3 The Organization of Living Things
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1 CHAPTER 1 SECTION Cells: The Basic Units of Life 3 The Organization of Living Things BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What are the advantages of being multicellular? What are the four levels of organization in living things? How are structure and function related in an organism? National Science Education Standards LS 1a, 1d, 1e What Is an Organism? Anything that can perform life processes by itself is an organism. An organism made of a single cell is called a unicellular organism. An organism made of many cells is a multicellular organism. The cells in a multicellular organism depend on each other for the organism to survive. What Are the Benefits of Having Many Cells? Some organisms exist as one cell. Others can be made of trillions of cells. A multicellular organism is an organism made of many cells. There are three benefits of being multicellular: larger size, longer life, and specialization of cells. LARGER SIZE Most multicellular organisms are bigger than one-celled organisms. In general, a larger organism, such as an elephant, has few predators. LONGER LIFE A multicellular organism usually lives longer than a one-celled organism. A one-celled organism is limited to the life span of its one cell. The life span of a multicellular organism, however, is not limited to the life span of any one of its cells. STUDY TIP Outline As you read, make an outline of this section. Use the heading questions from the section in your outline. READING CHECK 1. Define What is an organism? READING CHECK 2. Identify Name one way that being large can benefit an organism. SPECIALIZATION In a multicellular organism, each type of cell has a particular job. Each cell does not have to do everything the organism needs. Specialization makes the organism more efficient. Interactive Textbook 15 Cells: The Basic Units of Life
2 SECTION 3 The Organization of Living Things continued Standards Check LS 1d Specialized cells perform specialized functions in multicellular organisms. Groups of specialized cells cooperate to form a tissue, such as a muscle. Different tissues are in turn grouped together and form larger functional units, called organs. Each type of cell, tissue, and organ has a distinct structure and set of functions that serve the organism as a whole. What Are the Four Levels of Organization of Living Things? Multicellular organisms have four levels of organization: Cell 3. List What are the four levels or organization for an organism? Tissue Cells form tissues. Organ Tissues form organs. Organ system Organs form organ systems. TAKE A LOOK 4. Explain Are the cells that make up heart tissue prokaryotic or eukaryotic? How do you know? Organ systems form organisms such as you. Interactive Textbook 16 Cells: The Basic Units of Life
3 SECTION 3 The Organization of Living Things continued CELLS WORK TOGETHER AS TISSUES A tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform a specific job. Heart muscle tissue, for example, is made of many heart muscle cells. TISSUES WORK TOGETHER AS ORGANS A structure made of two or more tissues that work together to do a certain job is called an organ. Your heart, for example, is an organ made of different tissues. The heart has muscle tissues and nerve tissues that work together. Critical Thinking 5. Apply Concepts Do prokaryotes have tissues? Explain. ORGANS WORK TOGETHER AS ORGAN SYSTEMS A group of organs working together to do a job is called an organ system. An example of an organ system is your digestive system. Organ systems depend on each other to help the organism function. For example, the digestive system depends on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems for oxygen. HOW DOES STRUCTURE RELATE TO FUNCTION? In an organism, the structure and function of part are related. Function is the job the part does. Structure is the arrangement of parts in an organism. It includes the shape of a part or the material the part is made of. Say It Name With a partner, name as many of the organs in the human body as you can. The function of the lungs is to bring oxygen to the body and get rid of carbon dioxide. The structure of the lungs helps them to perform their function. Oxygen-poor blood Oxygen-rich blood Blood vessels The lungs contain tiny, spongy sacs that blood can flow through. Carbon dioxide moves out of the blood and into the sacs. Oxygen flows from the sacs into the blood. If the lungs didn t have this structure, it would be hard for them to perform their function. Interactive Textbook 17 Cells: The Basic Units of Life
4 Section 3 NSES LS 1a, 1d, 1e SECTION VOCABULARY function the special, normal, or proper activity of an organ or part organ a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body organ system a group of organisms that work together to perform body functions organism a living thing; anything that can carry out life processes independently structure the arrangement of parts in an organism tissue a group of similar cells that perform a common function 1. List What are three benefits of being multicellular? 2. Apply Concepts Could an organism have organs but no tissues? Explain. 3. Compare How are structure and function different? 4. Explain What does specialization of cells mean? 5. Apply Concepts Why couldn t your heart have only cardiac tissue? 6. Explain Why do multicellular organisms generally live longer than unicellular organisms? Interactive Textbook 18 Cells: The Basic Units of Life
5 C Cells, Heredity, and Classification Answer Key Chapter 1 Cells: The Basic Units of Life SECTION 1 THE DIVERSITY OF CELLS 1. a cell 2. Bacteria bacterial cells are usually smaller than other cells. 3. cell membrane, genetic material, organelles 4. DNA carries information on how to make proteins, new cells, and new organisms. 5. Clockwise from left: cell membrane, organelles, DNA 6. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus; a prokaryotic cell does not. 7. Many bacteria are helpful. Only some bacteria can make you sick. 8. Left to right: DNA, flagellum, cell membrane, cell wall 9. Cell walls are made of different materials; many archaea can live in places no other organisms can live. 10. a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles 11. in the nucleus 12. Cells are usually small because then they have enough surface area for nutrients and wastes to pass in and out of them. Because a yolk doesn t need to take in nutrients, it can be larger than most cells :8 14. a smaller cell 1. All living things are made of cells. The cell is the basic unit of all living things. All cells come from other cells. 2. Prokaryotes: Cells have no nuclei; cells have no membrane-bound organelles; cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells; all are singlecelled. Eukaryotes: Cells have nuclei; cells have membrane-bound organelles; cells are larger than prokaryotic cells; organisms may be single-celled or multi-celled. Both: Organisms are made of cells. 3. It is probably archaea, because it has no nucleus like a prokaryote and can live at high temperatures like some archaea. SECTION 2 EUKARYOTIC CELLS 1. plants and fungi. 2. outside the cell membrane 3. nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum 4. To control what moves in and out of the cell. It lets nutrients and water in and lets wastes out. 5. They don t have a membrane. 6. Clockwise from top left: nucleolus, DNA, pore, nuclear membrane 7. Smooth ER makes lipids and breaks down harmful materials. Rough ER has ribosomes that make proteins. 8. They have their own DNA. 9. Chloroplasts are used in photosynthesis. Animal cells don t make their own food. 10. Package and distribute proteins. 11. cells of plants and fungi 1. large central vacuole, chloroplasts, cell wall 2. Water can pass through the cell membrane into the cell. Nutrients enter the cell through proteins in the membrane. 3. The cell couldn t break down materials. Old cell parts and dangerous materials would build up and could damage or kill the cell. 4. A muscle cell mitochondria make energy for a cell. A muscle cell would use more energy than a skin cell. 5. structure, movement SECTION 3 THE ORGANIZATION OF LIVING THINGS 1. anything that can perform life processes by itself 2. In general, a large animal has fewer predators. 3. cells, tissues, organs, organ systems 4. Eukaryotic each cell has a nucleus. 5. No, prokaryotes have only one cell. Tissues are made of groups of cells. 1. Multicellular organisms are larger and don t have as many predators. They typically live longer than single-celled organisms. Cells in a multicellular organism are specialized, so they function more efficiently. Interactive Textbook Answer Key 13 Cells, Heredity, and Classification
6 C Cells, Heredity, and Classification Answer Key continued 2. No. Organs are made of tissues, so to have organs, an organism must have tissues. 3. Function is the purpose of a part, or the job the part does. Structure is the arrangement of parts in an organism. 4. Specialization of cells means that, in multicellular organisms, different cells perform different functions to help keep the organism alive. 5. An organ has to have two or more tissues. Tissues have to work together for an organ to do a job. 6. The life span of a multicellular organism is not limited to the life span of any one of its cells. Chapter 2 The Cell in Action SECTION 1 EXCHANGE WITH THE ENVIRONMENT 1. the movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration 2. by diffusion 3. The 200 molecules of water have a higher concentration of water because 100% of the molecules are water. 4. Water moves into it by osmosis. 5. by osmosis 6. energy 7. The vesicle in the third picture should be labeled. 1. Both involve moving large particles across the cell membrane. In endocytosis, particles move into the cell. In exocytosis, particles move out of the cell. 2. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane. 3. During passive transport, particles move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. During active transport, particles move from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration. Active transport uses energy from the cell, and passive transport does not. 4. channels 5. An arrow should point from the pure water to the water mixed with sugar. SECTION 2 CELL ENERGY 1. chloroplasts 2. glucose and oxygen 3. cellular respiration, fermentation 4. glucose and oxygen 5. carbon dioxide, water, energy (ATP) 6. Plants and animals wouldn t have oxygen for cellular respiration. They couldn t use cellular respiration to get energy. 7. ATP 1. plant cells 2. Plant cells use carbon dioxide, water, and energy from the sun to make food by photosynthesis. 3. Chloroplasts make food for the plant, and mitochondria break down the food to release energy. 4. Each process gives the other the materials it needs. Cellular respiration uses oxygen and glucose and produces carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight and produces glucose and oxygen. 5. Cellular respiration uses oxygen to break down food. Fermentation does not. Cellular respiration produces more energy than fermentation. 6. No, if cells don t have enough oxygen, they break down glucose using fermentation. When you exercise, for example, your muscle cells use up oxygen quickly. When there is not enough oxygen left, the muscle cells use fermentation. SECTION 3 THE CELL CYCLE 1. The cell must make a copy of its DNA. 2. binary fission 3. Chromatids are copies of chromosomes that are held together at the centromere. 4. interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis 5. eight more 6. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase 7. cell plate 1. In prokaryotic cells, the DNA is on a single, circular chromosome. The DNA of eukaryotes is stored on many chromosomes. Interactive Textbook Answer Key 14 Cells, Heredity, and Classification
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