GEOSC/METEO 597K Kevin Bowley Kaitlin Walsh

Transcription

1 GEOSC/METEO 597K Kevin Bowley Kaitlin Walsh

2 Timeline of Satellites ERS-1 ( ) NSCAT (1996) Envisat (2002) RADARSAT (2007) Seasat (1978) TOPEX/Poseidon ( ) QuikSCAT (1999) Jason-2 (2008) 1978 TIROS-1 (1978) Geosat ( ) SeaWiFS (1997) Jason-1 (2001) Aqua (2002) NOAA-N (2009) 2010 NOAA-15 (1998) TerraSAR-X (2007)

3 Seasat 1978 First earth-orbiting satellite meant for remote sensing of the Earth s oceans; had onboard the first spaceborne SAR Objectives were to collect data about sea-surface winds, seasurface temperatures, wave heights, internal waves, atmospheric water content, sea ice and ocean topography Launched in June 1978; mission was terminated in October 1978 because of electrical malfunctions on the satellite Images: The Seasat satellite; image of internal waves over the Gulf of Mexico taken with Seasat radar instrumentation (NASA)

4 Seasat 1978 Contained five instruments for data collection and measurement: Radar altimeter to measure height above sea surface Microwave scatterometer to measure wind speed and direction Scanning multichannel radiometer to measure SSTs Visible and infrared radiometer to identify cloud, land and water features SAR L-band to monitor sea ice conditions

5 AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) 1978 First launched in October 1978 as part of the TIROS-1 satellite (4-channel) Radiation-detection imager that can be used for remotely determining cloud cover and the surface temperature 5-channel instrument carried on NOAA-7 satellite; AVHRR/2 which was launched in June 1981 Latest instrument is AVHRR/3, which is carried on the NOAA-15 satellite; has been in orbit since May 1998 Channel 5, on the wavelength of µm, is used to detect sea surface temperature

6 AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) 1978 Sea surface temperatures measured using the AVHRR/2 sensor on the NOAA-7 satellite (NOAA)

7 Geosat Launched in early 1985 by the United States Navy Contained a radar altimeter to detect sea surface heights to an accuracy within 5 centimeters NOAA

8 ERS European Remote-Sensing satellite First Earth-observing satellite built by the European Space Agency Held similar instrumentation to Seasat Radar altimeter Scanning radiometer Synthetic aperture radar Wind scatterometer Microwave radiometer

9 TOPEX/Poseidon Launched in 1992 to map ocean surface topography Measured the ice-free portions of the ocean s surfaces with an accuracy of 3.3 cm Main achievement of mission was that the sensor was able to determine patterns of ocean circulation mostly heat transfer Data from the satellite was used to compare computer models of oceanic circulation with actual global observations, and this data has been used to improve climate forecasts

10 TOPEX/Poseidon Some important data collection things from its 14-year mission: Measuring sea level with meticulous detail Mapping of global tide cycles Monitoring the effects of ocean currents on climate change, as well as providing data regarding seasonal changes in currents Provided extensive data about large-scale ocean features such as Rossby and Kelvin waves, as well as ENSO and the PDO Validated ocean models by providing maps of basinwide current variations Mapped changes in heat storage in the upper portions of the oceans

11 TOPEX/Poseidon Image from TOPEX/Poseidon showing sea surface heights during the 1999 El Nino event in the Pacific Ocean

12 SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide Field-ofview Sensor) 1997-present Launched on August 1, 1997, as the only scientific instrument on the GeoEye OrbView-2 satellite Records information from wavelength of 402 nm to 885 nm (bands 1 through 8) Designed to monitor and detect various water quality characteristics, such as chlorophyll-a concentration and water clarity Instrument is able to augment its angular position in order to avoid data gaps caused by sunlight reflecting directly off of the ocean s surface, especially at the Equator

13 SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide Field-ofview Sensor) 1997-present Image: Wikipedia SeaWiFS-derived average sea surface chlorophyll for the period 1998 to 2006.

14 NSCAT 1996 Ocean surface wind speeds and directions over the Pacific Ocean Images: Brigham Young Univ.

15 QuikSCAT 1999 Follow-up to NSCAT when it failed, June 1999 Carries scatterometer instrument known as Seawinds Images: NASA

16 Envisat: 01 March 2002 European Space Agency Ten Instruments 5 Measure Ocean Characteristics 1. Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) C Band radar; measures ocean currents and topography 2. Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) 15 spectral bands; measures ocean color and vegetation 3. Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) Measures emitted radiation ( µm); Sea surface temperature measurements 4. Radar Altimeter 2 (RA-2) GHz Ku Band radar; measures ocean waves 5. Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) Measures ocean color and biology Reunion (S. Indian Ocean). Note the wave patterns around the Island. atelliteimages/335/ Reunion_ASAR_IM M_Orbit04926_ _lg.jpg

17 Aqua: 04 May 2002 Part of the Earth Observation System (EOS) Member of the Afternoon Constellation (A-Train) Six Instruments 3 Measure Ocean Characteristics 1. Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) Measures outgoing radiation at µm, µm 2. Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E) Dual-polarization, twelve channels, six frequencies Measures sea surface winds and temperature among other variables 3. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Measures 36 bands in visible and infrared; measures ocean chlorophyll flourescence among other variables.

18 Jason 1: 07 December 2001 Follow-on of Topex/Poseidon Mission: Oceanography and ocean forecasting, along with climate prediction and marine meteorology Five Instruments 2 Measure Ocean Characteristics 1. Poseidon-2 Altimeter Dual-Frequency (Ku and C Band); measures sea level, wave heights, and wind speeds 2. Jason-1 Microwave Radiometer (JMR) Passively collects radiation at 18.7, 23.8, and 34 GHz 18.7 GHz channel can determine winddriven variations in the sea surface Significant Wave Heights, measured July 2007 (AVISO/Jason-1)

19 Jason 2: 20 June 2008 Follow-on of Topex/Poseidon/Jason-1 Mission: High-precision ocean and climate data for integration into models Eight Instruments 2 Measure Ocean Characteristics 1. Poseidon-3 Altimeter Dual-Frequency (Ku and C Band); measures sea level, wave heights, and wind speeds 2. Advanced Microwave Radiometer (AMR) Passively collects radiation at 18.7, 23.8, and 34 GHz 18.7 GHz channel can determine winddriven variations in the sea surface

20 TerraSAR-X: 15 June 2007 Mission: Measuring surface characteristics using an X Band Synthetic Aperture Radar 9.65 GHz Radar Unit Oceanography Products Wind speed and direction from wave direction and height Oceanic internal waves Oceanic dynamics Oil slick detection Bathymetry Wave patterns in the Strait of Gibraltar /gallery-1/gallery_read-Image /

21 RADARSAT-2: 14 December 2007 Mission: Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar measurements to replace RADARSAT-1 C Band Radar Unit ensures continuity with RADARSAT-1 Newer phased-array technology for measurements Selective polarization Measures traditional SAR characteristics, including wind speed and direction, as well as wave height and direction 1.jpg

22 NOAA-N : 4 February 2009 Mission: Observing a multitude of earth parameters primarily for model imput Final satellite of the Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS) group Two radiometers will help with monitoring oceanic conditions: Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Spectral Radiometer (SBUV/2) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR/3) Both will primarily monitor sea surface temperatures Launching after suffering major damaged when dropped in jpg Damages from 2003 accident during assembly

23 Sources Seasat: TIROS-1: Geosat: ERS-1: TOPEX/Poseidon: SeaWiFS: NSCAT: QuikSCAT: Envisat: Aqua: Jason-1: Jason-2: TerraSAR-X: RADARSAT-2: NOAA-N :