BIO B.4 Ecology You should be able to: Keystone Vocabulary:

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1 Name Period BIO B.4 Ecology You should be able to: 1. Describe ecological levels of organization in the biosphere 2. Describe interactions and relationships in an ecosystem.. Keystone Vocabulary:

2 Ecology: What is Ecology/ Ecosystems? Trophic Levels: Climate Scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment All the organisms that live in a place, together with their nonliving environment Autotrophs: use solar or chemical energy to produce their own food Ex) plants Aka: Producers Heterotrophs: must get energy from other organisms by consuming them Ex) animals, fungi, many bacteria Aka: Consumers The average conditions of Earth s atmosphere over long periods of time Factors that Affect Climate 1. Solar Energy and the Greenhouse Effect 2. Latitude and Solar Energy Climate Zones 3. Heat Transport in the Biosphere Solar Energy and The Greenhouse Effect Latitude and Solar Energy Heat Transport in the Biosphere Climate Zones: produced by unequal distribution of the sun s heat on the Earth s surface Polar Temperate Tropical Winds and Currents

3 Biomes: Definition: an area of land with a specific climate patterns Each biome has its own set of : 1. Living things 2. Climate 3. Specific abiotic factors Nonliving factors: temperature, rain, soil, ph 4. Specific biotic factors Living factors: vegetation, animals, bacteria & their waste products Earth has 8 major types Tropical Rainforest Warm temperatures all year Abundant rainfall Animals mostly live in the upper branches (canopy) Soil is thin & low in nutrients Only 1% of sunlight makes it to the bottom Large biodiversity Tropical Grassland (Savannas) Covered with grass plants Some scattered trees or shrubs Has a distinct rainy season but for 5+ months rainfall is less than 10 cm/month Plants and animals have adapted to extreme shifts in rainfall Temperature remains warm all year Temperate Grassland Dry and warm during summer Most precipitation is snow in winter or rain in late spring (50-90 cm/year) Short or tall grasses Many animals live below ground Windy conditions Fast- spreading fires are common Ex) mid- west USA

4 Desert Less than 25 cm of precipitation /year Very dry climate Temperature scan range from hot to cold (not all deserts are hot!) Plants have adapted to the arid conditions by storing water (cacti) Many animals are nocturnal (night creatures) Temperate Deciduous Forest Hot summers, cold winters Even precipitation all year ( cm) Broadleaf forests (trees lose leaves in the winter) Oaks, beeches, maple, shrubs, mosses, and lichens are dominate Many smaller mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians live here as well Pennsylvania is in this biome! Temperate Rainforest One long wet season & a relatively dry summer More than 250 cm precipitation each year! Evergreen conifers (spruces, redwoods, firs, etc.) are dominate Keep their leaves all year round Mosses, lichen & ferns can be found on the forest floor Many animals will hibernate or migrate to warmer climates in winter Taiga Aka: Boreal Forest Long, cold winters (>6 months) Short, warm, humid summers Coniferous trees dominate Mammals have heavy fur coats Approx cm precipitation/year Tundra Subzero temps during a long winter Permanently frozen ground (permafrost) Mosses and low- lying plants Low animal diversity Far northern latitudes Summers last 6-10 weeks Precipitation 13 cm or less per year No trees or flowering plants

5 Aquatic Ecosystems: Affected primarily by the water s depth, temperature, flow and amount of dissolved nutrients Freshwater Ecosystems: A. Rivers and Streams B. Lakes and Ponds C. Freshwater Wetlands region where water either covers the soil or is present at or near the surface for at least part of the year Estuaries Wetland formed where a freshwater river meets a saltwater sea or ocean Serve as a spawning and nursery grounds for many ecologically and commercially important fish and shellfish Includes: bluefish, striped bass, shrimp & crabs Marine Ecosystems Ocean is divided into zones based on the depth and distance from shore 1. Intertidal Zone 2. Coastal Ocean Zone 3. Benthic Zone 4. Abyssal Zone Interactions in Ecosystems Population Density the number of organisms per unit area (ex. 500 per/km 2 Niches and the Community Interactions Competition Niche: Describes what an organism does and how it interacts with the environment Habitat: general place where an organism lives When 2 organisms fight for the same resource Can be: 1. Interspecific 2. Intraspecific Predation: when one organism captures and feeds upon another

6 Symbiosis Definition: when two organisms of different species have a close relationship, at least one strongly depends on the other 3 types: 1. Parasitism 2. Commensalism 3. Mutualism Changes in Population Numbers 1. Immigration individuals moving into population 2. Emigration individuals moving out of a population 3. Exponential Growth the population size increases dramatically over a period of time 4. Logistical Growth - slow growth, then exponential growth, then levels off 5. Population Crash dramatic decline in the number of individuals in a short period of time There are many reasons why a population can change (or not change) in size 1. Carrying Capacity the max amount of individuals of a population an ecosystem can support 2. Density- dependent limiting factors are affected by the number of individuals in a given area (competition, predation, disease) 3. Density- independent limiting factors are NOT affected by number of individuals Ex) Natural disaster, human activities, unusual weather Ecological Succession Sequence of biological changes that occur in an area that had been severely damaged or previously uninhabited Ex) fire strewn areas Ex) New island in the ocean made from volcanic rock Types of Succession Primary Succession: occurs when there is anew area that has not been inhabited before Secondary Succession: occurs after a fire or other even destroys an area

7 Principles of Ecology: What do these organisms have to do with one another? Grass, Grasshopper, Snake, Hawk, Fungi Food Chain Series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten Food Web Ecological Levels of Organization Network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem The trophic leve of an organism is determined by its source of enegy (food) Trophic Levels Producers, Hervivores, Secondary Consumers, Tertiary Consumers Energy in Ecosystems Producers = 1,000,000 units Herbivores = 100,000 unitjs Secondary Consumres = 10,000 unitjs Tertiary Consumers = 1,000 units

8 Biomass: total amount of living tissue within a trophic level Biomass in ecosystems Pyramid of Numbers Producers = 5, 000,000 Herbivores = 500,000 Secondary Consumers = 5,000 Tertiary Consumers = 5 Biotic Factors = living things or their products Example: frog, moss, grass, bacteria Abiotic Factors = non- living things Examples: rain, rocks, wind Biotic or Abiotic

9 = autotrophs- make their own food through photosynthesis Producerss consumers Primary consumers = herbivores- plant eaters Secondary consumer = carnivores Tertiary Consumers = carnivores Producer/primary consumer/ secondary consumer Biogeochemical Cycles: flow of elements from one organism to another and from one ecosystem to another Water Cycle

10 Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle

11 Phosphorus Cycle Oxygen Cycle:

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