Biology EOCT Review. Milton High School

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1 Biology EOCT Review Milton High School

2 Cell Organelles Nucleus holds DNA Cell membrane what comes in and goes out Mitochondria powerhouse of the cell Ribosomes protein synthesis Lysosomes digestion Cell wall structural support (ex. plants) Vacuoles storage Chloroplasts in plants for photosynthesis

3 Animal cell vs. Plant cell

4 Differences in Cells Prokaryote Lacks nucleus No membrane-bound organelles Has a cell wall Has a cell membrane Bacteria Eukaryote Has a nucleus Has membrane-bound organelles Found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists

5 Viruses Relies on a host cell to reproduce Has DNA or RNA

6 Osmosis How water diffuses into a cell Diffusion is process which molecules of a substance move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

7 Macromolecules Carbohydrates glucose and sucrose Provide quick energy Polysaccharides are largest Lipids fats, oils, waxes Insoluble in water Storage of energy Proteins basic building materials Also contain nitrogen Made of amino acids (there are 20)

8 Nucleic Acids carry out instructions DNA Records instructions and transmits RNA Reads and carries out instructions Transcription

9 Photosynthesis

10 Mitosis vs. Meiosis Mitosis Generates TWO identical cells Maintains chromosome number (Diploid number) Occurs in body cells (somatic cells) Meiosis FOUR cells are formed Each with half of the number of chromosomes (Haploid number) Forms sex cells (gametes) Requires two cell divisions

11 Genetics Genes are located on chromosomes Homozygous both alleles are the same (TT) Heterozygous alleles are different (Tt) Dominant alleles express themselves Recessive alleles are hidden Phenotype physical appearance Genotype set of alleles individual receives

13 Key characteristics of the Kingdoms Characteristics Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Cell Type Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Cell Structure Cell wall Cell wall Mixed Cell wall Cell wall No cell wall Body Type Unicellular Unicellular Unicellular, Multicellular Unicellular, Multicellular Multicellular Multicellular Nutrition Autotroph and heterotroph Autotroph and heterotroph Autotroph and heterotroph Heterotroph Autotroph Heterotroph

14 Some important ecology terms Community multiple populations Abiotic non-living items in environment Trophic levels different levels in food chain Each level gets energy from level below it Less energy available as move up to next level Habitat where an organism lives Niche what an organism does in habitat

15 Less energy available to next level some energy used for respiration, growth, reproduction.

16 About 10% of available energy is passed to next trophic level Energy is lost as heat through respiration

17 Parasitism one species benefits and the other species can be harmed (need a host) Tick is an example

an example the remora is a fish which has suction disks

18 Commensalism one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor helped The remora and the shark is an example the remora is a fish which has suction disks which allow it to attach to shark without hurting the shark

19 Mutualism both species benefit A lichen is formed by a relationship between a fungus and a green algae. The fungus anchors the lichen and protects the algae from direct sunlight and extreme temperature fluctuations. The green algae performs photosynthesis, providing food for itself and the fungus.

20 Natural selection - results in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment Nectar feeding Seed-eating

21 Cause and Effects of Pollution Excess carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, coal) leads to global climate change Sulfur dioxide from burning coal causes acid rain destroys vegetation

22 Acid rain produced when nitrogen oxide (from car exhaust) or sulfur dioxide (from burning fossil fuels) mixes with rain

23 Enhanced greenhouse effect more heat trapped caused by excess carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere

Name Date Block. Biology EOCT Review

Name Date Block. Biology EOCT Review Name Date Block Biology EOCT Review Section 1: Nature of Science 1. Bobby thinks that eating fish for breakfast will make people smarter. He gets 10 of his friends and divides them into 2 groups. Group