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1 BIOLOGY EOC REVIEW Photosynthesis 1. Identify inputs and/or outputs of matter and/or energy in photosynthesis using words and/or chemical formulas Sun + CO 2 + H 2O -> C 6H 12O 6 + O 2 Light Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water -> Sugar + Oxygen 2. Describe the rearrangement of atoms during photosynthesis using the chemical equation for photosynthesis Sun + CO 2 + H 2O -> C 6H 12O 6 + O 2 The Carbon and Oxygen from CO2 make up the C and O in sugar. The Hydrogen from water makes up the H in Sugar and the Oxygen from Water gets released into the atmosphere. 3. Explain the role of photosynthesis in the life of plants Photosynthesis is used to make food by using sunlight to convert CO 2 and H 2O into Sugar. 4. Explain the role of photosynthesis in the life of animals Photosynthesis is the start of the food chain for all animals. Without the conversion of CO 2 and H 2O there wouldn t be any food available for animals. Reflective questions: 1. What is the big picture of photosynthesis? What are the inputs and outputs? What is the equation for photosynthesis? What is the purpose of photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is the basis of all food chains. Without photosynthesis there is no starting place to get food. The inputs of photosynthesis are sunlight, CO 2 and H 2O. The outputs are sugar and O 2 2. What factors might impact photosynthetic processes? If any of the inputs of photosynthesis are missing then the entire process stops. There has to be sun, CO 2 and H 2O for the process to make sugar. 3. What are the characteristics of photosynthetic organisms? What organelles do they all have? Photosynthetic organisms are plants. They are green due to the chloroplast reflecting green light and absorbing all of the other light colors. Plants have a chloroplast and cell wall that is found only in plant cell, not animal cells. Plants can make their own food. 4. How is photosynthesis similar to and different from cellular respiration? Photosynthesis and cellular respiration both process energy and sugar. They are different in that one makes energy and the other makes sugar. They also use the same types of matter, only the type of energy is different.

2 Respiration 1. What is the big picture of cellular respiration? What are the inputs and outputs (both matter and energy)? What is the equation for respiration? What is the purpose of respiration? Cellular respiration is the creation of chemical energy from sugar. It produces ATP for any cell to use to do work. The inputs are O 2 and Sugar; the outputs are CO 2, H 2O and ATP C 6H 12O 6 + O 2 -> CO 2 + H 2O + ATP 2. How is it that carbon is an atom that allows organisms to both store and release energy? Carbon has 4 bonding sites allowing it to create 4 bonds which store energy; it can also make long chains with itself also leading to the storage of energy. When these 4 bonds break they release energy 3. What examples of energy storage and release can you describe in your everyday life? New vs. old battery 4. How is a forest fire an analogy for cellular respiration? A forest fire breaks down wood which is a large carbon molecule and creates heat and energy in the form of light. It also released CO 2 and H 2O Cellular respiration breaks down sugar which is a large carbon molecule and creates heat and energy in the form of ATP. It also released CO 2 and H 2O 5. What factors might affect the process of cellular respiration? If sugar or oxygen is missing from the process then it cannot continue to make ATP 6. What are the characteristics of organisms that undergo anaerobic respiration? Anaerobic respiration is when sugar is broken down without the presence of oxygen. Organisms that do anaerobic respiration do not need oxygen to survive. 1. Describe the essential function(s) of structures within cells (i.e., cellular membrane, cell wall, nucleus, chromosome, chloroplast, mitochondrion, ribosome, and cytoplasm). Cell membrane- maintains the movement of particles into and out of the cell Cell wall- give plant cells a strong outer layer that ensures it keeps it shape even in a time of water loss. Nucleus- storage of DNA and where DNA is made into RNA Chromosome- Found in the nucleus, is the compacted form of DNA Chloroplast- organelle found in plants, completes photosynthesis Mitochondrion- completes cellular respiration Ribosome- creates proteins Cytoplasm- liquid filling of the cell, maintains homeostasis 2. What is the structure of a cell membrane? What molecules does a membrane contain? The cell membrane is the phospholipid bilayer- it is made of two layers of phosphates and lipids. The outside of the bilayer is all phosphates while the inside is all lipids creating a semipermeable membrane 3. How does the structure of the cell membrane support its functions?

3 With the outside of the cell membrane being hydrophilic it can interact with water. With the inside of the membrane being hydrophobic it can regulate what moves in and out of the cell. 4. What is the difference between active transport and passive transport? Active transport is going against the concentration gradient by moving molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration. This requires a cell membrane protein and energy in the form of ATP. Passive transport is moving with the concentration gradient by moving molecules from high concentration gradient to low concentration gradient. This does not require a membrane protein or ATP. 5. What is facilitated diffusion and give examples in the human body? Facilitated diffusion is when a membrane protein is need to help large, polar, or charged molecules pass through the cell membrane. One example is the movement of salt or sugar using a protein. 6. Describe the importance of osmosis Osmosis is the movement of water from high to low, this allows for cells to maintain equilibrium and keep from shriveling or exploding. DNA, Genes, and Protein synthesis 1. Describe the structure of DNA molecules in terms of the four nucleotides. Draw and label. Thymine, adenine, guanine, cytosine 2. What is the function of DNA? How is information stored in DNA? DNA stores all the genetic code to create the organism. It is stored as a combination of the four nucleotides and determines the make-up of all parts of the organism. 3. Describe the relationships among DNA, chromosomes, genes, amino acids, proteins, and/or traits. DNA -> amino acid -> protein -> gene -> chromosome -> traits 4. Describe that the sequence of the nucleotides in a gene specifies the amino acids needed to make a protein. The combination of the codons (three nucleotides) determines each amino acid that is used to create a protein. If the order of the amino acids changes then the protein will be changed leading to a different molecule. 5. Describe inherited traits and cell functions as primarily determined by the proteins expressed by genes. All proteins come from the genes in our genetic code. These genes are passed down to us from our parents and determine what we look like, how we function, and how our cells interact.

4 6. Predict the complementary strand of mrna given the nucleotide sequence in a single strand of DNA. AATGCAG UUACGUC 7. What is the relationship between DNA, chromosomes, genes, amino acids, proteins, and traits? DNA -> amino acid -> protein -> gene -> chromosome -> traits 8. Describe the steps and/or structures in the process by which gene sequences are copied to produce proteins DNA is read and made into mrna in the nucleus The mrna gets edited and sent out of the nucleus The mrna connects with trna and is read to make amino acids Amino acids are connected together and folded to create a protein Chemical Reactions in Cells 1. What are two reasons that large biomolecules are broken down into smaller biomolecules in organisms? Create energy by breaking bonds Create smaller pieces to be used to build new larger biomolecules 2. What are the subunits that the following molecules made from or broken down into: a. Proteins: Amino Acids b. Fats: Glycerol and fatty acids c. Carbohydrates: monosaccharides d. Nucleic acids (DNA): Nucleotides 3. Explain how enzymes break large food molecules down into smaller molecules and how these molecules become available for the cell to make new molecules. Enzymes are shaped for a specific job; they make a reaction happen faster and easier than without. They take the molecules apart releasing energy and creating smaller building blocks that can then be reused to build new needed molecules. 4. Describe how the new molecules are different than the original large molecules? The new molecules will be smaller and potentially broken down into elements. They are also put back together making more than one, or different arrangements to create new molecules 5. Describe how a cell can be built from the new molecules mentioned in question 3. The cell is built by taking old molecules, breaking them down, and then rearranging them and putting them back together to for the parts and functions needed. 6. Use a model to explain why it requires a different enzyme to break a molecule apart than it did to put the molecule together.

5 Each enzyme is specifically shaped to do its job, therefor a stapler can t remove a staple but it can create one. A staple remover must remove the staple but can t add one. 7. What are the molecules that transfer energy for cell processes? ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate Enzymes and Other Proteins 1. What information do genes carry? The information to create proteins that then create the organism 2. What are three types of proteins? Hair, skin, fingernails 3. How are cellular processes (like cell division, metabolism, and cell growth) regulated in the cell? Cellular processes are regulated in the cell by first the creation of proteins through the reading of DNA, whatever the DNA tells the cell to do is what happens. Secondly, when the cell has an imbalance of something it triggers the process through a feedback loop 4. How can a signal from the outside world change a gene s expression? Signals such as UV light can disrupt and even damage a strand of DNA; this can change the outcome of the original gene Chromosomes and Mitosis 1. Describe the overall process of mitosis. Address why mitosis occurs, in what types of cells it occurs and Chromosome numbers for parent and daughter cells. Mitosis is the creation of two identical daughter cells. It goes through the phases of Mitosis leading to the d uplication of the nucleus and all organelles before cytokinesis cuts the cell in half creating an identical copy. If a human cell starts with 46 chromosomes then it will end with 46 chromosomes. 2. Using two pair of homologous chromosomes (2 long and 2 short), diagram the four stages of mitosis: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. 3. Diagram how DNA replication occurs and mention why DNA replication is an essential part of the cell cycle. DNA replication is essential because without it cells could not, grow, repair, or reproduce. Meiosis, Fertilization and Offspring Variation 1. How do sex cells differ from regular body cells?

6 Sex cells are genetically different and they have ½ the amount of DNA a body cell does. If a human cell has 46 chromosomes then its sex cell will only have 23 chromosomes. 2. How are male and female sex cells different from each other? Male sex cells have XY sex chromosome Female sex cells have XX sex chromosome 3. How do sex cells become regular cells? Sex cells become regular cells by combining with another sex cell 4. How is the genetic blueprint that makes you who you are transferred faithfully from one cell to the next? The genetic blueprint is transferred faithfully from one cell to the next by Mitosis/DNA replication. 5. Why are the offspring of two parents different than one another? Each offspring will receive half its DNA from each parent and that DNA is scrambled each time a new cell is created. 6. What happens when something goes wrong during meiosis? When an error in meiosis happens it can be anything from a change in a trait, to genetic disorders like downs syndrome, to destruction of the created cell. 7. How do genetic traits get passed from parent to offspring? Each offspring receives half of its genetic code from each parent 8. If two parents are both heterozygous for two traits, what is the chance their offspring be homozygous recessive for both traits? 1/4 9. How can diseases be passed from parent to offspring? If the disease is genetically created then it can be passed during the creation of offspring. 10. A cell is about to divide by meiosis. The cell has 6 chromosomes: 2 Long, 2 medium, and 2 short. Draw in the combinations of chromosomes that would be in the 4 sex cells (sperm or egg) after meiosis. 11. If flower color is an incomplete dominant trait, explain how many colors could be present in a population of plant. 3 traits Transfers and cycles of matter and Energy 1. How is carbon important to living things? Carbon is a central atom of all organic molecules, like protein, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids.

7 2. How does the carbon cycle connect the environment to living things? The carbon cycle cycles inorganic carbon mostly in the form of carbon dioxide back to the organic form found in all living things. The carbon dioxide in found mostly in the environment in the atmosphere and is fixed through the process of photosynthesis. 3. Trace a carbon atom from a rotting log in the forest to a black bear in the forest. The carbon contained in the cellulose of the rotting log is consumed by a termite who has a protozoan in its gut that releases Carbon dioxide during cellular respiration. The carbon dioxide the trapped by a huckleberry plant during photosynthesis. The carbon becomes part of a glucose molecule that is found in a huckleberry. A black bear comes by and eats the huckleberry which then becomes part of the glycogen molecule that the bear will store for over winter. 4. What role does nitrogen play in living things? What are nitrogen sources in the environment? Nitrogen is an essential part of proteins, found in animals and plants. Sources of nitrogen come from the N 2 found in the air that are fixed by bacteria in the soil and associated with some plant roots. The nitrogen becomes incorporated in plants. Animals eat the plants which gives them nitrogen. 5. How does energy move from the sun through living things? As energy moves through an ecosystem, what transformations can be identified? The sunlight energy is trapped and converted by plants to a chemical form of energy through the process of photosynthesis. The energy is transferred to animals when they consume the plant material. The energy transforms from light energy to chemical potential energy in many forms then to kinetic energy and finally lost as heat energy back to space. 6. Where and how can energy be stored in living things? Carbon can be stored in any organic molecule type. Most commonly stored as starch and oils in plants and in form of glycogen and fats in animals. 7. How do carbon and nitrogen cycles bring essential elements from the environment to living things? The nitrogen cycle brings nitrogen to plants via nitrogen fixation done by bacteria. The nitrogen is picked up by plants and then consumed by animals. The carbon comes to the organic form in all living things through photosynthesis done by plants. The plants change CO 2 to an organic form of carbon in sugars. The sugars are transformed to other organic molecules found in all living things. 8. How does each of these cycles link living things to each other?

8 Carbon cycle links plants and animals via photosynthesis / cleeular respiration where the products on one process are the reactants of the other process and vice versa. In the nitrogen cycle the nitrogen is fixed by bacteria and taken in by plants and given up to animals when they eat the plants. 9. Can these cycles be interrupted? If so, how? And what happens as a result? The cycles can be interrupted or at least the pace changed. In the carbon cycle deforestation will slow the carbon cycle in the areas of deforestation. The carbon cycle is accelerated by the burning of fossil fuels. The nitrogen cycle is changed by the use of fertilizers. The amount of fertilizer used changes the amount of nitrogen available to plants and ultimately what is in the atmosphere. Population Density 1. Describe conditions necessary for populations to increase rapidly?\\ A population if it has enough space, food, light (for plants) and mates it can show a rapid growth rate. 2. List three factors that affect the population density? Birthrate, death rate, area, 3. A park has a forested area of about 5 square miles and is home to two types of squirrels: Eastern Gray and Douglas Squirrels. A recent ecological survey counted 750 eastern gray and 100 Douglas squirrels in the park, Based on the survey, what is the population density of Douglas squirrels in parks? The population density is 100 / 5 sq miles = 20 Douglas squirrels per sq mile. 4. What is carrying capacity and what happens when it is exceeded? When the carrying capacity is exceeded the population will drop, often crashing sharply eventually leveling off and then rising again toward the carrying capacity. 5. A park squirrel population has increased rapidly in recent years. Describe two possible conditions that would cause the rapid increase in the squirrel population. Explain how each condition would make the squirrel population grow rapidly. The squirrel population s increase may have been the result of the elimination of a predator or an increase in acorns. The elimination of a predator would allow more to survive each year and

9 those extra survivors would produce offspring when they might have normally been killed off by the predator. An increase of acorns would provide more food for the population. More food would ensure overall healthy squirrels and more ability to reproduce leading to an increased population. Limiting Factors 1. List factors that limit the growth of plant and/or animal populations in a natural ecosystem. Food, space, mates, light are factors that will limit a population. 2. A large amount of nitrogen fertilizer is washed into a lake, causing the algae (small photosynthetic organisms) to grow and reproduce rapidly. Eventually, the algae cover the surface of the lake and form a thick mat. Explain how the algae growth may affect other organisms in the lake. Biodiversity The thick mat of algae will prevent light from getting down to plants that are growing on the bottom of the lake leading to their die off. Also the mat of algae would hamper the gas exchange that normally happens on the surface of the lake. The oxygen levels in the lake would decrease causing a die off of fish and other oxygen requiring organisms. The dead fish and plants could also give rise to more bacteria which in decaying the dead fish additionally reduce the oxygen levels. 1. Describe how biodiversity contributes to the stability of an ecosystem. Sustainability The more biodiversity in an ecosystem the more stable the ecosystem is. Having a larger number of different species means more niches can be filled and if one species dies back there will be another species that would be able to take over the depleted organisms role. Diversity also means that if a disease hits a species those of the species that aren t effected will continue and although the numbers of the species will decrease the species will continue in the ecosystem. 1. What is meant by sustainable development? Sustainable development means that the environment will not be changed significantly enough that the current community is adversely affected very much. 2. Two farming practices used to increase nitrogen in the soil include: a) use a fertilizer that contains nitrogen and b) use animal waste to fertilize the soil. Which farming practice is more sustainable? Why?

10 The use of animal waste to fertilize will be more sustainable. The animals will always produce waste and that does not require the energy to make that goes into making the nitrogen based fertilizer which requires a lot of energy to produce. 3. Describe how the stability of populations in a community is related to the sustainability of an ecosystem. The stability of a population in a community means that numbers are staying about the same from year to year. This makes for a more sustainable ecosystem as there are no major changes occurring. The lack of change means the ecosystem is fairly balanced and can continue as a status quo. Biological Evolution 1. What role do mutations play in genetic variability? Why is genetic variability an essential component of natural selection / evolution? Mutations lead directly to change, a variability in the gene pool. If the mutation is a good change that variation in the gene pool will lead to that organisms genes to be more favored to reproduce and pass that new gene to future generations. Evolving the species. 2. How does the environment affect the evolution of a species? The environment affects the evolution of a species as it is always changing. Those in a species that have more favorable traits will survive better and produce more offspring than those of the species which do not have the more suitable trait for the environment. 3. Why do some offspring survive and others don t in a changing ecosystem? The variation in a species makes it so some individuals of the species have more favorable genes for the current environment. Those with more favorable genes have more chance of reproducing and passing those more favorable genes to future generations. 4. How can population growth be connected to evolution? Population growth can lead to more changes and therefore evolution of a species. If there is a large population, there is more chance for mutations (change) which in turn leads to the species evolving. 5. How do the four factors of biological evolution work together for a species to evolve? 6. How does the fossil record reveal information and evidence of evolution?

11 The fossil record shows changes that have taken place of the years to a species and provide a picture of how these changes affected the species. 7. How does DNA reveal information and evidence of evolution? DNA shows how organisms are related. The more similar two species DNA is, the more closely the organisms are related. The slight differences in DNA show where the two species evolved away from each other.