16/11/2016. Earth Observation Data for Fisheries & Aquaculture Perspectives from European Initiatives

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1 Earth Observation Data for Fisheries & Aquaculture Perspectives from European Initiatives Rory Scarrott (UCC MaREI) UCC, GG6502, November 15 th, 2016 Lecture 1: Background and parameters This project has received funding from the European Union s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No The views and opinions expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. The SAFI project receives funding from the European Commission s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/ ) under grant agreement n RI The views and opinions expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. 1

2 Overview of today Identify the importance of the spatial dimension in adding value to data, and in the support of decision-making across a range of sectors, disciplines and professions. Lecture 1: Background and ocean parameters Lecture 2: Case studies and opportunities Overview of Lecture 1: Background and parameters Introductions & Perspectives Some cautionary notes Parameters available Parameters over space, and time you can deliver to clients. Introductions & Perspectives - BSc. in Applied Ecology (UCC) - Joint MSc. in Remote Sensing, GIS, Environmental Modelling & Environmental Management (not UCC) - Now working for 6 (or 7???) years at MaREI (Formerly CMRC), UCC as a Research Assistant, now Research Support. 2

3 Introductions & Perspectives SAFI Capacity Building Understanding F&A with Earth Observation EO data can play an important role well beyond the simple visualisation of ocean surface characteristics winds, waves, photosynthetic activity measurements, temperature etc. can aid environmental characterisation, interpretation, modelling, and, when assimilated, improve understanding and Species area forecasts! BUT uptake of EO data by relevant users (Environment Agencies, aquaculture community, fisheries community and aquaculture) has been slow why? 3

4 Need Understanding to consider communications F&A with Earth Observation uptake of EO data by relevant users has been slow. It is just another form of data Oceans of Opportunity Oceans of Opportunity 4

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6 Measurement data from orbit the basics Measurement data from orbit the basics Why do we see the colours we can see? 6

7 Satellite images are not photographs but pictorial presentations of measured data. Satellite systems measure electromagnetic radiation in different "areas" or bands of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g. in the visible or infrared range). Really good learn yourself website project.eu/home.html All the basics in there! Measurement data from orbit the basics Mehrubeoglu et al. (2014) Resolving Mixed Algal Species in Hyperspectral Images Sensors 2014, 14(1), 1 21 Nice gateway paper to further information. Different species can be discerned using their spectral signature. Here obtained using Hyperspectral Passive and Active Sensors 7

8 Measurement data from orbit A cautionary tale. A pixel is a summary value of the EM radiations being reflected / emitted by every molecule contained within it! It essentially summarises everything in the pixel area into a single value. What must we be cautious about? Measurement data from orbit a cautionary tale A pixel is a summary value of the EM radiation being reflected / emitted by every molecule contained within it! It essentially summarises everything in the pixel area into a single value. Measurement data from orbit a cautionary tale 8

9 Measurement data from orbit a cautionary tale You must be conscious of mixed pixels, especially near coasts and in areas of marine traffic Higher resolution data can allow you to get more data closer to coasts. However, higher spatial resolution = larger datasets Resolution increase x 2 = Data size increase x 4 Measurement data from orbit a cautionary tale What information could be held in this image? What must you be conscious of? Atmosphere impacts on your data Why the difference??? 9

10 Atmosphere impacts on your data Atmosphere impacts on your data Atmosphere impacts on your data correction comparison/ 10

11 Atmosphere impacts on your data the cloud Conundrum Clouds & Haze Impact on optical Neglible impact on radar & microwave Measurement Frequency e.g. Sentinel 3 Altimetry (Sea Surface Height, waves, Sea Level Rise, Storm Surge measurement etc.) Why the circle of no data? Orbits and views NOAA Low orbit - Polar Orbit High incline Low incline High Orbit - Geostationary 11

12 SWATH The area imaged on the surface, is referred to as the swath. Imaging swaths for spaceborne sensors can vary between tens and hundreds of kilometres wide. In General, the lower the swath, the higher res. The data. Not always the rule (e.g. altimetry) Measurement Frequency The satellite revisit time is the time elapsed between observations of the same point on earth by a satellite. It depends on the satellite's orbit, target location, and swath of the sensor. High inclination Polar orbiting satellites for example have a higher revisit time at higher latitudes (as they pass over the polar regions) Lower inclination orbiting Satellites have lower revisits of the polar regions (or none at all) 12

13 Measurement Frequency e.g. Sentinel 3 Altimetry (Sea Surface Height, waves, Sea Level Rise, Storm Surge measurement etc.) Why the circle of no data? Radiation to parameters your clients can use how is it done? e.g. photosynthetic activity Nice example paper Caanizzaro & Carder (2006) Estimating chlorophyll a concentrations from remote sensing. Remote Sensing of Environment 101, So it s not only RGB pctures.. There s so much more that can be measured and delivered. 13

14 This image shows serious eutrophication in the Baltic Sea discuss List 5 points your client should be aware of when they see the image Optical imagery Case 1 and 2 waters Temperature Wind Altimetry & Sea level Sea state Pollution monitoring Maritime safety and security Temperature Global measurements extracted from Infrared (IR), and microwave data, and combined with in situ measurements (verification/validation), then analysed further to examine trends (such as those on the SUOMI satellite and NOAA s developing JPSS constellation 14

15 Temperature Continuity is critical Why? 15

16 Wind speed and Vectors Wind speed and Vectors Hurricane Bill (23rd Aug Wind speed and Vectors 16

17 Sea Levels Ocean and coastal altimetry surge.info/sites/stormsurge.info/files/esurge_d180g_hb_sl1wa1b_coastalaltimetryhandbook_2.0.pdf List 3 potential Aquaculture uses for these physical parameter measures in the aquaculture industry? Sea Levels Ocean and coastal altimetry Sea Surface Height Mean Sea level DEM, Tides, River and lake Heights, MSS Wind and Waves 17

18 Sea-level rise reconstructed from tide gauges and satellite altimetry (02/2008); credit J. Church. Inset: Sea level rise from altimeter missions (Credit: Altimetrics) Grace inset: NASA/JPL Sea Levels Ocean and coastal altimetry (R. Scharroo) Sea state wind vectors and speeds are calculated by measuring sea state! 50 km 12.5 km OSCAT Cork esurge Training, Feb

19 Sea state wind vectors and speeds are calculated by measuring sea state! Radar backscatter for differing sea surface roughness. From: Garcia Pineda et al. (2013) Oil spill mapping and measurement in the Guld of Mexico with textural classifier neural network algorithm (TCNNA). IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. SAR also good for oil spill detection SAR also good for vessel detection SAR-AIS COMPARISON False alarm????? Illegal activity? False alarm??? 19

20 List 3 potential Marine Ecology applications of SAR imagery? Monitoring Ocean Biology from space Important to Note we cannot see fish from space!!! However, we CAN measure those species capturing solar energy, and underpinning surface water ecosystems. Oceans of Opportunity 20

21 Can we say this on the basis of this image alone? Why? Delivering information to fisheries and aquaculture Beyond single images Time series of data 21

22 Beyond single images Time series of data Beyond single images Time series of data Time is the fourth dimension; it is unlike the first three dimensions in that it is asymmetrical, and difficult to envision, much less comprehend (Saab & Haythornthwaite, 1990) 22

23 Further Reading The Basics Campbell, J.B (2006) Introduction to Remote Sensing, 4 th Edition (Q LLIF) Chuvieco, E. & Heute, A. (2010) Fundamentals of satellite remote sensing. (Q CHUV) Some nice papers on extracting ocean parameters for ecologists, and applications overviews (good gateway papers) Caanizzaro & Carder (2006) Estimating chlorophyll a concentrations from remote sensing. Remote Sensing of Environment 101, Chassot et al., (2011) Satellite remote sensing for an ecosystem approach to fisheries management. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68(4), Techniques and Tools Iliffe, J. (2008) Datums and map projections for remote sensing, GIS, and surveying. 2 nd Edition. (Q CAMP) Horning, N. [et al.] (2010) Remote Sensing for ecology and conservation: a handbook of techniques. (Q HORN) 23

24 So. Where do I get data? Scientific Hub access point for all Sentinel mission with access to the interactive graphical user interface. All other European Space Agency Data (guides) access NASA PO.DAAC portal core hosts of NASA & NOAA originating ocused on ocean surface topography (OST), sea surface temperature (SST), ocean winds, sea surface salinity (SSS), gravity, ocean circulation and sea ice data NASA OceanColour portal And what about software? Exploring your data and downloaded product packages ArcGIS or QGIS (Opensource) UCC staff and students have access to the full ArcGIS product suite More image processing (when you are comfortable with images) Erdas Imagine or ENVI, or BEAM (free) UCC staff can get you access to the licence, just get in contact with the Department of Geography You ve become a pro! MatLab, Python etc. Have a really good reason for getting a licence if needed Others: see tools for a whole range of freely available mission specific, processing tools for you to download, learn, and use Next up case study projects BREAK!!!! 24