Name: Date: Period: BIOLOGY Final Exam Study Guide. 3. List the 4 major macromolecules (biomolecules), their monomers AND their functions. a.

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1 Name: Date: Period: Water and Cells BIOLOGY Final Exam Study Guide 1. Define homeostasis: 2. Match the property of water with its correct description: a. High specific heat b. High heat of vaporization c. Cohesion d. Adhesion e. Ice is less dense than water 1. It takes a lot of energy for water to change states of matter. 2. Water molecules stick to different things (like leaves). 3. Water expands and its density decreases when it freezes. 4. It takes a lot of energy for water to change temperature. 5. Water molecules are attracted to themselves. 3. List the 4 major macromolecules (biomolecules), their monomers AND their functions. a. b. c. d. 4. What is the difference in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? 5. What is the only membrane-bound organelle found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes? 6. Why does it take longer for eukaryotic cells to divide than prokaryotic cells?

2 7. Which statement regarding proteins is true? a. Proteins are used to carry the genetic code in the nucleus of a cell. b. Proteins make up most of the cell and tissue structures in animals. c. Proteins are synthesized in the mitochondria of the cell. d. Proteins are the building blocks of amino acids. 8. What is the function of enzymes and how do they fulfill this function? 9. Another name for the reactants that attach to enzyme is the substrates. Through a chemical reaction, the enzyme may fuse the two reactants into one molecule that is released. What is the molecule that is released from the enzyme called? Draw and label what is being described here (hint: there is an image in your enzymes notes). 10. What factors affect the rate of enzymes? 11. Which of the following statements regarding cells is true? a. All types of cells have the same life span. b. The size of each type of cell varies greatly. c. Most cells are unable to reproduce independently. d. In humans, each tissue is composed of multiple cell types. 12. Which organelle is the cell s storage of food or waste? 13. Where does cellular respiration take place in the cell? 14. What is the function of the lysosomes? 15. What is the function of the mitochondria? 16. Why would some types of cells contain more mitochondria than others? Give an example.

3 17. Describe the composition of the cell membrane and explain why it must be arranged in a bilayer. 18. What is the difference between active and passive transport? 19. What is osmosis and what type of transport is it? 20. Describe the three types of solutions and describe what happens to a cell when placed in those solutions (use a drawing).

4 21. Write the equation for photosynthesis using molecular formulas (ex. CO 2 instead of carbon dioxide). 22. Where does photosynthesis take place? 23. Write the equation for cellular respiration using molecular formulas (ex. CO 2 instead of carbon dioxide. 24. What molecule is energy stored as in the cell? 25. Where does cellular respiration take place? GENETICS PART All living things have DNA. What is the purpose of DNA (What does it do)? 27. Describe the shape of a DNA molecule (draw it):

5 28. What is replication? 29. What is the function of mrna? 30. What is the function of Trna? 31. Describe the major differences between DNA and RNA. 32. What are the types of DNA mutations? 33. Where does transcription take place? Explain the process.

6 34. Where does Translation take place? Explain the process. 35. What is a codon? 36. What is an anticodon? 37. Given the sequence CTG AGC TGA, what would the complementary mrna sequence be? 38. If given a nucleotide sequence of AGC on a DNA strand, what would be the corresponding mrna codon? 39. Know how to read a codon chart in order to find amino acids. 40. List the 3 parts of the cell theory:

7 ECOLOGY 41. What is the biosphere? 42. Fill out the chart below comparing abiotic and biotic factors. Factor Type Definition Examples ABIOTIC FACTOR BIOTIC FACTOR 43. What would happen to the population of hermit crabs if the number of their predator, an octopus, increased? Is this a change in the biotic or abiotic factors in the hermit crab s environment? 44. What would happen to the population of oak trees if the soil nutrient level increased? 45. Is this a change in the biotic or abiotic factors in the oak tree s environment? 46. Number the words in order from smallest to largest. (1 = small; 4 = large.) Ecosystem Organism Population Community

8 47. Determine what level of organization is being described below. A) All the fish and water in the sea B) A colony of ants C) A wolf hunting a deer D) Lichen growing on a rock 48. What is the difference between the habitat and niche? Give examples of each. 49. Describe the three types of symbiosis below. Give examples of each. a. PARASITISM b. MUTUALISM c. COMMENSALISM 50. List the 7 major terrestrial biomes and gives characteristics of each: 51. List and describe the aquatic biomes:

9 52. Using the food web to the right: a. circle the autotrophs. b. list two secondary consumers. c. put an X through three herbivores. d. List the tertiary consumers e. Examine the part of the food chain showing the rodent and fox. Who is gaining the energy, the rodent or the fox? 53. Examine the energy pyramid to the right. a. Label the pyramid starting with producers. b. What percentage of the overall energy do herbivores get from eating producers? c. Explain why each trophic level is getting smaller going up. 54. What is succession? 55. What is the major difference between primary succession and secondary succession? Provide examples.

10 56. Explain the connections between the following words: a. POPULATIONS & LIMITING FACTORS b. CLIMAX COMMUNITY & SUCCESSION 57. Give a brief description of each of the following nutrient cycles (Steps, how they work, etc.): a. Water cycle - b. Carbon cycle - c. Nitrogen cycle 58. Which biome generally a. Is closest to the equator? b. Is closest to the poles? c. Has the most precipitation? d. Has four true seasons? e. Contains permafrost? f. Has the greatest species diversity? g. Contains trees that lose their leaves?

11 59. What are the major kinds of pollution? 60. What is an example of habitat destruction? 61. How can we reduce our need for fossil fuels? 62. Define & Give examples of: a. Renewable Resource b. Nonrenewable Resource Vocabulary Define the following Ecology Vocabulary words using your notes or book: 1. niche 2. producer 3. consumer 4. community

12 5. populations 6. ecosystem 7. symbiosis 8. carrying capacity 9. logistic growth curve 10. exponential growth curve 11. autotroph 12. heterotroph 13. limiting factor 14. climax community 15. estuary 16. Greenhouse effect 17. density-dependent 18. density-independent 29. pioneer species 20. decomposer