ENV208/ENV508 Applied GIS. Week 1: What is GIS?
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1 ENV208/ENV508 Applied GIS Week 1: What is GIS? 1
2 WHAT IS GIS? A GIS integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information. GIS allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data in many ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts. A GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your data in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared. 2
3 WHAT IS GIS? G = Geographic Implies that data items have known spatial locations on the Earth s surface (or they can be calculated) Spatial vs. aspatial data Relative location (where things are in relation to everything else) Geography theory and techniques form the basis of GIS 3
4 WHAT IS GIS? I = Information Data are organised to generate knowledge Factual and interpretative Output: maps, images, graphs, tables, analysis results Information technology (e.g. computer systems) 4
5 WHAT IS GIS? S = Systems (Science, Studies, Services..) Made up of several inter-related and linked components/subsystems Capable of data: Capture Storage Input Manipulation and transformation Visualisation, query, and analysis Output 5
6 WHAT IS GIS? Simplest definition three components 1. Database (table of information) 2. Spatial data (geographic information) 3. Links between the two 6
7 WHAT IS GIS? 1. Database (table of information) Total population 7
8 WHAT IS GIS? 2. Spatial data (geographic information) State/Territory 8
9 WHAT IS GIS? 3. Links between the two 9
10 WHAT IS GIS? GIS organises the data into a map, and also facilitates much more.. By using a data layer approach 10
11 WHAT IS GIS? Geographic data are linked to attribute data in Geographic information Systems
12 WHAT IS GIS? Core of GIS = Layers Each layer is brought together based on spatial data. It s the bringing together of all of this data, and being able to see the relationships between these data, that makes GIS such a powerful tool. 12
13 WHAT IS GIS? The data can be related to anything roads, hospitals, houses in an urban setting; or forest patches, water bodies, animal nests. Once in a GIS, all of the data can be investigated to test the relationship between different parameters because they are linked spatially. Aspatial data is of limited value until they can be attributed to a location 13
14 WHAT IS GIS? Data layers must be aligned with one another Needs a referencing system More on datum's and map projections later in the unit.. 14
15 TWO MAIN DATA STRUCTURE TYPES Vector Points, lines and polygons e.g. topographic maps Discrete geographic features Shapefile, KML, GML, GPX Raster Grid cells or pixels e.g. satellite images Continuous geographic features GeoTIFF, JPEG2000, HDF5, IMG, NetCDF, Esri GRID 15
16 TWO MAIN DATA STRUCTURE TYPES Vector a graphic data structure represented by points, lines and polygons using exact x, y coordinates. X Node Vertex x Point Line Polygon (City location) (Road) (Fire extent) 16
17 TWO MAIN DATA STRUCTURE TYPES Raster A regular grid of cells covering an area Industrial Residential Vegetation Lake 17
18 2 main types of data structure 18
19 WHAT GOES IN AND COMES OUT OF A GIS? 19
20 COMMON INPUT DATA FOR GIS topographic cadastre geology hydrology land cover/vegetation soils elevation census data 20
21 COMMON INPUT DATA FOR GIS Geographic data: Topographic maps Satellite and airborne scanner images & photos Administrative boundaries Statistical data on people, land cover & use Data from marketing surveys Data on utilities Data on land form, water, biological activity, natural hazards & disasters 21
22 COMMON INPUT DATA FOR GIS Remotely sensed imagery and products can be very useful
23 WHERE CAN YOU GET INPUT DATA FROM? National mapping agencies Local government Military Remote sensing companies and satellite agencies National resource surveys Scientists 23
24 COMMON OUTPUT FROM GIS maps tables charts statistics reports 24
25 WHY USE GIS? To explore relationships between features distributed unevenly over space To seek out patterns that may or may not be apparent without using the query, selection, analysis and display functions Make maps to communicate information 25
26 WHY USE GIS? faster and easier than manual methods labour saving can handle large volumes of data have spatial and temporal analysis capabilities useful decision making tools 26
27 WHY USE GIS? Examples of questions that can be answered using GIS Does it make sense to put a shopping centre here? Do we expand the existing airport here or build a new one over there? Which pockets of endangered wildlife should we protect? What is the impact of waste facilities on local health patterns? 27
28 GROUP ACTIVITY How might GIS be used? What spatial questions might be asked? What kind of data might be needed? What would the output be? 28
29 WHERE GIS IS BEING USED Business Marketing Public Safety Disaster Response Medical Services Utilities Military Transport Local Government Environment 29
30 WHERE GIS IS BEING USED Professionals in every field are becoming increasingly aware of the advantages of using GIS 30
31 WHERE GIS IS BEING USED As a GIS analyst, GIS programmer.. A position that is explicitly GIS As a biologist, ecologist, real estate professional where GIS is a fundamental tool and a way of thinking
32 GIS IN CONSERVATION Where a species is Where a species could be Helps identify distribution information Helps identify locations of high biodiversity importance guide decisions about policy and action needed to protect these areas and species Allows businesses and researchers access to biodiversity information to guide decisions 32
33 Relevance of GIS to society Name some areas of concern in your community, region, country, world Energy, sustainable agriculture, natural hazards, epidemics, biodiversity, transportation, water quality, climate change, migration and urbanisation All of the key issues have a geographic component and therefore can be better understood and solved using GIS
34 SPATIAL QUESTIONS Law enforcement: Where in the city are the majority of the drug arrests made? Where do most of the violent crimes occur? Is there a spatial relationship between these two variables? Realtor: What is the average price of homes in this neighbourhood relative to those in nearby neighbourhoods? University admissions administrator: Where do most of the student applicants live? Where are the economically disadvantaged areas? How can we attract more applicants from these areas? Aid worker: Where is the area of greatest human suffering and greatest poverty damage? How can we maximise the impact of our relief efforts? Delivery truck driver: What is the most efficient route for my 25 deliveries today? 34
35 SUMMARY What GIS can do GIS allows you to bring together many types of data together based on geographic location of the data Can integrate, visualise, manage, question, interpret and present this information using GIS Allows you to identify relationships in your data 35
36 SUMMARY GIS has the power to create maps integrate information visualise scenarios solve complicated problems present ideas develop effective solutions To use GIS effectively need to learn to think spatially, know the correct procedures for analysing your data and how to communicate your findings 36
37 COMING UP Practical session 1 Test login Start ESRI Virtual Campus module 1 Use the time to ensure personal computers are running ArcGIS properly 37
38 COMING UP.. Week 2: Making maps, data visualisation and other GIS outputs Module 2: Creating Map Symbology Week3: Coordinates and Projection systems Module 3: Referencing Data to Real Locations Module 4: Organizing Geographic Data 38
39 Knowledge Words of encouragement.. This course requires a lot of computing work but assumes no previous computing knowledge Learning curve for computing laboratories Week 3 Week 2 Week 4 Time 39
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