EOC MILESTONE REVIEW

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1 Introduction 1. What does the term biology mean? EOC MILESTONE REVIEW 2. What is homeostasis and why is it important to living things? Content Domain: Cells (SB1) 1. Define eukaryote: List 3 examples of eukaryotes: 2. Define prokaryote: List 1 example of a prokaryote: 3. Fill in the following chart of cell organelles: Organelle Nucleus Function Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes or Both? Cytoplasm Cell Membrane Cell Wall Chloroplast Lysosome Golgi Body/Apparatus Endoplasmic Reticulum Vacuole Ribosomes Mitochondria 4. The cell/plasma membrane is selectively permeable what does this mean? 5. Define passive transport: Describe the 3 types of passive transport: a. Diffusion: b. Osmosis: 6. Define active transport: c. Facilitated diffusion: 1

2 7. Describe the 2 types of active transport: a. Endocytosis: b. Exocytosis: 8. What is ATP? What is it used for? 9. Match the pictures below with the correct type of solution (hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic): 10. What are enzymes? How do they impact the rate of reactions? 11. Label the diagram below with the terms below: enzyme substrate active site 12. Fill in the chart for the 4 macromolecules: Macromolecule Function Monomer Example Carbohydrate Lipid Protein Nucleic Acid 2

3 13. Fill in the following chart to compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration: Process Photosynthesis Organelle where it occurs What is needed? What is produced? Cellular Respiration 14. Write the PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION: 15. Write the CELLULAR RESPIRATION EQUATION: 16. How are the PHOTOSYNTHESIS and CELLULAR RESPIRATION related to each other? 17. What is glycolysis? What is the Krebs cycle? 18. What is fermentation? Why and how does it occur? INFORMATION ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Light reactions need light to produce organic energy molecules (ATP and NADPH). They are initiated by colored pigments, mainly green colored chlorophylls. Dark reactions make use of these organic energy molecules (ATP and NADPH). This reaction cycle is also called Calvin Benison Cycle, and it occurs in the stroma. ATP provides the energy while NADPH provides the electrons required to fix the CO2 (carbon dioxide) into carbohydrates. 3

4 Content Domain: Genetics (SB2 and SB3) 1. Define mitosis: What is produced during mitosis? 2. Is mitosis considered sexual or asexual reproduction? Why? 3. Define meiosis: What type of cells go through meiosis? How does meiosis increase genetic diversity? 4. Is meiosis considered sexual or asexual reproduction? Why? 5. Define binary fission: Is it considered sexual or asexual reproduction? 6. What is crossing-over? 7. Where is DNA located in a EUKARYOTIC cell? Where is DNA located in a PROKARYOTIC cell? Where is RNA located in the cell? 8. Is DNA double stranded or single stranded? 9. Is RNA double stranded or single stranded? 10. DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides. What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? a. b. c. 11. Label the nucleotide below: 12. If one side of the DNA molecule reads ATGCCGT, the other side would read. 13. What is made during DNA replication? Where does it happen in the cell? 14. If the original DNA strand reads ATGGTCA, the complementary mrna strand would read. The anti codon for this strand would be. 15. What is made during transcription? Where does it happen in the cell? 16. Match the 3 different types of RNA with their jobs: a. messenger RNA A. transfers amino acids to ribosome to make proteins b. transfer RNA B. assembles proteins on ribosome c. ribosomal RNA C. carries instructions for proteins from DNA 4

5 17. What is made during translation? Which tiny organelles are used during translation? 18. What is a mutation? List 3 causes of mutations. a. b. c. 19. Describe of each of the following chromosomal mutations: (p.346 in book) a. missense: b. nonsense: c. insertion: d. deletion: e. duplication: 20. What is genetics? 21. means that an organism has 2 same alleles for a trait. 22. means that an organism has 2 different alleles for a trait. 23. traits are shown using a capital letter. 24. traits are shown using a lowercase letter. 25. Define genotype: 26. Define phenotype: 27. Define the following laws of Mendel: (use book page ) Law of Segregation: Law of Independent Assortment: 28. Define incomplete dominance. List an example of incomplete dominance. 29. Define codominance. List an example of codominance. 30. Define sex-linked trait. List an example of a sex-linked trait. 31. Define nondisjunction. List 2 genetic disorders caused by nondisjunction: a. extra 21 chromosome causes b. missing X chromosome causes 32. What are GMOs? 33. What are transgenic organisms? How are they used? 5

6 Content Domain: Evolution (SB6) 1. Define evolution: 2. Define the following terms: adaptations: speciation: fitness: 3. Describe Darwin s Theory of Natural Selection: 4. Speciation is the creation of a new species. What is required for speciation to occur? 5. Define the following types of evolution (p ): a. adaptive radiation (divergent evolution): b. convergent evolution: c. coevolution: 6. Describe the five types of evidence that are used to show evolutionary relationships: a. fossil record: b. homologous structures: c. vestigial structures: d. analogous structures: e. comparative biochemistry (DNA and proteins): f. comparative embryology: 7. Based on the graph above, which 2 species are the most genetically different? D. polylepis and A. forsteri OR E.ferus and D. polylepis 8. How have antibiotics and pesticides caused rapid evolution of bacteria and insects? 9. Define and give an example of the 3 types of natural selection: a. stabilizing: b. directional: c. disruptive: 6

7 10. Which mechanism of evolution adds new genes to the gene pool? 11. Define and give an example of the following mechanisms of evolution: a. Genetic drift: b. Gene flow: c. Non-random mating: 12. Contrast gradualism and punctuated equilibrium rates of evolution: 13. What is the Hardy-Weinberg theorem? Why does it prove that evolution is occurring in all species in some form? Content Domain: Organisms (SB4) 1. Complete the table below using your Classification Vocab Terms or page 502 in your book: Domain Bacteria Archae Eukarya Kingdom Example Cell Type Cell Walls Number of Cells Nutrition 2. Define taxonomy: 3. List the 7 levels of classification starting with Domain: 4. Are viruses living or non-living? 5. What must a virus to do copy itself? 6. Draw and label a picture of a bacteriophage virus (use your Notes: Classifying Living Things): 7. List the 6 levels of organization from smallest (organism) to largest (biosphere): 7

8 Content Domain: Ecology (SB5) 1. Define abiotic factors: List 3 examples of abiotic factors: 2. Define biotic factors: List 3 examples of biotic factors: 3. Define the following terms: a. Population: b. Community: c. Ecosystem: d. Biome: 4. How are habitat and niche different? 5. Define competition and predation. 6. Describe each of the following symbiotic relationships: a. mutualism: b. commensalism: c. parasitism: 7. Complete the table below: Producer Organism Energy Source Example Herbivore Omnivore Carnivore Decomposer 8. What does a food chain represent? Draw a simple food chain using the following: plant, grasshopper, mouse, snake. Label the producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and tertiary consumer. 9. Which 2 things are missing from your food chain? 10. How is a food web different from a food chain? 11. What is the ultimate source of energy in our biosphere? 8

9 12. In an energy pyramid, list which organisms are present at each level: a. Level 1: b. Level 2: c. Level 3: d. Level 4: e. Level 5: 13. How much energy is passed from one level to the next? % How much is lost? % 14. List the steps of the following nutrient cycles: a. Carbon: b. Nitrogen: c. Phosphorus: d. Water: 15. Why are these nutrient cycles important? 16. What is ecological succession? 17. Compare and contrast primary and secondary succession. 18. What are some conditions that occur before secondary succession? 19. What is a pioneer species and how do they prepare the area for the next species to arrive? 20. What is a climax community (p.63)? 21. Define density-dependent factors. 22. List 3 density-dependent factors: a. b. c. 23. Define density-independent factors. 24. List 3 density-independent factors: a. b. c. 9

10 25. Draw a sample graph for exponential growth and logistic growth in the boxes below. Label the lag phase, exponential growth phase, and carrying capacity (if they are present). 26. Differentiate between exponential growth and logistic growth. 27. What is the carrying capacity of a population? 28. Draw the age structure for a population that is in rapid growth, slow growth, and negative growth in the boxes below (see page 104): 29. Complete the table below using page 200 in COACH book: Threat Cause Possible Result Greenhouse Effect Acid rain Ozone Depletion Air Pollution Water Pollution Soil Degradation/Depletion Habitat Destruction 10

11 30. Complete the table below: Non-renewable Resource Definition: Definition: Renewable Resource 3 Examples: 3 Examples: 31. Complete the table below for the land biomes: TERRESTRIAL BIOMES Biome Name Description Geographic Location Plants/Animals Tundra Boreal Coniferous Forest Temperate Deciduous Forest Grassland Savanna Tropical Rain Forest Desert 32. List 3 adaptations used by animals to catch/kill prey OR avoid being eaten: 33. List 3 adaptations used by plants to avoid being eaten or to survive weather conditions: 11

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