- a system of acquiring knowledge and organizing and condensing that knowledge into testable laws and theories

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "- a system of acquiring knowledge and organizing and condensing that knowledge into testable laws and theories"

Kristian Reynolds
5 years ago
Views:

1. biology - the study of life (living things) 2. compound light microscope - a microscope with a light source and the magnification is a result of 2 lenses 1. Eyepiece 10X 2.

1 1. biology - the study of life (living things) 2. compound light microscope - a microscope with a light source and the magnification is a result of 2 lenses 1. Eyepiece 10X 2. Objective Lenses: low power 4X * 10X = 40X red medium power 10X *10X = 100X yellow high power 40X * 10X = 400X blue 3. science - a system of acquiring knowledge and organizing and condensing that knowledge into testable laws and theories 4. scientific method - technique used to investigate or acquire knowledge - questions, hypothesis, experiment, data, conclusions

2 5. biosphere - the portion of the Earth that supports life 6. biotic (factor) - living or once living 7. abiotic (factor) - not living, never was living Examples: temperature, ph, water, soil, sunlight, nutrients, rainfall, salt 8. microscopic - a microorganism - very small, helps to use a microscope - too small to be seen by the unaided human eye Examples: bacteria and protists

3 9. organism - an individual living thing: 1 clown fish, 1 white tailed deer, 1 person 10. population - group of organisms of the same species in the same same time 11. biological community - all populations of different living things in same same time 12. ecosystem - a biological community and all of the abiotic factors around it

4 13. biome - group of ecosystems, same climate, similar types of communities 14. ecology - study of the relationships and interactions of living organisms with their environment 15. habitat - area where an organism lives 16. niche - role or position that an organism has in its environment: food, shelter, reproduction 17. competition - more than 1 organism uses a resource at the same time: food, water, space, light

5 18. predation - hunts for food, eats another organism 19. symbiosis (symbiotic relationship) - close relationship between 2 or more species 20. mutualism - both organisms benefit 21. commensalism - 1 organism benefits, 1 is not helped or harmed 22. parasitism - 1 organism is harmed, 1 benefits

6 23. herbivore - heterotroph, only eats plants 24. omnivore - heterotroph, eats plants and animals 25. carnivore - heterotroph, eats only animals 26. food chain - shows how energy flows through an ecosystem

7 27. detritivore - eat pieces of dead organisms: worms, insects 28. decomposer - break down dead organisms with enzymes: bacteria, fungi 29. heterotroph - gets energy by consuming other organisms 30. autotroph - gets energy from the sun to make food

8 31. food web - energy flowing through a group of organisms 32. trophic level - each level of a food chain or food web 33. denitrifying bacteria - bacteria that turns nitrogen in the soil back into a gas and back to the atmosphere major elements of life - carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

9 35. population density - number of individuals in a population in a unit area 36. carrying capacity - maximum # of individuals that an environment can support 37. exponential growth -grows slow at 1 st, then grows rapidly with no stop or limits, J-shaped curve 38. logistic growth - grows slow at 1 st, then grows rapidly, includes limiting factors, levels out at carrying capacity 39. immigration - individuals moving into a population 40. emigration - individuals moving out of a population

10 41. density dependent factors - biotic factors: predation, disease, parasite, competition 42. density independent factors - abiotic factors: natural disasters flood, drought, extreme heat/cold, tornadoes, hurricanes 43. ecological succession - the change in an ecosystem that happens when 1 community replaces another as a result of changing abiotic and biotic factors 44. primary succession - starts with bare rock, lichens break down the rocks, very slow at first 45. secondary succession - starts with natural disaster, small grasses, plants, trees grow back over time

11 46. climax community - stable, mature community, result of succession 47. biodiversity - variety of life in an area, determined by the # of species in that area 48. extinction - when an entire species disappears from the biosphere 49. natural resources - all materials and organisms found in the biosphere Examples: minerals, fossil fuels, nuclear fuels, plants, animals, soil, clean water, clean air, solar energy

12 50. overexploitation - excessive use or overuse of species 51. biological magnification - increasing amounts of toxic substances in organisms at the top of the food web (higher trophic levels have more toxins in them) 52. acid precipitation - burning fossil fuels puts NO 2 and SO 2 into the atmosphere, they react with water and form sulfuric acid and nitric acid, acids fall back to earth in precipitation, damages organisms and water on earth 53. eutrophication - fertilizers and waste put too much nitrogen or phosphorus in waterways causing excess algae growth, algae dies & uses up oxygen, fish and other animals die too 54. renewable resources - unlimited amount: replaced by natural processes at a rate comparable or faster than its rate of consumption by humans Examples: solar energy, wind, bamboo 55. nonrenewable resources - limited amount available Examples: fossil fuels, minerals, species

13 56. bioremediation - using plants, fungi, or bacteria to clean up to detoxify a polluted area 57. biological augmentation - adding natural predators into a degraded ecosystem Example: wolves at Yellowstone National Park 58. biochemistry - the study of chemical processes in living organisms 59. organic chemistry - the study compounds containing carbon 60. organic compounds - compounds containing carbon, almost all biological molecules contain carbon, all life on Earth = carbon based

61. catalyst - substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction, speeds up chemical reaction, does not increase the product, does not get used up 62.

14 61. catalyst - substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction, speeds up chemical reaction, does not increase the product, does not get used up 62. enzyme - type of catalyst, special proteins, needed for life - speeds up chemical reaction - does NOT get used up, can be used AGAIN 63. substrate - the reactant that binds to the enzyme 64. active site - exact location where reactant & enzyme meet

15 65. macromolecule - large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together 66. polymers -molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds (monomers) 67. monomers - smaller molecules that can combine with others to form a polymer

16 68. carbohydrates - C,H,O: store short term energy, structural support 69. lipids - C,H,O: store long term energy, form barriers or membranes 70. proteins - C, H, O, N: transport substances, speed up reactions (enzymes), make hormones, provide structure 71. nucleic acids - C, H, N, O, P: stores and communicates genetic information (DNA and RNA)

18 72. chemical reaction - process where atoms or groups of atoms of substances are reorganized into different substances 73. activation energy - minimal amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction

19 74. prokaryotic cells (prokaryote) - cells without a nucleus or other organelles in a membrane Example: bacteria 75. eukaryotic cells (eukaryote) - cells with a nucleus and other organelles in a membrane Examples: plants, animals, fungi, protists 76. organelles little organs - special parts of cells that carry out specific functions 77. cell - the basic unit of all living things, the invention of the microscope led to the discovery of cells (1665), some organisms are unicellular (bacteria), some organisms are multicellular (animals)

20 78. The Cell Theory 1. All living organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms. 3. Cells arise only from previously existing cells, with cells passing copies of their genetic material to their daughter cells. 79. plasma membrane - outer shell of all cells, selectively permeable 80. nucleus - eukaryotic cells only, DNA is located in the nucleus 81. cytoplasm - jellylike, semi-fluid material, gives cell shape and helps movement in the cell

23 82. diffusion - movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration 83. osmosis - the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane 84. facilitated diffusion - type of diffusion where special protein channels help certain molecules in and out of cells

25 85. dynamic equilibrium - continuous movement, no overall change 86. active transport - needs energy, moves from low to high concentration 87. endocytosis - bring large materials into cells, plasma membrane engulfs substance 88. exocytosis - release large substances out of cells, cells get rid of waste, opposite of endocytosis

26 89. ribosomes - help make proteins, some are on the Rough ER, some are in the cytoplasm 90. golgi - packages up molecules made in the cell to ship out of the cell 91. endoplasmic reticulum - folded membrane, helps move molecules throughout the cell

27 92. cell wall - stiff & rigid barrier, outer part of plant cells 93. chloroplast - only in plant cells, photosynthesis takes place here 94. mitochandria - powerhouse or energy maker of cells 95. vacoule - stores water, waste, nutrients, larger in plant cells 96. centrioles - help with cellular division (mitosis), animal cells only 97. lysosome - vesicle with digestive enzymes, help break down waste and other materials, animal cells only

28 98. photosynthesis - plants, some bacteria, some protists, Light Dependent Reactions, Calvin Cycle, 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 take place in chloroplasts 99. cellular respiration - plant and animal cells, Glycolysis, Electron Transport Chain, Krebs Cycle, C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O takes place in mitochandria and cytoplasm

29 100. thylakoids - disks in chloroplasts, place where Light Dependent Reactions take 101. stroma - fluid in chloroplasts place where the Calvin Cycle takes place 102. anaerobic processes - does not require oxygen 103. glycolysis - takes place in the cytoplasm without O2, breaks down glucose into ATP and pyruvate

30 104. ATP 105. ADP - adenosine triphosphate: high energy storing molecule - adenosine diphosphate 106. aerobic processes - requires oxygen 107. fermentation - occurs in cytoplasm, follows glycolysis, 2 kinds: lactic acid and alcohol

31 108. DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid, large heredity molecule found in all living things, made of nucleotides 109. nucleotide - made of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and 1 of the four bases (A, T, C, G) 110. mitosis - the process where eukaryotic cells divide into 2 cells making an identical new cell

33 111. interphase - cell grows, DNA replication occurs, cell prepares for mitosis, most of a cell s life is spent here 112. prophase Longest phase of mitosis Chromatin condenses (tightens) into chromosomes (X) Centrioles separate & move to opposite sides of the cell Nuclear membrane breaks down and disappears Nucleolus disappears Spindle fibers grow from the centrioles 113. metaphase Shortest phase a few minutes! Chromosomes complete their attachment to the spindle Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell!

34 114. anaphase -The spindle fibers pull the centromeres and chromatids to opposite sides of the cell telophase Chromatid reach the sides of cell. The spindle fibers break apart. A nuclear membrane forms around 2 groups of chromatids. The nucleolus reappears cytokinesis The cytoplasm divides between the two nuclei and forms 2 new cells, starts in anaphase

35 117. chromosome - contain genetic material that is passed on from generation to generation - human cells hzave 46 or 23 pairs - not all species have the same number of chromosomes - found in the nucleus, made of DNA 118. sister chromatids - structures that contain identical copies of DNA 119. centromeres -Structure at the center of a chromosome, attaches the sister chromatids

$adult stem cells found in various tissues c. umbilical cord 121. x-ray diffraction - aim x-rays at a DNA molecule, creates images, helped find the shape of DNA (double helix) 122.$

37 120. stem cells - unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells under the right conditions a. embryonic stem cells soon after fertilization b. adult stem cells found in various tissues c. umbilical cord 121. x-ray diffraction - aim x-rays at a DNA molecule, creates images, helped find the shape of DNA (double helix) 122. DNA replication - DNA makes an exact copy of itself, needed for mitosis

39 123. RNA - nucleic acid, single stranded - made of: ribose sugar, phosphate group, and bases - bases = adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine - 3 main kinds 124. mrna (messenger RNA) - made by DNA in the nucleus, leaves the nucleus to go to ribosomes in the cytoplasm to make proteins 125. rrna (ribosomal RNA) - ribosomes are made of dozens of proteins and mrna 126. trna (transfer RNA) - carries amino acids to the ribosomes in groups of 3

41 127. Transcription - making mrna from DNA - starts inside the nucleus, ends in the cytoplasm 128. Translation - mrna meets up with a ribosome - trna bring an amino acids in groups of 3 - chains of amino acids form proteins The human body is constructed of 20 different amino acids (there are perhaps 100 different amino acids available in nature) Central Dogma - DNA sends the code for RNA to make proteins 130. codon - 3 base code of DNA or mrna, codes amino acids which create proteins (*use the chart )

BIOLOGY CELLS FIRST SEMESTER STUDY GUIDE. Define:

BIOLOGY CELLS FIRST SEMESTER STUDY GUIDE. Define: BIOLOGY FIRST SEMESTER STUDY GUIDE CELLS * SPI 3210.1.1 and 3210.1.2 Compare the structure and function of cellular organelles in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Define: What is Biology? eukaryotic