GIS. URBAN PLANNING and DEVELOPMENT APPLICATIONS of. Said Easa and Yupo Chan. GSttingen

Transcription

1 URBAN PLANNING and DEVELOPMENT APPLICATIONS of GIS SUB GSttingen A 2251 Sponsored by Geographic Information Systems Committee of the Urban Planning and Development Division American Society of Civil Engineers Edited by Said Easa and Yupo Chan American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE RESTON, VIRGINIA 20191^1400

2 CONTENTS Preface The Editors Contributors iii v vii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 SaidEasa and Yupo Chan GIS Methodologies 2 GIS Applications 2 Section I: GIS Methodologies Chapter 2 GIS Technology and Implementation 9 M. T. Herzog Introduction 9 Spatial Data Sources 11 Traditional Data Collection Methods 11 Global Positioning System 11 Remote Sensing 12 Other Data Sources 13 Spatial Data Structures 13 Vector and Raster Data Models 13 Database Formats 14 Extensible DBMS 14 Triangulated Irregular Networks 15 Advanced Structures 15 Georeferencing Systems 16 Map Projection 16 Geocoding.: 17 Metadata 17 GIS Operations 19 Data Input and Processing 19 Data Analysis 20 Traditional Analysis 20 Application-Oriented Analysis 21 Display/Visualization 23 Integration 23 GIS Object Components in Other Applications 23 Integration with Analytical Models 23 Spatial Decision-Support Systems (SDSS) 24 Other Important Aspects 25 Accuracy, Precision, and Error Propagation 25 GIS Implementation 26 IX

3 An Enterprise-Wide Endeavor 26 Societal GIS 29 Conclusions 31 Chapter 3 Remote Sensing 33 K. Jeyapalan^ Introduction 33 History of Remote Sensing 33 Remote Sensing Process 35 Electromagnetic Spectrum 35 Electromagnetic Radiation 36 Atmospheric Windows 37 Remote Sensing Platform 37 Sensing Devices 38 Aerial Camera 38 Return Beam Videocon (RBV) 39 Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS) 40 Microwave Sensing 42 Radar Development 42 SLAR Operation Systems 44 Approaches to Data Analysis 46 Energy Interactions within Earth Surface Features 47 Spectral Response Patterns 49 Theory of Photo Interpretation 49 Analysis of Digital Landsat MSS Data 50 Radiometric Corrections 51 Geometric Corrections 51 Digital Enhancement Techniques 52 Classification Stage 52 Output Stage 54 Photogrammetry ; 55 Remote Sensing and GIS 56 Conclusions 58 Chapter 4 Trends in Spatial Databases 61 Siva Ravada andjayant Sharma Introduction 61 What are Spatial Databases? 62 Spatial Data and ORDBMS 63 Relational Database Management Systems 63 Challenges of Spatial Databases 65 Geometry 66 Distribution of Objects in Space 66 Temporal Changes 66 Data Volume...:, 66

4 Requirements of Spatial Database System 67 A Solution: Object-Relational Databases 67 Classification of Space 67 Data Model 68 Query Language 69 Spatial Query Processing 69 Spatial Indexing 70 Commercial Spatial Database Systems 71 Oracle Spatial 72 Spatial Data Modeling 72 Operations on Spatial Data Types 74 j SQL Support for Spatial Data rr. 75 Spatial Indexing Using Linear Quadtrees 75 Query Processing, 76 Conclusions 76 Chapter 5 Implementation of Linear Referencing Systems in GIS 79 Wende O'Neill and Elizabeth A. Harper Introduction 79 Background 80 Common Linear Referencing Methods 81 Route Mile Point Method 81 Overview 81 Advantages and Disadvantages 82 Route Reference Post Offset 83 Overview 83 Advantages and Disadvantages 83 Street Address 84 Overview 84 Advantages and Disadvantages 85 Link-Node Models of Location Referencing 85 Overview 85 Advantages and Disadvantages 86 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation 87 Background 87 Data Representation Methods ' Spatial Data Representation 88 Attribute Data Representation 89 Integrating Spatial and Attribute Representations 90 Need for Linear Referencing in GIS-T 92 SDTS Transportation Network Profile (TNP) 92 Intelligent Transportation Systems 94 Dynamic Segmentation 96 Conclusions 96 XI

5 Section II: GIS Applications Chapter 6 Regional Planning (Activity-Allocation Modeling) 101 Larry G. Mugler and Terence T. Quinn Overview 101 Structure of DRCOG Model : 102 Data Preparation and Analysis 103 Using GIS in Defining Modeling Areas 103 Creation of Zone Polygon Coverage 103 Demographic Attributes 103 Land Use Attributes 104 Development of Zonal Indices 104 Polygon-in-Polygon Operation 105 Polygon Overlay Operation 105 Buffer and Area Inside Operations 107 Nearest Neighbor Operation Ill Summary of Results Ill Conclusions 115 Chapter 7 Transportation 117 Reginald R Souleyrette and Tim R. Strauss Introduction 117 Applicable Technologies and Methodologies 117 Transportation Planning Applications, 119 Sketch Planning and General Use 120 Transit Planning and Operations 121 Transit Demand 121 Marketing 121 System Management 121 Integrated Systems 122 Travel Demand Management 122 Site Impact Analysis 123 Network Models 123 '" Freight Transportation Planning 124 Traffic Engineering Applications 124 Traffic Control and Inventory 125 Traffic Control 125 Sign Management and Signal Inventory 125 Safety Analysis 125 Highway 125 Rail-Highway 126 Pedestrian/Bicycle 126 Intelligent Transportation Systems 127 In-Vehicle Navigation Systems. 127 Emergency Response and Incident Management 127 xn

6 Commercial Vehicle Operations 127 Traffic Management 128 Implementation Issues 128 Conclusions 128 Chapter 8 Public Utilities 133 Songnian Li, David J. Coleman, and Said Easa Introduction 133 Development of AM/FM Systems 134 Background 134 Historical Perspective 135 Applications 136 Data Management and Facilities Mapping 137 Operation Support Using Spatial Analysis 137 Enterprise Integration 139 Implementation 141 Emerging Developments 142 Intranet/Extranet/Internet 142 Component Software Technology (GIS Toolkits) 144 SCADA (Real-Time System) 145 Conclusions 147 Chapter 9 Stormwater and Waste Management 151 M.T. Herzog and John W. Labadie Introduction 151 Stormwater/Wastewater Applications 152 AM/FM/GIS 152 Utility System Maintenance 153 Reducing Costs and Improving Efficiency 153 Systems Integration 154 Urban Hydrologic Modeling 156 Urban Flood Control 157 Stormwater Quality Monitoring and Control 159 Integrated Solid Waste Management 160 Landfill Design, Operation, and Maintenance 162 Landfill Closure and Post-Closure 164 Hazardous Waste Management 164 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 164 CERCLAAct 165 National Environmental Policy Act 166 New Emphasis on Environmental Legislation 167 Conclusions 167 xui

7 Chapter 10 Cultural and Natural Resources 171 Kristina Dalton Introduction 171 Applications 172 Applications in Cultural Resources 172 Predictive Modeling 172 Site Risk Assessment 172 Line-of-Sight and Intervisibility D Modeling 175 Data Sharing 175 Applications in Natural Resources 175 Vegetation Studies 175 Biological Evaluation 178 Mine Planning 179 Conclusions 179 Chapter 11 Emergency Response (Disaster Management) 181 Emelinda M. Parentla and Shashi Sathisan Nambisan Introduction 181 Literature Review 182 Applicable Methodologies 183 Address Matching/Geocoding 183 Routing 183 Allocation 184 Buffering 184 Thiessen Polygon (Voronoi Diagram) 184 Dynamic Segmentation 185 GPS-GIS 185 Example Applications 185 Route Identification and Characterization 185 Location and Characteristics of Emergency Responders 186 Response Time Analysis 189 Conclusions 190 Chapter 12 Environmental Assessment of Transportation-Related Air Quality 197 Wayne Sarasua, Shauna Hallmark, and William Bachman Introduction 197 Spatial Data Management 198 Data Input 199 Batch Geocoding 199 Manual Digitizing 199 Remote Sensing 200 GPS 200 xiv

8 Data Retrieval 210 Data Display 202 Datastorage 204 Data Transform 204 Spatial Data Summarization 205 Spatial Operations 205 Geographical Overlay 205 Buffering 206 Spatial Analysis 206 Network Analysis and Routing 206 Optimal Location 207 Three-Dimensional Modeling 207 Modeling 207 Analytical Modeling 208 Point Source Air Quality Modeling 208 Disaggregate Modeling 209 Microscale Air Quality Assessment 209 GIS for Carbon Monoxide and PMio Compliance 209. Linking GIS with Microscale Air Quality Model 210 Regional Emission Inverntory Modeling 210 CAL-MoVEM 210 MEASURE 211 Conclusions 211 Chapter 13 Program Evaluation and Policy Analysis 215 Lisa DeLorenzo Introduction 215 Data Collection and Analysis 216 Tools 216 Data 217 Method 218 Geographic Time Series 218 Spatial Lags and Correlograms 218 Thematic Mapping and Spatial Autocorrelation 219 Findings 220 Spatial Correlograms 220 Thematic Maps 222 Results of Spatial Econometric Models 227 Importance ofhomeownership 227 Differential Importance of Other Model Variables 227 Elimination of Spatial Dependence 229 Linking Residential Mobility and Downtown Redevelopment 231 Redevelopment Policies 231 Conclusions 234 xv

9 Chapter 14 Civil Engineering Education 237 SaidEasa, Songnian Li, and Yaoyu Shi Introduction 237 Current Status 238 Literature Review 238 Survey of Canadian Universities 240 Current Developments 240 GIS Course Setting 242 Educational Methods 244 Infrastructure Needs 247 Software and Hardware 247 Data Sources 249 Laboratory Setting ' 250 Conclusions 251 Chapter 15 Looking Ahead 253 Yupo Chan and Said Easa Technology Issues 253 Database Issues 255 Appendix 1: Selected Internet Resources 257 Appendix 2: Acronyms 263 Index 269 xvi