Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Transcription

1 Name Date Class CHAPTER 5 TEST PREP PRETEST Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question. 1. Photosynthetic organisms get energy from a. inorganic substances. c. autotrophs. b. light. d. heterotrophs. 2. Which of the following correctly sequences the flow of energy? a. bacteria, fungus, rabbit c. sun, grass, rabbit, fox b. bacteria, sun, flower, deer d. sun, hawk, mouse 3. The production of ATP during photosynthesis requires a. energy released when hydrogen ions move down their concentration gradient. b. a carrier protein to catalyze the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule of ADP. c. energy from electrons passing through electron transport chains. d. All of the above 4. ATP molecules a. produce NADPH. b. contain five phosphate groups. c. can both store energy and provide it for metabolic reactions. d. help a plant produce carbon dioxide. 5. In glycolysis, a. aerobic processes occur. b. four ATP molecules are produced. c. four ADP molecules are produced. d. glucose is produced. 6. Carbon dioxide fixation in the Calvin cycle requires a. ATP and NADPH. c. ADP and NADPH. b. ATP and NADP +. d. ATP and oxygen. Question 7 refers to the chemical equation below. light 3CO 2 + 3H 2 O C 3 H 6 O 3 + 3O 2 7. This equation summarizes the overall process of a. cellular respiration. c. the Calvin cycle. b. photosynthesis. d. the Krebs cycle. 8. Which of the following environmental factors does NOT directly influence the rate of photosynthesis? a. light intensity c. carbon dioxide concentration b. oxygen concentration d. temperature Biology: Principles and Explorations Test Prep Pretest Chapter 5 17

2 9. For each molecule of glucose entering glycolysis, there is a net gain of a. six ATP molecules. c. three ATP molecules. b. four ATP molecules. d. two ATP molecules. 10. Aerobic respiration follows glycolysis when is available. a. carbon dioxide c. hydrogen b. oxygen d. water 11. If no oxygen is available to accept electrons during aerobic respiration, a. aerobic processes stop. b. fermentation proceeds. c. only small amounts of ATP can be produced. d. All of the above 12. Which of the following is NOT a fuel used for cellular respiration? a. carbohydrates c. proteins b. fats d. water 13. Electrons in pigment molecules become excited a. when light strikes a thylakoid. b. when water molecules are broken down. c. during light-independent reactions. d. during the Calvin cycle. Question 14 refers to the chemical equation below. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 enzymes 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy 14. The equation above summarizes the overall process of a. the Krebs cycle. c. cellular respiration. b. photosynthesis. d. the Calvin cycle. 15. During cellular respiration, a. the complete breakdown of glucose yields only carbon dioxide and water. b. the complete breakdown of glucose yields ATP molecules. c. NADPH is produced. d. carbon dioxide is required. Question 16 refers to the figure below, which shows a chloroplast. 16. In the figure below, the reactions of the electron transport chains occur in the structure labeled a. A. c. C. b. B. d. D. A B C D 18 Biology: Principles and Explorations Test Prep Pretest Chapter 5

3 Circle T if the statement is true or F if it is false. T F 17. The reaction that removes a phosphate group from ATP and results in ADP provides energy for the cell. T F 18. Electrons and hydrogen ions combine with NADP + in an electron transport chain to produce NADPH. T F 19. The Calvin cycle produces ATP during the breakdown of a six-carbon molecule during cellular respiration. T F 20. In the third stage of photosynthesis, oxygen is used to make organic molecules. T F 21. Products of the Calvin cycle are three-carbon sugars that are used to produce organic compounds and regenerate the initial five-carbon compound. T F 22. Carotenoids are yellow and orange plant pigments. T F 23. The less carbon dioxide available to a plant, the faster photosynthesis proceeds. T F 24. The rate of photosynthesis increases as the concentration of hydrogen gas increases. T F 25. Metabolic processes that require oxygen are called anaerobic. T F 26. Fermentation allows the continued production of ATP even though oxygen is no longer present. T F 27. When glucose is broken down, two ATP molecules are used. T F 28. Some of the glucose required for cellular respiration in humans is obtained by eating cellulose. Complete each statement by writing the correct term or phrase in the space provided. 29. Light-absorbing are located in the membranes of. 30. The carrier protein that transports hydrogen ions across thylakoid membranes and produce ATP acts as both a(n) and a(n). 31. The is the most common method of carbon dioxide fixation. 32. Aerobic respiration occurs in the of eukaryotic cells. 33. Plants use sugars produced during to make organic compounds. 34. During photosynthesis, light energy is converted to energy. 35. During anaerobic processes, NADH transfers electrons to the pyruvate produced during. Biology: Principles and Explorations Test Prep Pretest Chapter 5 19

4 36. Glycolysis is a biochemical pathway that breaks down a six-carbon glucose molecule to two three-carbon. 37. During aerobic respiration, pyruvate is first converted to acetyl-coa, which enters the. 38. During cellular respiration, a cell produces most of its energy through respiration. Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided. 39. Explain how ATP provides energy for cells. 40. Briefly explain how ATP is produced by electron transport chains during photosynthesis. 41. Briefly describe how environmental factors affect the rate of photosynthesis. 42. Explain the benefits and uses of lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. 20 Biology: Principles and Explorations Test Prep Pretest Chapter 5

5 50. Plant cells have a rigid cell wall, a central vacuole, which is a large internal space for the storage of waste, water, and nutrients, and contain chloroplasts. Animal cells lack a cell wall, central vacuoles, and chloroplasts, and animal cells are surrounded by a cell membrane, but not a cell wall. CHAPTER 4 Cells and Their Environment MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. b 2. d 3. d 4. b 5. c 6. c 7. d 8. b 9. b 10. a 11. c 12. d 13. a TRUE/FALSE 14. F 15. T 16. T 17. F 18. F 19. T 20. F COMPLETION 21. hypertonic 22. hypotonic 23. isotonic 24. against 25. communicate 26. receptor 27. equilibrium 28. Facilitated diffusion 29. Sodium 30. second messenger ESSAY 31. The inside of a typical cell has a charge that is slightly negative; the outside of the cell is slightly positive. Because opposite charges attract, positively charged ions outside the cell are more likely to diffuse into the cell through ion channels in the membrane. Negatively charged ions are more likely to diffuse out of the cell through ion channels in the membrane. However, the rate of diffusion of these ions is also affected by their concentration gradient. 32. Answers will vary but may include the way that odors spread throughout a room. 33. Diffusion occurs when particles randomly move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. Osmosis is the diffusion of free water molecules through a membrane toward the area of lower free water concentration. Facilitated diffusion allows the passage of specific substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through carrier proteins. 34. The salt dissolves in the moisture on the surface of the pork chop. The resulting salt solution is far more concentrated than the fluid within the cells. Through osmosis, water molecules move from the cells to the surface of the pork chop, where water evaporates as the pork chop cooks. As this moisture from the interior evaporates, the pork chop will become drier. 35. Facilitated diffusion involves the movement of particles through carrier proteins. 36. by endocytosis CHAPTER 5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. c 5. b 6. a 7. b 8. b 9. d 10. b 11. d 12. d 13. a 14. c 15. b 16. c TRUE/FALSE 17. T 18. T 19. F 20. F 21. T 22. T 23. F 24. F 25. F 26. T 27. T 28. F COMPLETION 29. pigments, thylakoids 30. ion channel, enzyme 31. Calvin cycle 32. mitochondria 33. photosynthesis 34. chemical 35. glycolysis 36. pyruvates 37. Krebs cycle 38. aerobic Biology: Principles and Explorations Test Prep Pretest Answer Key 179

6 ESSAY 39. When the bonds between the phosphate groups of an ATP molecule are broken, energy is released. This energy can be used by the cell. 40. Excited electrons lose some energy as they pass through electron transport chains. This energy is used to pump hydrogen ions, produced when water molecules are split, into the thylakoid. Special carrier proteins that function as both ion channels and as enzymes transport the now-concentrated hydrogen ions out of the thylakoid. As hydrogen ions pass through the ion channel part of the carrier protein, a phosphate group is added to a molecule of ADP, making ATP. 41. The rate of photosynthesis increases as light intensity increases, until the light saturation point is reached. Likewise, the rate of photosynthesis increases as the concentration of carbon dioxide increases, until a certain concentration of that gas is reached. In addition, photosynthesis operates best within a certain range of temperatures. 42. Fermentation enables cells to continue making ATP, though in limited amounts, through glycolysis when oxygen is no longer available. Lactic acid fermentation is used in the production of foods such as yogurt and some cheeses. Alcoholic fermentation is used commercially in the preparation of bread, wine, and beer. CHAPTER 6 Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. c 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. d 6. a 7. b 8. c 9. b 10. d VOCABULARY 11. h 12. f 13. j 14. n 15. a 16. i 17. m 18. e 19. o 20. c 21. l 22. b 23. g 24. d 25. k COMPLETION 26. gene 27. Down syndrome 28. autosomes 29. sex chromosomes 30. cell cycle 31. cytokinesis 32. interphase 33. microtubule 34. Cancer 35. copied 36. protein 37. cytokinesis 38. protein threads 39. mitosis 40. cells ESSAY 41. Prior to cell division the DNA and proteins associated with the DNA coil into structures called chromosomes. 42. A frog somatic cell has twice the number of chromosomes of a frog egg cell. 43. When one or more chromosomes fail to separate properly during cell division in gamete production, one new cell will receive both chromosomes and the other new cell will receive none. As a result, one gamete will be produced that has one extra chromosome, and another gamete will be produced that is missing one chromosome. 44. If conditions are favorable for cell division during the first growth phase, certain proteins will stimulate the cell to begin the synthesis phase, during which DNA is duplicated. During the second growth phase, the DNA replication is checked by DNA repair enzymes. If everything is in order, proteins then initiate the beginning of mitosis. At the final checkpoint, the cell is prompted to exit from the mitosis phase and to begin the first growth phase again. 45. The G 1 phase is the growth phase of a cell when the cell grows rapidly and carries out its routine functions. DNA is copied during the S phase. In the G 2 phase, preparations are made for nuclear division. Proteins needed for cell division are synthesized. Mitosis is the fourth phase. The nucleus of the cell is divided into two nuclei, each with the same number and kinds of chromosomes. Finally, the cytoplasm divides during the process of cytokinesis. 46. a prophase; b metaphase; c anaphase; d telophase 47. Mitosis and cytokinesis allow multicellular organisms to grow larger, replace worn out or damaged tissues, and in some cases, reproduce asexually. 180 Biology: Principles and Explorations Test Prep Pretest Answer Key