GIS for ChEs Introduction to Geographic Information Systems

Transcription

1 GIS for ChEs Introduction to Geographic Information Systems AIChE Webinar John Cirucci 1

2 GIS for ChEs Introduction to Geographic Information Systems What is GIS? Tools and Methods Applications Examples Future Trends 2

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5 Broad St Cholera Outbreak 1854 Soho District, London 5 John Snow ( ) - Obstetrician

6 John Snow Obstetrician

7 Location of Cholera Cases 7

8 Location of Cholera Cases Town Pumps 8

9 Location of Cholera Cases Town Pumps Contaminated Pump 9

10 GIS Geographic Information System decision-support computational tool Geographic Information Science discipline Data Visualization Trends Patterns Relationships Application of geospatial technologies to address basic scientific questions G r G obs r G theo r G hi r G lo r r 10

11 Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge Cartography and Visualization History and trends Data considerations Principles of map design Graphic representation techniques Map production Map use and evaluation Design Aspects Scope Project definition Resource planning Database design Analysis design Application design System Implementation Analytical Methods Query operations Geometric Measures Analytical operations and methods Analysis of surfaces Spatial statistics Data mining network analysis Optimization and location-allocation modeling Data Modeling Basic storage and retrieval structures Database management systems Tesselation data models Vector and object data models Modeling 3D, uncertain and temporal phenomena Conceptual Foundations Philosophical foundations Cognitive and social foundations Domains of geographic information Elements of geographic information Relationships Imperfections in geographic information 11 DiBiase, David, et al. "Introducing the first edition of GIS&T BOK." Cartography and Geographic Information Science 34.2 (2007):

12 The Map oldest man-made model? Babylonian road map of Nippur ca BC New York City Google Maps ca

13 Data Sources useful information which has location Field data Remote sensing Aerial imagery Internal data Public databases Private databases 13 Trimble

14 GIS Data Configuration LAYERS georeferenced to a COORDINATE SYSTEM PROJECTION represents curved surface in 2D data stored in VECTOR or RASTER formats points lines polygons USGS National Map 14

15 GIS Data Configuration LAYERS georeferenced to a COORDINATE SYSTEM PROJECTION represents curved surface in 2D data stored in VECTOR or RASTER formats points lines File types include: shapefile, geojson, KML, geotiff or feature class in a geodatabase polygons USGS National Map 15

16 GIS Data Attributes Layers can comprise multiple features Features can comprise multiple attribute fields FIELDS FEATURES 16

17 Basic GIS Data Operations Projections and Datums Geocode / Georeference Spatial queries Merge, join, dissolve, intersect features ESRI Boolean overlay operations Feature filtering based on conditional values Distance operations measures, buffers 17

18 GIS Spatial Analysis and Geostatistics Density surface and point pattern analysis Spatial is Special "Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things. Waldo Tobler Spatial interpolation Trend surface analysis Focal operations Alternative overlay fuzzy, weight of evidence Cost distance network analysis 18 Multi-criteria decision analysis

19 GIS Tools Commercial ArcGIS ESRI Autodesk IDRISI API: Google Maps Open Source QGIS GRASS web servers: Map Server, QGIS server, GeoServer associated: TileMill, Mapnik database: PostGIS, SpatiaLite API: OpenLayers, Leaflet, ModestMaps, D3, Polymap 19

20 Example 1: Processing and Spatial Visualization of Tabular Data Annual Energy Data by State US Census state boundary shapefiles Energy consumption by type State Renewal Portfolio Standard obligation 20

21 Example 1: Processing and Spatial Visualization of Tabular Data 21

22 Example 2: Surface Analysis Hydraulics Dominican Republic humanitarian development building water infrastructure for a rural community Geospatial Data Compilation Field data location coordinates Houses Barns Schools Wells Water tanks Digitization of aerial imagery roads waterways water bodies structures Digital elevation model data governmental boundary shapefiles 22

23 Example 2: Surface Analysis Hydraulics Dominican Republic Elevation Elevation (meters) Slope % slope Proposed Water Line - Cabeza de Toro - Dec ,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2, ,000 meters 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 Proposed Water Line - Cabeza de Toro - Dec 2015 Spatial watershed analyses Surface characterization Evaluation of pipeline routing Profile analysis 23

24 Example 3: Waste Transfer Station Siting Retrospective Analysis Waste Transfer Station Lower operating cost Improved energy efficiency Remote disposal enabled Lower fuel and labor cost LOWER COST Competing Siting Criteria NiMBy Traffic Odor Noise Real Estate Los Angeles County 41 Large Volume Transfer Stations 100 tons/day 24 Environmental Protection Agency (2000)

25 Example 3: Waste Transfer Station Siting Retrospective Analysis 25 Identify and Test Probable Criteria Best practice siting guidance Data availability Distance to population Distance to disposal Distance to other stations Road Network Terrain Land Use Zoning Income Race and Ethnicity Gender Age Family size Housing Type California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (2014) Department of Regional Planning, County of Los Angeles (2015) Southern California Association of Governments (2015) United States Census Bureau (2015) Aggregate and Convert Resolution related to site characteristics Practical dataset size for analyses Census Blocks Zoning Roads DEM Facilities Neighborhood Analyses 500 m radius 250 m radius (100 m) 2 cell Raster Layers Cost Distance Travel Network

26 Example 3: Waste Transfer Station Siting Retrospective Analysis Logistic Regression Fit to Value Preference Decision Rule Form Spatial Probability Model NEGATIVE POSITIVE City of Los Angeles Los Angeles County 26 Correlation does not imply causation!

27 Trends Real-time GIS Internet of things Indoor mapping 3D GIS Crowdsourcing Augmented reality GIS domain expansion SG I VTN Consulting 3delin g 27

28 John Cirucci 28