Software. People. Data. Network. What is GIS? Procedures. Hardware. Chapter 1

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2 People Software Data Network Procedures Hardware What is GIS? Chapter 1

3 Why use GIS? Mapping Measuring Monitoring Modeling Managing Five Ms of Applied GIS Chapter 2

4 Geography matters Quantitative analyses matter GIScience, GISystems, GISociety Why GIS? Chapter 1

5 GIS integrates disciplines and technologies such as remote sensing, surveying, photogrammetry, spatial analysis, cartography, computer science. GIS integrates disciplines.

6 Geography integrates data. Georeferencing (e.g.) Chapters 5 and 9

7 Attribute linkages Spatial data Attribute data P,L,A,Px NOIR GIS is an information technology which stores, analyses, and displays both spatial and non-spatial data (Parker 1988). GIS data: Spatial & aspatial Chapters 3 and 8

8 Reality Forest Non-Forest Vector representation Full membership (Forest) Fuzzy Raster representation No membership (Non-Forest) GIScience: Objects and fields Chapters 4, 6 and 8

9 Moving from files to databases Views SQL enables dis-association from the software specifics Views provide for dis-association of the data from the presentation Chapter 10

10 GIS is a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world (Burrough 1986). Storage & Manipulation Input Output Analyses GISystem: software components

11 GIS is a decision support system involving the integration of spatially referenced data in a problem-solving environment (Cowen 1988) Geographic Information System User Software tools Geographic database Real world Filter Knowledge Cartographic generalization Purpose / intent of producer Data models Filter Mandates GISystems and Society Chapters 1, 6 and 10

12 Placing GIS in Context External People Internal Spatial data and associated attributes Hardware Software GISystems and Society

13 0 Lineage 0 Positional accuracy 0 Attribute accuracy 0 Completeness 0 Logical consistency 0 Semantic accuracy 0 Temporal information Metadata (Input and output) Chapter 6

14 Output: Map design criteria Real world Conceptualization Measurement & representation Analysis Interpretation, validation & exploration Layer properties Chapters 12 and 13

15 Visual communication Presentation Synthesis Confirmation Exploration Visual thinking Chapters 12 and 13

16 Analyses: GIS aids understanding Spatial statistics overview Spatial analyst overview Chapters 14 and 15

17 0 Basic MCE theory: 0 Investigate a number of choice possibilities in the light of multiple criteria and conflicting objectives (Voogd, 1983). 0 Generate rankings of choice alternatives. 0 Two basic methodologies: 0 Boolean overlays (polygon-based methods) [And] 0 Weighted linear combinations [WLC] (raster-based methods) (e.g.) S = w i x i x c j Equivalent ranges Meaningful weights Analyses: Multi-criteria evaluation Chapters 14, 15 and 16 17

18 Local / global Exact / approximate Stochastic / deterministic Abrupt / smooth Geostatistics IDW Analyses: Spatial interpolation Chapters 14, 15 and 16 Geostatistical analyst overview:

19 No one right answer, although some will be more right than others Uncertainty Know your data Analyses: Spatial interpolation Chapters 14, 15 and 16

20 Know your data If we ignore (or do not have) samples from the stream, the interpolated surface will not be very representative. Analyses: Spatial interpolation Chapters 14, 15 and 16

21 - One time measurement narrows down our position to the surface of a sphere - Second time measurement narrows it down to intersection of two spheres - Third time measurement narrows it to just two points Input: GPS Trilateration Chapter 9

22 Source Platform Sensor Active/passive Object Input: Remote sensing Chapter 9

23 Input: Remote sensing 0 Spectral, spatial, temporal, radiometric resolution 0 Panchromatic to multispectral to hyperspectral 0 Classification (supervised vs unsupervised) 0 Pan sharpening, orthorectifying 0 Applications (e.g., NDVI) Spectral signatures Chapter 9

24 Projection-based coordinate systems Coordinate Systems (Albers, UTM) Projections (Datums: geoid ellipsoid plane ) Objects / Fields Spatial Entities (PLAP x ) Topology Scale / Resolution (e.g.) Generalization Uncertainty Measurement levels (NOIR) Primary / Secondary data (source) Terms and Definitions

25 Chapters 1 6, 8-10, 12 16, 21 were covered in the classes. Chapter 7 provides an overview of the history and current state of GISoftware (vendors, functionality), while Chapter 11 covers the GeoWeb. Chapters cover management and policy issues. Reviewing the lecture notes will be important. Textbook readings

26 Dec 3:30 Geog hours Write on one side of the page Assume 1 mark / minute of writing me if you would like to arrange a meeting to review anything. brian@geog.ubc.ca Exam

27 0 Part 1 Definitions 0 Part 2 Short answer questions 0 Part 3 Essay questions 0 Material will cover the entire term 0 Emphasis on understanding, although providing examples (i.e., material from labs, projects) will be beneficial. Exam Format

28 What next? 0 Geob 372 Cartography 0 Geob 372 Remote Sensing 0 Geog 374 Statistics 0 Geob 479 GIScience in Research 0 Directed Studies 0 BCIT / Masters

29 Best of luck in your exams

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