% Glucose Amt of alcohol (μl)

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1 Introduction to Biology Remember: An independent variable is the variable that YOU have control over A dependent variable is the variable that RESPONDS to what you do. A control group is the group that does not receive the treatment. Read the scenario. What is the independent variable? What is the dependent variable? What would be a good control group? 0% glucose What conclusion could the students make based on the results? more alcohol is produced at higher glucose concentrations A group of students hypothesize that the amount of alcohol produced in fermentation depends on the amount of glucose supplied to the yeast. They want to use 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% glucose solutions. These are the data: % Glucose Amt of alcohol (μl)

Characteristics of Life Read the scenario and, on your answer sheet, underline all of the characteristics of life that the organism shows. Sharks have many sub-species.

2 Characteristics of Life Read the scenario and, on your answer sheet, underline all of the characteristics of life that the organism shows. Sharks have many sub-species. This is a result of them evolving over time to fill an available niche. Although sharks do not have bones, they are made of cartilage. They are a multi-celled organism. They reproduce and give birth to live young. They are carnivorous, feeding only on meat. Most sharks are cold-blooded, although a few species are warm-blooded. For both, it is vital that they maintain homeostasis.

3 Food Chains and Food Webs Identify a food chain in the food web with four organisms. Write it down. Plant (P) Grasshopper (1 st C) frog (2 nd C) owl (3 rd C) Label the producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and tertiary consumer. How much energy is transferred between each trophic level? 10% moves up What is the difference between a food web and a food chain? More complex and realistic

4 Carbon Cycle Examine the picture below. Answer the questions that follow. How does carbon enter the food chain? CO2 picked up by plants What two ways are humans negatively impacting the carbon cycle? burning FF deforestation How are nutrient cycles different from energy? Matter cycles energy travels in one direction

5 Water Cycle-5 Examine the picture below. Answer the questions that follow Record the five steps of the water cycle. Evaporation Condensation Precipitation Runoff infiltration What is it called when water evaporates from living plants? transpiration

6 Nitrogen Cycle Examine the picture. Answer the questions that follow. What organism is responsible for fixing nitrogen so that it is usable by plants? bacteria How do consumers get their nitrogen? Eat someone How is nitrogen returned to the soil? Decomposition or N fixation

7 Levels of Organization Species-able to reproduce & produce fertile offspring Population- same species same area Community- many populations in same area Ecosystem- area including both the biotic and abiotic factors (biome= specific ecosystem) Biosphere-all of planet tha supports life biotic factor? Living or formerly living Populations Food Waste mates abiotic factor? Nonliving but needed for living things Air Water Space temperature

8 Population Growth Exponential or J curve NO limiting factors Logistic or S curve K= carrying capacity Environmental pressures limiting factors Food Water space

9 Density Dependent versus Independent Density dependent Food competition Predation Disease space FOOD Density independent Storms fire SPACE TORNADO DISEASE FIRE COMPETITION PREDATION

same species Which picture shows which type of

10 Types of Competition interspecific competition between different species intraspecific competition between same species Which picture shows which type of competition? intraspecific competition interspecific competition

11 Symbiosis Symbiosis is when two different species live closely together in mutualism both benefit In commensalism one benefits and the other is not harmed or helped This tick is feeding off of a dog. Parasitism

Primary Succession Bare rock is exposed Succession Pioneer species like moss or lichen grow on rock making soil Grasses come in Shrubs come in

12 Primary Succession Bare rock is exposed Succession Pioneer species like moss or lichen grow on rock making soil Grasses come in Shrubs come in and are slowly replaced by trees and a then a mature climax community Lichen is a fungi algae & mutualist that can grow on rock and help form soil

Secondary Succession Succession Something happens to an area disrupting and destroying the living things but leaving soil Grasses and small plants come in Larger plants

13 Secondary Succession Succession Something happens to an area disrupting and destroying the living things but leaving soil Grasses and small plants come in Larger plants shrubs and fast growing trees come in as do more animals A mature, climax community develops Secondary succession starts with soil while primary succession starts with bare rock

Succession Secondary succession occurs faster because

form) Primary succession would occur after a volcanic

manmade or natural disaster like a fire or clear

14 Succession Secondary succession occurs faster because soil is already present (soil takes a looooong time to form) Primary succession would occur after a volcanic eruption Secondary succession would occur after a manmade or natural disaster like a fire or clear cutting Clear Cutting (deforestation) Forest Fire Volcanic Eruption

15 Threats to Biodiversity Biomagnification Biomagnification is the build up of a persistent toxin within a food chain. As the toxin moves up the food chain it becomes more and more concentrated So, the top predator received the most poison

16 Threats to Biodiversity The greenhouse effect a good thing because it keeps our planet warm Global warming may be bad thing and it may be happening faster than normal Rising sea levels, changing habitats Burning of fossil fuels, coal, oil and natural gas

17 Desert Very hot Dry Vegetation includes cacti animals Conserve water by little waste Being nocturnal plants Waxy coating to decrease water loss Spongy inner tissue to store water

18 Temperate Deciduous Forest-18 Our biome! Four seasons Deciduous and coniferous trees animal Hibernate when it is cold Shed in summer, grow a thick coat in winter Plant Lose leaves to save energy in winter with less sunlight Broad leaves to catch lots of light during summer

Tropical Rainforest Humid Wet Has the most

important because of the beauty, and value

19 Tropical Rainforest Humid Wet Has the most biodiversity! Rapidly being destroyed! Biodiversity is a variety of living organisms in an area Biodiversity is important because of the beauty, and value of the living organisms for food, medicine and resources

Tundra Cold, harsh winters Layer of permafrost Vegetation

warmer areas, too elk White fur or feathers acts as

20 Tundra Cold, harsh winters Layer of permafrost Vegetation cannot grow very tall. Animals that can live here are tolerant of cold artic fox or have short lifecycles mosquitos They may migrate to warmer areas, too elk White fur or feathers acts as camouflage There is too little soil and water for many plants to grow tall so there are only short plants 20

21 Three parts of the cell theory? 1-All living things are made of cells 2-Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living thing 3-All cells come from preexisting cells

22 Q: Enzymes are what kind of macromolecule? A: Proteins

23 What kind of macromolecule is this? Is it a mono- di- or polysaccharide?

24 What are the four types of macromolecules? 1. Carbohydrates (CHO) 2. Lipids (CHO) 3. Proteins (CHON) 4. Nucleic acids (CHONP) What does organic mean? Organic compounds contain both carbon and hydrogen.

25 What kind of macromolecule are fats and oils? LIPIDS Q: What part of the cell is made of lipids? A: Cell membrane

26 Q: What kind of macromolecule is DNA? Nucleotide Hydrogen bonds Sugarphosphate backbone Key Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) A: Nucleic Acids

27 What organism is this? Bacterium Is it pro- or eukaryotic?

28 What is the tail-like structure called? Flagella Nucleus Mitochondrion Rough ER Golgi body What is the flagellum for? Movement

29 What are two things plant cells have Chloroplast Cell Membrane Cell wall but animals cells don t? Vacuole Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome (free) Ribosome (attached) Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum What is the function of the chloroplast? Photosynthesis

30 Structure and Function Mitochondria: Cite of cellular respiration Chloroplast: Photosynthesis Lysosome: Digest macromolecules Vacuole: Storage of water and minerals Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis Cell membrane: regulates what enters and leaves the cell. Nucleolus: Ribosomes are made here. Golgi Body: Package and modify proteins

Number 2 1 2 Diffusion is the movement of

31 Which one is the final result of diffusion? Number Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

32 Facilitated diffusion uses a protein to carry molecules across the membrane because the molecules are to big to diffuse by themselves.

33 What kind of cellular transport requires the use of ATP energy? Active transport It require ATP energy because it transports molecules against the concentration gradient.

34 What is happening in endocytosis? Molecules are being actively transported into the cell.

36 Interphase and Mitosis are the two parts of the cell cycle. G 1 phase S phase G 2 phase DNA is replicated during the S-phase of interphase?

37 In order from big to small: Cell, nucleus, chromosome, DNA Chromosome DNA double Coils helix.

38 In mitosis, a parent cell divides to form how many daughter cells? Two In mitosis, what kind of daughter cells are formed? Identical diploid cells

39 A cell before it does mitosis is in what phase? Interphase

40 What phase of mitosis is this? Metaphase What phase of mitosis is next? Anaphase

41 What phase of mitosis is this? Anaphase What phase of mitosis is next? telophase

42 What is this structure? What are some things ATP is used for in a cell?

43 Q: When energy is made by a reaction, is it exergonic or endergonic? A: Exergonic In an exergonic reaction, is ATP made or used up? made

44 What is the process in the picture? Light Energy Photosynthesis Reactants input Chloroplast Product output CO 2 + H 2 O Sugars + O 2 What are the reactants of this process

45 What are the products of photosynthesis? Glucose and oxygen 6H CO 2 = 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 C 6 H 12 O 6 is glucose sugar?

46 This is a mitochondrion In eukaryotic organisms, cellular respiration occurs here.

47 What is the goal of cellular respiration? Glucose Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport Fermentation (without oxygen) Alcohol or lactic acid What is the word that means without oxygen? Anaerobic

48 What are the products of respiration? Glucose Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport Fermentation (without oxygen) Alcohol or lactic acid What process happens only in anaerobic conditions? Fermentation

Biology Spring Final Exam Study Guide

Name: Hour: Basic Biology Skills Graphing Know the keys to creating a graph Know how to interpret a graph Independent variable Dependent variable Biology Spring Final Exam Study Guide Levels of Organization