Name: Characteristics of Life and Ecology Guided Notes (PAP)
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1 Name: Characteristics of Life and Ecology Guided Notes (PAP) I. What is Biology? a. Biology is the study of II. The Eight Characteristics of Life a. Organization & the presence of or more cells b. Response to a (stimuli) c. Homeostasis d. Metabolism: Requires e. Growth & Development f. Reproduction g. Change through : h. Universal Genetic Code III. Ecology: the study of how living things of with their physical environment Ecological Organization Anything that possesses all of the of Species: a group of that can mate & produce a offspring Population: all the members of a that live in one place at one time. Community: a collection of populations in an area Ecosystem: includes all of the organisms & the non-living environment. True or False Community members must interact to maintain balance. Put the Order of Ecological Organization from smallest to largest: What does an ecosystem need to be self-sustaining? 1. A constant source of is supplied. 2. Living things use this energy and convert into molecules 3. A cycling of materials between organisms and their environment 1
2 Resources Organisms with similar needs may compete with each other for resources like: Limiting Factors Acclimation: when organisms to change Range of Tolerance: the ability of an organism to withstand in their environment. Abiotic and Biotic Factors Biotic factors: Living Factors of the environment Examples Predators, food, Abiotic factors- the nonliving parts of an environment. Examples temperature, moisture, light, and soil. Nutritional Relationships Two Types: Autotrophs and 1. organisms that synthesis their own food ( ) 2. Heterotrophs: can synthesize their own foo and are dependent on other for their food. Energy flows through Ecosystems Producers = = heterotrophs Consumers: Herbivores Eat Only Plants Carnivores Eat Only Other Animals Omnivores (That s You) Eat Plants & Animals Detritivores Feed On Dead Plant & Animal Remains Decomposers Breaks down organic matter Fungi & Bacteria Types of Carnivores : animals which kill and consume their other animals (prey) 2
3 : animals which are killed by predators A is an animal that feeds on other animals that they have not killed. A good example of this would be a, &. Producer energy and transforms it into, stored energy from the use of organisms. Photosynthesis a. Adds to the b. Removes from the Atmosphere c. Photoautotroph EXAMPLES i. One Land 1. ii. In The Sea 1. iii. Tidal Flats and Salt Marshes 1. Chemoautotroph: Capture energy from the of inorganic d. No needed e. Hydrogen f. The Process is Called: Know the difference between: Photosynthesis=== Chemosynthesis=== Symbiotic Relationships Symbiosis: living together with another organism in association 3 Types 1. Commensalism 2. Mutualism 3. Parasitism Types of Symbiosis Commensalism: one organism is and the other is (+,0) What is an example of commensalism? Barnacles on Define Mutualism: organisms benefit from the association (+,+) What is an example of mutualism? Nile crocodile & Egyptian plover Parasitism: the organism benefits at the of the host (+,-) Examples: and Summary of Symbiotic Relationships 3
4 Fill in the proper term with its corresponding picture Feeding Relationships: Energy flow through an ecosystem in direction. From to various levels of consumers. : a single pathway of feeding relationships among organisms that involves the transfer of. : Simple energy path through an ecosystem. : More realistic path through an ecosystem. Trophic levels: Each level in a or is a. Producers Always the trophic level How enters the system. Herbivores trophic level Carnivores/Omnivores Make up the Tropic Levels level depends on the one it for energy Energy Pyramid: Show the amount of energy at each trophic level One use of the energy. is lost as HEAT. 4
5 Biomass Pyramid: Shows the amount of organic at each trophic level. Where is the most biomass? Pyramid of Numbers: Show the relative of at each trophic level. Succession Succession: a gradual process of change and replacement of populations in a community. 1. Primary Succession: The development of plant communities in an area that has never supported life. In an area that contains no Soil examples: bare rock, lava flow or glaciers. Pioneer organisms: the first organisms to inhabit a given location (example: lichens on bare rock) 2. Secondary Succession: is the change of species that follows disruption of an existing community. In an area that contain soil Example: created by natural disasters or human activity. Ecosystems tend to change until a climax community is formed. Climax community: a community that has reach a stable state. populations remain stable and exist in balance with each other and their environment ecosystems may reach a point of stability that can last for hundreds or thousands of years 5
6 Biomes Define Biome: a large region characterized by a specific type of climate & certain and communities. A certain biome may exist in more than one location on earth. Biomes are or. Biomes are dependent on the following three things: Habitat & Niche is the place a plant or animal lives is an organism role in life Material Cycles What happens to materials in a self-sustaining ecosystem? Can the same materials be reused? Water Cycle In the provided space, fill in the proper terms that make up the Water Cycle. 6
7 Carbon-Oxygen Cycle In the provided space, fill in the proper terms that make up the Carbon-Oxygen Cycle. Respiration and Photosynthesis is the processes that are involved in the Carbon-Oxygen Cycles Nitrogen Cycle Why do organisms need nitrogen? ***Living things cannot use nitrogen gas in the air*** How do living things obtain nitrogen? What is Nitrogen-Fixation? What type of organism can fix nitrogen so it can be used by other living things? In what type of plant can these organisms be found? 7
8 In the provided space, fill in the proper terms that make up the Nitrogen Cycle. Nitrogen Gas (N 2) Nitrogen fixation Animals eating plants Decomposition Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in plant roots Soil bacteria Biodiversity Evolutionary processes have resulted in a diversity of organisms and a diversity of roles in ecosystems. Define Biodiversity: Increased biodiversity increases the of an. Increased biodiversity increases the chance that a least some living things will survive. Population Growth 3 Factors that can affect population growth Define Immigration: Define Emigration: 8
9 Logistic growth (J curve) occurs when a population s growth or (limits on growth) Exponential growth (S curve) occurs when the individuals in a population (no limits on growth) largest number of individuals of a population that a given environment can Limiting factor a factor that causes population growth to ***Human Disturbances are NOT A limiting factor*** they re Density-Independent factors Density-dependent limiting factor Exp. Competition, predation, parasitism, disease Density-independent limiting factor Exp. Unusual weather, natural disasters, seasonal cycles, certain human activities (damming rivers & clear-cutting forests) 9
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