Biology I Midterm 2018 Study Guide

Transcription

1 Biology I Midterm 2018 Study Guide These questions are designed to get you thinking about all the concepts we have discussed from Chapters However, you will be responsible for knowing ALL the information from those chapters. Chapter 1 1. What is a hypothesis? 2. What is the independent variable in an experiment? 3. What is the dependent variable in an experiment? 4. What is the purpose of the control in an experiment? 5. What is the difference between accuracy and precision? 6. What does sample size do for accuracy of data? 7. What is the purpose of repeating an experiment? 8. What is bias? 9. How can a researcher avoid bias in an experiment? 10. If you create a graph, where do you put the dependent variable? The independent? 11. What tool would a scientist use to measure the change in an object s mass? 12. On which axis of a graph do you place the independent variable? 13. On which axis of a graph do you place the dependent variable? 14. How many control variables should an experiment have? 15. Be familiar with how to interpret a graph. Chapter 2 1. What are the monomers of each of the following: proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids? Draw and label an example of each of the monomers. 2. What does the term organic mean? 3. What is dehydration synthesis? Draw the process. 4. What is hydrolysis? Draw the process. 5. What is the induced fit model of enzyme activity? 6. What is the lock and key model of enzyme activity? 7. What does an enzyme do for a reaction? How (be specific)? 8. What factors can increase the rate of enzyme activity? 9. What factors can decrease the rate of enzyme activity? 10. Draw and explain a graph showing the use of energy over time in a reaction both with and without the use of an enzyme. 11. Be able to interpret graphs illustrating enzyme activity. 12. What are the two types of nucleic acids? 13. What is the function of nucleic acids? 14. Which macromolecule provides short-term energy storage? 15. Which macromolecule provides long-term energy storage? 16. What are examples of a lipid? 17. What suffix does a carbohydrate usually end in?

2 18. What suffix does an enzyme usually end in? 19. What are some specific examples of proteins? 20. What are the functions of proteins? 21. What are the functions of lipids? 22. True or False: Enzymes are reusable. 23. True or False: Enzymes are destroyed in the process of a reaction. 24. True or False: Enzymes are specific for what they will catalyze. 25. What types of environmental conditions may affect how well an enzyme works? 26. What is a substrate? 27. What is an active site? 28. Describe the enzyme-substrate complex. 29. Usually, which type of macromolecule are enzymes? Chapter 3-7: Ecology 1. What is the definition of ecology? 2. What are the levels of organization in ecology? 3. What is the difference between an abiotic and biotic factor? 4. What are examples of abiotic and biotic factors? 5. How do the concepts of niche and habitat differ? 6. How much energy is transferred from one level to the next in an energy pyramid? 7. How do food webs and food chains differ? 8. What are the four biogeochemical cycles? 9. Which level of an energy pyramid has the most biomass, and which has the least? 10. How might an increase or decrease in the number of organisms in one part of the food web affect others in the web? 11. Why do food webs not exceed 3-4 levels? 12. Define population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere. 13. What is carrying capacity? 14. Draw a graph showing exponential growth. 15. Draw a graph showing logistic growth. 16. In ideal conditions, which would occur: exponential growth or logistic growth? 17. In realistic conditions, which would occur: exponential growth or logistic growth? 18. What are the two types of limiting factors, and what are examples of each? 19. Define symbiosis. 20. List the three types of symbiotic relationships and explain each. 21. After an ecological disaster, ecological succession occurs. Compare/contrast primary and secondary succession. 22. Define pioneer species. 23. What are the pioneer species in primary succession? What are the pioneer species in secondary succession? 24. Why do smaller plants eventually die out as succession continues and larger trees are present? 25. Define biomagnification. 26. If biomagnification occurs with mercury, which level of the energy pyramid would have the

3 most accumulation of mercury? 27. What is the greenhouse effect? 28. What is a keystone species? 29. Explain the key steps, including the necessary vocabulary, of the following cycles: water, carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen. 30. Be able to recognize how an increase or decrease in one of the above nutrients (especially carbon and nitrogen) may affect the organisms in an ecosystem. 31. What is the role of decomposers in the nitrogen cycle? 32. What are the sources of phosphorus in the phosphorus cycle? 33. How would removal or addition of vegetation affect levels of oxygen and/or carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? 34. What types of organisms are necessary for nitrogen fixation and nitrification in the nitrogen cycle? 35. What is the overall importance of biodiversity? Chapter 8 1. What types of organisms are prokaryotic? 2. What types of organism are eukaryotic? 3. How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in terms of DNA? How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in terms of structures in their cells? 4. For the below organelles, describe the structure and state the main function of that organelle a. mitochondrion b. rough endoplasmic reticulum c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum d. cell wall e. ribosome f. centriole g. lysosome h. Golgi apparatus i. chloroplast j. vacuole k. central vacuole l. nucleus m. nucleolus n. cell membrane 5. List and describe at least THREE structures that differ between plant and animal cells. 6. Draw an example of both a plant AND an animal cell. 7. What are the three principles of the cell theory? 8. What is considered to be the basic unit of life? 9. What three structures do ALL cells have, regardless of cell type? 10. What is diffusion? 11. What is osmosis? 12. Define the following terms and state what would happen to an animal AND a plant cell placed in each type of solution.

4 a. isotonic b. hypotonic c. hypertonic 13. What is turgor pressure? Why is it important to plants? 14. What is plasmolysis? What causes it (i.e., what type of solution)? 15. What are the differences between simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport? 17. What molecule provides energy for active transport? 18. Why might a molecule need to use active transport to enter a cell? 19. What types of molecules can enter a cell using diffusion? 20. What are the two types of facilitated diffusion? Explain both. 21. What are the three types of active transport? Explain each. 22. What does the term semipermeable mean? How does it relate to transport across a cell membrane? 23. What is the overall function of the plasma membrane? 24. How are phospholipids arranged in a plasma membrane? Draw a picture to show this. Label the parts of the phospholipid that are hydrophobic and which are hydrophilic, and which are polar and which are non-polar. 25. Draw the direction of water movement as it relates to solute concentration in an isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic environment. 26. What is a concentration gradient? What does it have to do with the movement of particles across a membrane? 27. What cell structure controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell? 28. Describe what is meant by fluid mosaic model. 29. What does equilibrium mean? 30. In an isotonic solution, does water ever stop moving? Explain. 31. What is a solute? 32. What is a solvent? Chapter 9 1. What is the overall equation for photosynthesis? 2. What are the parts of photosynthesis? What happens in each stage? 3. What is the purpose of the light reactions? 4. What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle? 5. What types of cells do photosynthesis? 6. What is the energy molecule of the cell? What does it look like (what are the three main parts?) 7. For what purpose is the ATP made in the photosynthesis light-dependent reactions used? 8. What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis? 9. What organelle is associated with photosynthesis? 10. Where do the following processes of photosynthesis occur? a.) Light-Dependent Reactions, b.) Light-Independent Reactions 11. What is a heterotroph? 12. What is an autotroph? 13. Be familiar with the structure of a chloroplast and which processes of photosynthesis occur where. Grana

5 Thylakoids Stroma Chlorophyll Double-membrane 14. What are stomata? Chapter 10 (Sections 1 & 2 Only) 1. What is the overall equation for cell respiration? 2. What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cell respiration? 3. What are the three stages of cell respiration? What happens in each stage? 4. How much ATP does cell respiration generate? 5. What do the terms aerobic and anaerobic mean? 6. Where does each stage of cell respiration occur? 7. What is the purpose of each stage of cell respiration? 8. Be familiar with the structure of mitochondria. Matrix Cristae Intermembrane space Double-membrane 9. Where does each stage of cell respiration occur? 10. What are the electron carriers involved in cell respiration? 11. How do the first two stages of cell respiration prepare the cell for the third and final stage? 12. What is the final electron acceptor at the end of the ETC? Chapter List, draw, AND describe the stages of mitosis. 2. Why is cell division important for any organism? 3. During the cell cycle and mitosis, what occurs with the chromosomes of the cells? Describe the changes from chromatin, to chromosomes, to sister chromatids. 4. What are sister chromatids? 5. What does the term diploid mean? 6. How do the chromosomes of eukaryotes and prokaryotes differ? 7. What is binary fission? In what type of cell does it happen? 8. What is a spindle fiber? What is its purpose? 9. How many cells are produced in mitosis? How do the daughter cells compare to the parent cell? 10. What are the phases of mitosis? What happens in each phase? 11. How does cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells? 12. What are the three stages of interphase of mitosis and what occurs in each stage? (Be specific!) 13. How many total chromosomes are in a human body (somatic) cell? 14. How does cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells? 15. How does cancer arise?

6 16. What are stem cells? Why are they important in medicine? 17. What is meant by the term cell differentiation/specialization? 18. Why is the use of embryonic stem cells controversial?