , ( )
5 -,,. -,, -,,. -.,,.,, -., -. -.,,, (,, ) ( ) %;, (,,.), ( ) %..,, -.. (,,, - )., -., -,,, - 5
6 ,.. ( ) - -., - - ;.,,. 6
7 1 - - (). -, ,,.. -,, , - -, -,, -.,.,., (), -., -. -.,. 7
8 1.1. : 1),, ; 2), - ; 3) ; 4) ; 5), -.,.,., ,. - : 1), - ; 2), ; 3),, ; 4) - ; 5) - ; 6),, ; 7),,. ; 8). 8
9 : 1) ; 2) ; 3) -; 4) -. : 1),, ; 2), ; 3) ; 4). : 1), -, ; 2),,, -. - : 1),, ; 2), ; 3). - -, -,,, , -,. -,,., 9
10 ,, -. -,. () -. ( ).,, -, ,,,..,,.,., : 1) ; 2) -; 3). -. -, , - - ( ) 1.., - 10
11 , - -, -, , : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) ; ). 2., - : ) ; ) (); ) ; ). 3., : ) -; ) ; ) ; ). -, -,, ? ?? 5. -?. 11
12 2 (), -...,.. =.,. (). -.. ( ). «n». i n x n 1 i n n. (1) i1 -,.. di xi x (d i - ) , D -. d V : V in i1 d 2 n (2) 12
13 S V - : 4 2 S , D D d 10 2 d D D d 10 2 d , , , , , , , , , ,37 0,37 6 0, , , , , , , , , , ,94 34,. : S E, t,, (3) n,, - ; t, ( - ). - ( ) = n 1 (. 2). 0,95 0, ,95 4,30 3,18 2,78 2,57 2,45 2,37 2,31 2,26 2,23 0,99 9,93 5,84 4,60 4,03 3,71 3,50 3,36 3,25 3,17 13
14 (. 1) = n 1 = 9 = 0,95; t 0,95;9 = 2,26 (. 2). 2 5,1 10 2, E, 2,26 3,5 10. D = 0,370,035, 10.. ( 10 %.). 1,. : 1) : S d 3, (4) n 2) : d, 2, (5) 3) Q-, : x1 x2 Q, (6) R R ( )., Q- (. 3). 3 Q ,95 0,94 0,77 0,64 0,56 0,51 0,48 0,46 0,45 0,99 0,99 0,89 0,76 0,70 0,64 0,58 0,53 0,48, : 2 5, d , d 3, , 0,47 0,40 0,07 Q 0,35. 0,47 0,27 0,2, -., -, D = 0,37 0,02., S, -,. 14
15 -., : 1) ( S ); 1 2), -,.. ( S 2 ); 3) - ( S ). 3 - : S S1 S2 S. (7) (. ) - : x E, x, (8),., : S 100%. (9) x : E, 100%. (10) x -,.,, -, - (5 10) %, -. 15
16 3.,,, - -, ,.,. -,..,. 2. ( ),. -, 50 2 Fe ( 0,04 1 ).,. ( ), «n» (). --. : 10 1 %; 10 2 %; ( ) %; ( ) %; ( ) %. 16
17 2 3 1.? 2. :, «-» ? 5.? 6.?
18 4,,.., -,. -., -,. -. : 1), 2), 3). -, -.. -,.,.,, -,.. (n) : 2 r R n, (11) m 18
19 r R ; m, :, % m 0,50 0,33 0,25 - : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) -. : a W K d, (12) W, d,, - ; - : - 1,5 2,7; (0,05 0,2).. (n), 19
20 (. 1) - ( ) (. 2).. -., - : 1), (,,..),, (2 10 %) ; ),, (. 3);
21 Q, d 0 d 1 d < d 1 Q/2 Q/4 d 2 d < d 2 Q/8 Q/16 d 3 d < d 3 Q/
22 3),, -, -..,,., -,,. 4. (. 4) (. 5), -, , , ,. 3.,, (-,,..) , -., , -.,. 22
23 3. :,, 4 (. 6)., - -, , -, - (, )., ( 1 ) ý -.,,. -., (. 7)..,,, -. -, ( - ),, -. I IV II III
24 .. 2 N min K 2 (13) T T Nmin, t 2 t, (14) K 2 N min, (,..) - ;, N - ; t ; (, - ); -, %.; K, -,. 4,,. 4 K ,5 99,5, % K 0,45 0,70 1,07 1,64 2,70 4,0 8,0. (, ) (). -, -. 24
25 : 1), 2), 3).,,. -, -.,.,,, - (.. ), - () - ( - )., ,04., , (25,4 ),.,,,.., : 25,4 : 400 = 0,0635., , , 0,
26 2 = 1, , 189., 150 0,074 1,414 = 0, , (. 5). 5 ( ) 2,5 2 1,25 0,7 0,4 0,25 0,1 0,04, 2,5 2,0 1,25 0,7 0,4 0,25 0,10 0,04, 0,5 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,15 0,13 0,07 0,03, -. ; , -, , 1 1 % -. (. 6) ,5 0,5 0,25, 0,25,
27 - (0,04 0,07) (). 4 1.? 2.? 3.? ? ? 8.?. 9.? 27
28 ,,.. - : 1),.. -, ( ); 2) (, ); 3) (),, - ; 4) , -., : hv 2 1, (15) h (h = 6, = 6, );, 1. 28
29 , 1 -, ,1, ,, Å , , , ,75 2,5 7, , , ,5 50 2, , , ( ) - ( ), -,. (0, ) ó (1 2) %. - (0,1 0,5) %. 29
30 (. 8): I0 I I Iom, (16) I, ; I om, - : () ; I,. - - I o I o I. 8. -, - -, ( - - ) D, - - : I,, - : ( : a I I0 e ( = const), (17) ; l., % ,5 6, l,. 9.,, D k, (18) 30
31 I0 D g, (19) I kc I I 10. (20) 0 ( ) -. : I kc T 10. (21) I0 1,, (17) : I I0 10, (22). (22) : -,,. -, (. 10) - : D, (23).. D f ().,... - D l 1 l 1 ll 2 l ( ) l 3 l 1 > l 2 > l 3 D c l -, - - -,
32 -. -,,, , -,,, , ,.,, ,. - : K ( n 1) 100%, (24) pc, %; p -; n ; K -, - : 1 K. (24) K - : -, -,. 32
33 D = f () = f (). -, max - -, ( max )/2. - -,, max 1/ ( 1 2 1/2 ), - (. 11). -,. -, - (. 12) max D 1 > C 2 > C 3 D max min 1 2 min
34 , -,, -., - ( ) - (. 13). - - (. 8) - - ( ) , ,
35 . 14, -. -,, , -, ,, -.,, ; , ;. -, : «n»,,
36 - (. 16) ( ) : ici D 1 c1l 2c2l... ncnl l. (25) n i1 D (1+2) : 1 2 ; (1+2) max, : c D min min. (27) max lmax D min = 0,001, max = , min c 1, 10 c 110 min = , 0,001, - I o (18) D 0,001 lg, I I 10 0,001 I o,.. -.,, - (.. - ),, -. n (n1) R MeR, (28) n Me R (n1 MeR ), (29) 36
37 : C / min ( n1) ( n1) n ( n1) MeR MeR Me MeR R ( n1) R R MeR C min R R (30) / min n+ ; min n+, -. R / D min min max l R. (31), -, -. ( ) - -,, - -. D ,
38 , : 1) - (. 17): =.. ; 2) - (. 18): =.. =. /. ; D ph ph. 19., 3) - - ; 4) -, - - (, - - max ) (. 19) ,,. - (. /. ) 0, D = f (. ). -,,.,, -, 2 3 (2S 3S). S - -., 38
39 , () : 1.,. -, , (,.). -, -. 3., , III, -, -. 4.,
40 , , (HlO 4 ; HCl; HNO 3 ; H 2 SO 4 ; H 3 P 4 ). - 5f f- (IV), (V) (VI) U UO2., ( H PO ) U UO 2 (. 20): 2+ UO U , U UO 2, (4+) (6+),, U 3 O
41 - 2. UO 2 - ( ): max = U (), D f (c)., - ( ) ( ). ( ) ( ) U UO 2 - < 520, > UO U ( ), ( ): ) D ( ) l U U UO2 UO2, ) D ( ) l (32) U U UO2 UO D 0 UO 2,.. D 4 c 4 l c 4 2 U U U. (33) l 4, = 670 U, = 410 ( 4+ 6+),, ( ), - max = (50 100) ( Pu, Pu, PuO 2, 2 PuO 2 ), - (. 21)., - 41
42 -. Pu 3+ max = 36, max = 500, 35, 603 ; () Pu 4+ max = 34, max = 655, 49, 476 ; (-) PuO 2 + max = 17, () max = 569, PuO 2 2+ max = 300, max = 793, (, ) max 2 PuO 2. : 3 4 Pu Pu (1 10) 1, ± 5 %., 5 6 Pu Pu ± (2 3) %.. -,,.. Pu., - : (2 4) N H 2 SO 4, Pu 4+., ( NH 2 OH HCl ) 1N H 2 SO 4. 42
43 , 4 Pu, Pu (. 21), , 3 4 : Pu ; Pu - - 2, PuO 2 ; PuO 2., 4 : D l( 3 c 3 4 c 4 c 2c 2) Pu Pu Pu Pu PuO2 PuO2 PuO2 PuO D l ( 3 c 3 4 c 4 c 2 c 2 ) Pu Pu Pu Pu PuO2 PuO2 PuO2 PuO D l( 3 c 3 4 c 4 c 3 2 c 2) (34) Pu Pu Pu Pu PuO2 PuO2 PuO2 PuO D l( 3 c 3 4 c 4 c 2c 2). Pu Pu Pu Pu PuO2 PuO2 PuO2 PuO ( ), ( - )., U Pu (.. ) - ( - ( 4 H 9 ) 3 PO 4 )., ( - ),... 43
44 , - -, : 2 ( UO ) (2NO ) (2) (UO (NO ) 2, (35) ) 4 (Pu ) (4NO3 ) (2) (Pu(NO3) 4 2). (36), -,...,, NO 3. : NO 6 M ( NH 3 4 NO 3, Ca(NO 3 ) 2, Al(NO 3 ) 3 ); ph = (1 3) (HNO 3 ); C = %.. U (6+) Pu (4+) : U (6+) (- ); ( UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 2) = 250,.. -; Pu (4+) - (. 22). max 2 max 3 max1 max 1 = 430 max 2 = 490 max 3 = ,. 22. Pu 4+ Pu 4+ (. 23) %.,,,. 44
45 - : 2 UO 2 0, ; Pu 4 + 0, % C, %. 23. Pu 4+, U Pu ( ), , - (H 2 O 2 ), K 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ], NH 4 CNS. -, -., UO 2. H 2 O 2 Th 2 O 7 ; Pu(O 2 ) 2 nh 2 O, ( 1) : 2 UO2 HO 2 22HO 2 UO42HO 2 2H. (37) -. ( ) : 2 UO2 H 2O2 UO2OOH H. (38) 45 D 3 2 1
46 - = (. 24). = (4 6), - D (, ). ~ 10 1 ± 1 % ( SO 3, S, NO 2, Fe, Sn ), (- - - ),, H 2 O 2 (W, Mo, Zr, Nb, Ta.).,.,... 2 SO 4 -, UO 2OOH SO 4 2. () -, : UO OOH + 2CO UO OOH CO. (39) (. 25). = 12, - (0,5 KOH + 2M Na 2 CO 3 );, (39) D
47 2 (39) UO2 - -: UO 3CO [UO (CO ). (40) ] , (39) UO OOH - max max = , = , UO 2. - Th 4 + Pu, -, : 2 CO H2O2 4 PuO2, Pu Pu (2) 2. (41) (.. ),,,,. - IV, V VI,.. Ti (Ti, Zr, Hf); V (V, Nb, Ta); Mo (Mo,W). -, 0,1 5 %., [UO 2 (CO 3 ) 3 ] 4 [UO 2 OOH(CO 3 ) 2 ] 3 47
48 : 2UO K 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] (UO 2 ) 2 [Fe(CN) 6 ] + 4K +. (42) : 4 (); 5,5 ; 7, - ( - ). (- ), 4 5,5. = , - ~ 10 1.,. IV, V, VI, : UO NH 4 CNS UO 2 (CNS) 2 + 2NH 4 +. (43) - - (. 27). - - : = 1 2; : HCl ( Cu, Ni), ( Fe). 400, 10 1,.. -, Fe(CN) 6 4. D 48
49 , -, - -, ,, ,., - (,, ). - -, -. 9 (ph) Al, Fe; In, Sc, Me 4+ Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr, Mo 49
50 (- ) : R 1 N N R 2.,, : I AsO 3 H 2 OH SO 3 H N = N ( ) SO 3 H I AsO 3 H 2 OH OH N = N H SO 3 SO 3 H III ( -) AsO 3 H 2 N = N OH OH AsO 3 H 2 N = N H SO 3 SO 3 H -. -, ( 3 3 )., -, 4-. : RH R + H +. (44) 50
51 , III: Me (n 2)+ AsO 3 H O OH AsO 3 H 2 III + n+ N = N N = N + 2 H +, H SO 3 SO 3 H (45)..., - - ( 45 )., (. 28 III U 4 + ). D , 540 max III (1) U 4+ III (2) - Th 4 + Pu. -,.. - (. 10). 51
52 10 Th 4 + max (R) R MeR MeR MeR R (.). I I II II III , 1 0, , () -. -, Pu I Pu2 I (46) = 710 3, (.. ) - : ( ),. - - : -,, : RH + Me + RMe + H +, (47)..,. -, ,,., U (U 4+ : ) = (1 60). Zr 4 +, Th 4 +. Th 4 + Zr 4 +, Ti 4 +, U
53 Pu 4+ : Pu 4+ : Fe 3 + = 1 : 2; Pu 4+ : Cr 3 + = 1 : 25; Pu 4+ : Mn 2 + = 1 : 50; Pu 4+ 2 : UO + 2 = 1 : (UO + 2 ) U 1, III = (4 5), -,.. U UO () Th 4+, Pu 4+, Ti 4+, Zr 4+., - -., U : U 4+ : SO 2 4 = 1 : , U 4+ 3 : PO 4 = 1 : , U 4+ : F = 1 : 25,.., -., (. 22) ,
54 ( ). -, -., - (, ). - -, -, D. 2 3,. ( ) : Dx cx lx; D l., : Dx l x D. (48) c l ( ),, -, : D x C x C D. (49) ,
55 - : D / C l. (50), : Cx Dx / lx. (51) ( ), ( - ) : D l, Dx Cxlx (52) D Dx,.. : l Cx C l. (53) x -.,,,, () ( 3 - ). - : - ;, - ; 55
56 , -. - ( )., -, -. -, ,. - -, 10 % , -? 5.. -,, ,,. 7.??? 8. «-». -? 9.? 10., -? 11.,. -? 12.? ?? 56
57 15..,. 16.,. 17.,. 18.? 19.? 20., ? 1. : 1) (HNO 3. + HCl. ), 2) NH 4 NO 3, 40 %, 3) HNO 3., 4) Na 2 CO 3, 5 %, 5) NaOH, 25 %, 6) H 2 O 2, 30 %., , ( ) %-, - = 2 3, %-., - (, 50 %, ). 0,5 1, %- -, % ,5 1,0 1, % % , 57
58 , %-, 2 25 % 1 30 %-. - ( [/50 ]) : 1) UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2, 3 U/, 2) K 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ], 3 %, 3). 0,2; 0,4; 0,6; 0,8 1, %-,, 5. - ( ) ,,. 3. : 4) UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2, 3 U/, 5) HCl, 1N, 6) KOH, 1, 7) SnCl 2, 10 % (50 SnCl HCl 500 ), 8) NH 4 CNS, 8, 9). 2 5, 25 - = 0,2 1,0. 2 ; 10 8,. 300 ( ).,
59 4. -III : 1) Th(NO 3 ) 4, 50 Th /, 2) -III, 0,05 %, 3) HCl, 7 N. (). 25 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 3,0, 1 - -III. (25 ), III.. -.,,., ( 1 ), - 1 0,5 % III : 1), 0,1 U/, 2) HCl, 0,1 N, 3) c HCl ( 1,12 /); 4) NH 4 OH, 10 %, 5) (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3, 5 % 6) -III, 0,1 %, 7) a, 25 %, 8). ( -2) ,1N,
60 ,, = 1,5 2,0 ( - ), ( ) 25 - ( ). () : () = 2, 2, 2 -III. 50, -,,. () (.., -, ). : 50 : ( ); 2, 2 -III. ( 1,12 /) = ( ),.,. = 670, -. 60
61 6 6.1., -,..,..,. : -,. -,..,,... (,,.), : ( - ); ( ); ( ); ( - ); ( ); ( - ) : 1) -, ); 61
62 2) ( ) - ( ); -., , (. 29). - - ( ) (). 29., :, (). : 0 0 = < <, E h. (54) : > ; <.. : 62
63 , - (. 30). :. I. 30. : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4).. (. 31) ,,.. -,. -, - 63 I ,. 31.
64 . UO 3 nh 2 O, UF 6, Na 2 U 2 O 7.,,, UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2, UO 2 SO 4., -.,, -,,..,, Cu 2+, Mn 2+, Ni 2+, Co 2+, Pb 2+, Fe 2+, Bi 3+,. ( U),,, -..., - : I 0 I l. 33. I B, (55)., - : N B. (56) N (55) (56), : h N. (57) h N,, >,.. 1. (58) I - N : I N N, (59) N ( I I). (60) 0 64
65 (. 22): I I 0 e cl (58) (60), : cl I I0 B (1 ). (61), -, ( cl ) : 2 3 cl 1 c e c l l c l.. (62) 2! 3!, (61) - : I I B c l. (63), 0. -, -, (I 0,, l = const), - - (. 33),.. I = kc. - - ( ) 1., c : ; ; ; I I=kc 65
66 B I , -,,... = f ().. : -, ;. (. 34). -.,. -. -,. -. : -,, - ;,, -, ;, - -,. 66
67 ,.. -,. - : k cc0 B B0 e, (64) 0 - ; 0, - ; k. 0, k, , -.,,. -.,., - : I 100 %, (65) I I, I, -. -,. ( ):,, UO 2 2 / Me 1/ ( ) - 2., UO 2-67
68 UO /. : I, (66) / I K. (67) , -, i II, -,, i (. 36). i, % i II : iii i i II i 100 %. (72) i i i i II,. 37.,, (. 37)., -,..,,,. -, II 68
69 , -, ,,, ,.,. - : 1) - (, ); 2) (-,, ): (CaO + (10 3 %)). ; -. 3) ( ),.. ; 4). - -., UO 3 nh 2 O; UF 6 ; Na 2 UO , -: UO 2 SO 4 ; UO 2 (NO 3 )
70 UO 2., -, -,, : [UO 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ] 4 ; (UO 2 F 3 ) ; [UO 2 (H 2 PO 4 ) 3 ] ; [UO 2 (PO 4 )]. ( c const 2 2 UO ) UO () 550,.. -. ~ 0,01 200,... F 1 U 200,...,,, (, ): SiO2 HF SiF4 H2O, (69) SiF4 2HF. H2SiF6. (70) U 1 (. 38) (5 ± 1) %. : -., 70
71 . Ag + ; Fe 2 + ; VO + ; Sn 2 + ; Pb 2 + -, ( U 6 U 4 ). lg I I opt lgc C H3 PO 4,% , 3 C 2 UO %. 2 Fe 3 + ; Cr 3 + ; Ni 2 +., - - S 2, SO 2 3, NO (). -.,,. - : 1) - ; 2) ; 3)
72 -. : RH R H. - : - N OH N OH + n+ N O + H + (71) (n 1)+ -,.. -,., (Al, Be, Ga, In, Sc, V, Zr),, , Al F AlF 6 (72)., - F, - Al 3+ ( ); Al 3+, Al 3+ (, )
73 , -. HO OH OH OH OH - - : 1) R(OH) 5 [RO(OH) 4 ] + H + ; (73) 2) [RO(OH) 4 ] [RO 2 (OH) 3 ] 2 + H +. (74) : R(OH) 5 + Me n+ [RO 2 (OH) 3 ]Me (n 2)+ + 2H + (75)., : Th[RO 2 (OH) 3 ] 2, = 10 10, , 0,5 1 1,... 11, 1 Al 3 + ph = (3 4) Be N HCl 10 3 Zr 4 + 0,035 N HCl 10 3 Th 4 + ph = (2,5 5) F ph = 5 + Al
74 ., ó NaF, CaO, ThO 2. -, -. -, «-».,., -...,, - ó -, UO 2 2+ nh 2 O (). ó - (.. ) (. 40). -,....,. ó (. 41). I I max ,
75 -,, -., - lg I - =510. 5, - I f, U/ NaF. -, - I f c ,,. -, ,. NaF... - Pt, Co, Ni, - : Fe 2+, Sn 2+.,, - ;,.,,... -, : x I k x 0, (76) x I, - ; k - ; x - ; 0, ( ) = lg U
76 k -, : I k tg. (76) - (. 43): x I k. (77) I I + I : c= c I (c x + c 0 ) (c x + c 0 + c ). 43. c x c 0 x I x x x 0. (78) I I - 13 %., -, : ( ); , - 1 NaF,. - -., (± 5 % ) , (992 ). - NaF (9 % ) NaKCO 3 (91 % ), 570. (- ), -,... 76
77 . 3 - NaF,. -,. -, 0,1 1, ± (5 15) % , ( ), -. -,,...,, 3, - RCl R Cl. (80) 3 ( 2 H 5 ) 2 N N + 2 H 5 HCl COOC 2 H 5, () : mn mn1 RCl Me n A m Me na mr Cl, (81) Me (Pu 4+, U 4+, Th 4+, Zr 4+ ). : Pu 3 SO 4 Pu SO4 3, (82) 4 2 Pu 6 NO 3 Pu NO3 6, (83) 3 3 Al 6 NO3 Al NO 3. 6 (84) 77
78 : 2 % HNO 3 30 % NH 4 NO 3 ( NO 3 - ). 1 Pu 1 ;, -, max = 580., : UO 0,5, Fe 1, 3 (Al ) 50., -, ,. 50 %. ( - ). - : , (, ),.,,.., ? -. 3.? ? -? 78
79 7.? -?? 8. -? 9.? ?? 13.,. 14.,? 15.? (98 % NaF + 2 % LiF) - ( ). (2 ), ; 10; 15; 20; 25; 30; 40; 50-1 ( 12; 14; 16; 18; 20; 22; 24; 26; -1 ) , -, -. 79
80 ,, -, -. -, -,,., , ( ) -,,,,. -.,, - : 2 Rgh E Wn 2, (85) n e W n i- ; ; - ; R g = 3, ; h = 6, ( 80
81 1 ) ; n *,.. - ( );, -.. *, : n, l, m. n = 1, 2, 3,.. : r = 0,53 Å n = 1, r = 2,12 Å n = 2, r = 4,77 Å n = 3. : 2 2 2, ,53 1 l = 0, 1, 2, 3, (n 1) -,,, ; : h M ll 1. 2 l - : s p d f g h. -,. -, -. -,, , () ,. -,., 81
82 ,.., -.,,. -, n- m-,, - : E Wn Wm h. (86),. : c, (87). (85) (86),, : 2 Rg E e m n 2. (88) : =, : 1 1. (89) R g 2 2 m n,,. - á n - r, Å W, 1 rn , ,12 2, r2 2 2,12 4 ; 2 r1 1 0, ,77 2, r3 3 4,77 9 ; 2 r2 2 2, ,5 2, r4 4 8,5 16 ; 2 r3 3 4, ,3 2, r5 5 12,3 25 ; 2 r 4 8, r n 82
83 ,,.. -, -., (r = ),... -, - ( ). -,,.. -,. 0, O N M L K L M P O N K (n = 1) ,, (. 44): 83
84 1 1 R g n n = 2, 3, 4, (90) 1 1 R g n n = 3, 4. (91). 45.,, () , -., - -. : (88) (89) h, 1 1 : h Rgh R h 2 g, - 2 m n ()., h f1 f 2 2 2, m n 1 h, f 1, 2 m 1 f 2 2. n, : f 1 m f 2 n, (92) m, ; n, -.. -, - A 84
85 . - ; ,, -,.. -,... -., -.,,,.. d- f-., -,.. 46, -. - () , : 1) ; 2). : -. 85
86 -.. ( ) : 1) ( ) - ; 2) ( 8000 ),, ; 3) ( ) -,,..,,.,, , -. 13, -, () 2400 () () ( ) 3033 () ,, : 1) - ( ); 2). 86
87 ( )..,., -., , ,, -,. -, -,,.,,. -,. -,.,,,,,,. -,. ( ),, (. 47). -,. 87
88 . 47. ( ): 1, 2 ; x ; 1, 2, 1, 2 : x( 1 2 ) x 1, a (93) x ; = ( 1 ) ; = ( 2 1 ) -,. : : 1 = 3495,3 Å 2 = 3506,5 Å; : l = 2,54, x = 2,81, a 2 = 3,07; = x = 2,81 2,54 = 0,27; a = a 2 a 1 = 3,07 2,54 = 0,53. 0,27 (3506,5 3495,3) : x 3495,3 3501,1A. 0,53 -.,. -.,
89 , , -,. -,. (),. - (S) -,, -, (. 48): i0 S lg. (94) i i - 0 i 0 i 0 i i 0 i , : b ac, (95) I ;, - (,,,..),, ; ; b. : lg I lga blgc. (96), - (,, -..)., -,, -. -,., -,,, 89
90 . -, -.,,. -, ( - ). - : (, - ); ( - );. á., : 1), 2),,, 3), 4).,, (. 49). p / S lgi t, (97) I ; t ; / ; 1; = tg - S,. lg I 90
91 -,,.. - S x S. (. 49), p / S lgi t1, (98) p S lg I t. (99) x / x 2 S C D A B lgi. 49. : AB ; CD ; tg = t1 t2 ( - ), : I S S x lg, (100) I x..,.. (S = S S ) S lgc S lgc ) ). 50. : ), ) 91
92 , (. 51). - ; ; , : - (, ),, (. 52) : 1, 2, ,.. - : 1) ; 2) (, Å 2000 ); 3), ; 4) -. 92
93 : 0,1 0,05 % ( - 0,005 %), 1 %. -, (Mo, V). - Zr, La, Ce, ó,,. -,,. - : B, d, Li. (10 5 %)., (,,, ). : - U 3 O 8, (~ 100 ) (~ 90 %). -, -. : 1) U - ; U, ; 2),..., % B Co Ni Cr Be ~ 10 %. -,.,,. Th, i, W, Gd. 93
94 ,.. U 3 O 8. -, -.. (, NaF), -, ~ 4 5 %,., % , ? -,
95 8 - - () - (), -., , ( -) 0, (--) : 1) ( ); 2) ( - ); 3) (). -., : 1) - ; 2) ; 3) - :,, ;,.. ; 4),, - ;,,, - - ; 5) - - ; 6),.. 100% %-. 95
96 8.1. -,. ( ) (. 53).. 53.,,, -. (),.,, n. : (n=1), L (n=2), (n=3), N (n=4), 0 (n=5)..,. 96
97 , 2n 2., -,, , K, L.. -,.. Z, -..,,.. L I, L II... I, II -. -.,, -., (- ).,,.,, -.., E = E i E f, E f E i, , ( ). -. -, -.,., - L-, L- L 1, L 2, L
98 ( ), -. -,.. 1.,, -.,., -.,, -, () ,,,, -., -,. 3. -, L- -, , -, -. 98
99 () L- () 8.2., -. -,. -, (- -), - (), ( - 99
100 ) (, - ) ,, -. ( ), , / , E,. 55. Pb L K ()., - - ( ), -, -. (1 = ), -,. (. 55), -.,. - : - ( )
101 1. - 3, Z; Z 3,5., / Na Al S L - - Ca V Fe Cu Pb Br Ag Ba Pb E, Z ( - Z 3, - Z 4 ). -, - -, ( )..., -,. - ( ). -.,, -,,, (. 57)., - K-, -,. L-, L-,
102 . 57., - - L- M-., - -,, (). -., -. -,, ,. (). -,,,., - 102
103 ( ). - -, Z Z 2., -. (), -. (). -,.., -. -,. (.., ) ( ). ( 100 ) ,.. -. ( ) - Z ,, -,,, -. : 1) - : -, (- ), ; 103
104 2) (, -) -.., -. ( - ) , , ( - ),,. -., (. 59) , ,. 104
105 , ; E. (. 60 -). -, E = 0, - h =. - ; - E = c/ = ch/e, (101) ; ; -, 1 ; h = 6, , < E. - V,., - (. 60). 105
106 , , - -,. -, , -,. - -,. - -,, ,,. -, -., - -, - -.,, - (-) ,. 61. : 1, 2
107 . - -, (. 61) ,., , -, -. Fe 55 Mn 55 ( 2,6 ) - Mn.,. -., - -, -.,,. -, (, ) -. -, ,
108 14, ( ) 55 Fe 2,6 : 5,89 57 Co 270 : 14,4, 121,9 60 Co 5,26 :1 169, :13,94 17,75, 20,78 Am 458 :59,6, 26,4 -., -, ,,, ,,. -, -. ) ). 62. : ), ) 108
109 ,.,.,, - -, ,, (),.. - (.. ). - NaI, - (1 2 %) li. -, -, -. ( 10 8 ), - -., ( 10 6./). (. 63) 4 1 (-,, ), 3, Hh
110 ,, -,., -,,,, -, : ~ 1/. -,..,,,, -. (. 64) A : , ,., -.,,, -, -., -.,,.,.,.. 110
111 -.,, ( ). () ,.,,, -,, - -. ( - ),, «-», -, ,. 66. : 1, 2, 3 ()
112 . 66., ,40 7, , -. -., - ( ),, - -, -.,,, - - ( ). -.,,., -, -. -,,,. - -, -, -., -, -.. (, - 112
113 )., -.,, -. Si(Li) Ge(Li) (77, 196 ). -, - -. Ge(Li)-, ,.,., -. ( ). - - Si(Li).. 5,9. - () , - - ( - ), (). = 1,85-. -,, -, - 113
114 ., ,, -. ().,. ( 8000), -.,, , ,...,, -. -,,. - (,, ). -, - -..,,, -,
115 8.4., , ,,.. - -,, ,. -,.. 115
116 1., - : I. =.., (102) I x. = x. x., (103) I,,,., = Ix x.. (104) I. -. -, -. -, (107). I = f(c x ), -., - -.,,,. -, - I = I x /I 0, I , -. (I 1 ) (I 2 ), ( ): I C 1 x C, I I (105) 2, -.,
117 2., -,. - I x I - :. I x C x, I (106), -, -. (109) -, -. I x / I = f(c x ),.,, : 1) ; 2), - ; 3) -, I x - I,. - I x / I = f(c x ) Cd Ag? 3. Si(Li).. 117
118 4. -? 5.? ? 10. «-». «-» : 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ;5 118
119 4-, - (-03), (-07), - (-04) (-02). : (-03) 1 - ; (-02), - 2, 4 ; 5 (-07) 3 ; 4,, ;, 4 ; : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 119
120 : 1; V : 3 5 ; ;. 3. :, - 5 (. 68), (3,. 68); «ANGAMMA», 5 ; ( F2) ( F3); ( F4);. 5 (. 68). 4.. () (), , V,. 5. : 2 ; 1 1N UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 ; (.. 3.); L (13,61 ),
121 , (109): I C 1 x C, I2 I1 I 1 ; I 2 - ;,. 121
122 9 ( ), ,. -,.., -,,, -.., -.,,. ; :. -,, (. 69): I 0 I. I p. I. b. 69., r 122
123 I o = I p + I + I o., I o, I p,, I., -, I o.. I p I.,, - : n 1 n N V 2 I p I 0 1 cos 2 4 2, (107) n r n 1 n ; N - ; V ; ; r - ;, -. n, n 1, r -. (107) : 2 N V I I 0 K 4, (108). (108), -,.. -. I p,, -. -.,... -,,. -,,. I.. : 3 I 0 cbd lg k 4 4, (109) I d a np 123
124 ; b - ; d ; k, ;. d,, k : I 0 lg kbc. (110) I,, -. -, - : 1., -, :, ; ; ; ;, ; ; ; ;.,. 3...,,. -, ,,,, 124
125 , ? -? 2. - (,,,, )? 3. : ), )? ? 6.? 7., -. 8.,,? 9.? 10.? 11.,? 12. -? ?? : 1) Th(NO 3 ) 4 0,1 N; 2) H 2 C 2 O 4 0,1 N; 3) ; 4). - : Th(NO 3 ) 4 + 2H 2 C 2 O 4 = Th(C 2 O 4 ) 2 + 4HNO
126 (- ).. - (0,2; 0,4; 0,6 0,8 ), 50, 5 2 3, , ()
127 : - ()..:, :, :, , , , ,..:, /.....:, ,. -..:, , f-..:, :, ,.. -..:, III..: -, :, :, /.....:, :, :...:, , :, Bearden J.A. «X-ray Wavelengths», Review of Modern Physics, :, :, :, : -,
128 25. - / : :, : 2.:.:, : - -, : -, , - - :..:,
129 ,, 1,04 Na K 2,98 Ag L 1,07 Na K 2,99 Pd L 1,25 Mg K 3,13 Cd L 1,30 Mg K 3,14 Rh L 1,48 Al K 3,15 Ag L 1,55 Al K 3,19 Ar K 1,73 Si K 3,29 In L 1,83 Si K 3,31 K K 2,01 P K 3,32 Cd L 2,04 Zr L 3,33 Pd L 2,12 Zr L 3,44 Sn L 2,13 P K 3,49 In L 2,17 Nb L 3,52 Ag L 2,26 Nb L 3,58 K K 2,29 Mo L 3,60 Sb L 2,30 S K 3,66 Sn L 2,30 Zr L 3,69 Ca K 2,39 Mo L 3,72 Cd L 2.42 Tc L 3,77 Te L 2,46 S K 3,84 Sb L 2,46 Nb L 3,92 In L 2,53 Tc L 3,94 I L 2,56 Ru L 4,01 Ca K 2,62 Cl K 4,03 Te L 2,62 Mo L 4,09 Sc K 2,68 Ru L 4,13 Sn L 2,70 Rh L 4,22 I L 2,81 Cl K 4,27 Cs L 2,83 Rh L 4,35 Sb L 2,84 Pd L 4,46 Sc K 2,95 Ar K 4,47 Ba L 129
130 , (), 4,27 Cs L 6,05 Ce L 4,35 Sb L 6,06 Gd L 4,46 Sc K 6,21 Sm L 4,47 Ba L 6,27 Tb L 4,51 Ti K 6,32 Pr L 4,57 Te L 6,50 Dy L 4,62 Cs L 6,40 Fe K 4,65 La L 6,46 Eu L 4,80 I L 6,49 Mn K 4,83 Ba L 6,60 Nd L 4,84 Ce L 6,71 Gd L 4,93 Ti K 6,72 Ho L 4,95 V K 6,89 Pm L 5,03 Pr L 6,93 Co K 5,04 La L 6,95 Er L 5,23 Nd L 6,98 Tb L 5,26 Ce L 7,05 Fe K 5,28 Cs L 7,18 Tm L 5,41 Cr K 7,18 Sm L 5,42 V K 7,25 Dy L 5,43 Pm L 7,42 Yb L 5,49 Pr L 7,47 Ni K 5,53 Ba L 7,48 Eu L 5,64 Sm L 7,53 Ho L 5,76 Nd L 7,64 Co K 5,79 La L 7,66 Lu L 5,84 Eu L 7,79 Gd L 5,89 Mn K 7,81 Er L 5,94 Cr K 7,90 Hf L 5,96 Pm L 8,05 Cu K 130
131 , (), 8,10 Tm L 10,36 Os L 8,10 Tb L 10,52 Hf L 8,15 Ta L 10,54 As K 8,26 Ni K 10,55 Pb L 8,40 W L 10,71 Ir L 8,40 Yb L 10,84 Bi L 8,42 Dy L 10,90 Ta L 8,64 Zn K 10,98 Ge K 8,65 Re L 11,07 Pt L 8,71 Lu L 11,13 Po L 8,75 Ho L 11,22 Se K 8,91 Os L 11,29 W L 8,91 Cu K 11,73 At L 9,02 Hf L 11,44 Au L 9,09 Er L 11,68 Re L 9,17 Ir L 11,73 As K 9,25 Ga K 11,73 Rn L 9,34 Ta L 11,82 Hg L 9,43 Tm L 11,92 Br K 9,44 Pt L 12,03 Fr L 9,57 Zn K 12,10 Os L 9,67 W L 12,21 Tl L 9,71 Au L 10,36 Os L 9,78 Yb L 10,52 Hf L 9,89 Ge K 10,54 As K 9,89 Hg L 10,55 Pb L 10,01 Re L 10,71 Ir L 10,14 Lu L 10,84 Bi L 10,26 Ga K 10,90 Ta L 10,27 Tl L 10,98 Ge K 131
132 , (), 11,07 Pt L 13,83 Hg L 11,13 Po L 13,88 At L 11,22 Se K 13,94 Np L 11,29 W L 14,11 Kr K 11,73 At L 14,17 Sr K 11,44 Au L 14,28 Pu L 11,68 Re L 14,29 Tl L 11,73 As K 14,32 Rn L 11,73 Rn L 14,62 Am L 11,82 Hg L 14,76 Pb L 11,92 Br K 14,77 Fr L 12,03 Fr L 14,94 Rb K 12,10 Os L 14,96 Sr K 12,21 Tl L 14,96 Y K 12,34 Ra L 15,24 Ra L 12,49 Se K 15,25 Bi L 12,51 Ir L 15,71 Ac L 12,61 Pb L 15,74 Po L 12,65 Ac L 15,76 Zr K 12,65 Kr K 16,20 Th L 12,94 Pt L 16,25 At L 12,97 Th L 16,62 Nb K 13,02 Bi L 16,70 Pa L 13,29 Br K 16,74 Y K 13,39 Pa L 16,77 Rn L 13,38 Au L 17,22 U L 13,40 Rb K 17,30 Fr L 13,45 Po L 17,48 Mo K 13,61 U L 17,67 Zr K 13,83 Hg L 17,75 Np L 132
133 (),, 17,85 Ra L 25,27 Sn K 18,29 Pu L 26,09 Cd K 18,37 Tc K 26,36 Sb K 18,41 Ac L 27,28 In K 18,62 Nb K 27,42 Te K 18,85 Am L 28,49 Sn K 18,98 Th L 28,61 I K 19,27 Ru K 29,73 Sb K 19,57 Pa L 29,78 Xe K 19,61 Mo K 30,97 Cs K 20,17 U L 30,99 Te K 20,22 Rh K 32,19 Ba K 20,62 Tc K 32,29 I K 20,78 Np L 32,29 Xe K 21,18 Pd K 33,44 La K 21,42 Pu L 34,72 Ce K 21,66 Ru K 34,98 Cs K 22,07 Am L 36,03 Pr K 22,16 Ag K 36,38 Ba K 22,72 Rh K 37,36 Nd K 23,17 Cd K 37,8 La K 23,81 Ag K 38,72 Pm K 23,82 Pd K 39,26 Ce K 24,21 In K 40,12 Sm K 133
134 , /16.. XEROX.... 7, , NATIONAL QUALITY ASSURANCE ISO 9001: ,.,., 30./: 8(3822) ,
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