Training Course on Radar & Optical RS, IES, Cēsis, Latvia, 5-9 September SAR Marine Applications. Wind and Waves
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1 SAR Marine Applications Wind and Waves Martin Gade Uni Hamburg, Institut für Meereskunde
2 SAR Marine Applications Friday, 9 Sep, Morning: 1 - History & Basics Introduction Radar/SAR History Basics Scatterometer 2 - Wind and Waves SAR Wind Fields Storms, Tropical Cyclones Ocean Surface Waves Oceanic Internal Waves Marine Surface Films Rain Friday, 9 Sep, Afternoon: 3 - Currents and Objects Surface Currents Sea Bottom Topography Ship Detection Oil Pollution Monitoring Sea Ice 4 - Practicals SNAP Toolbox: Georeferencing, Mosaics, Image Interpretation: Wind Fields, Oil Pollution, Sea Ice, Objects Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 2
3 SAR Wind Fields Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 3
4 SAR Wind Fields Ocean winds Data basis: Seasat SAR Image (L-HH) U.S. East Coast (28 September 1978, 15:20 UTC) NASA [Monaldo et al., 2013] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 4
5 SAR Wind Fields Processing flow (NOAA) [Monaldo et al., 2013] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 5
6 SAR Wind Fields Ocean winds Data basis: Radarsat-1 SAR Image (C-HH) Kodiak Island (31 October 2000, 03:44 UTC) CSA [Jackson & Apel, 2004] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 6
7 SAR Wind Fields Ocean winds Data basis: Radarsat-1 SAR Image (C-HH) Gulf of Alaska (19 March 2001, 02:48 UTC) CSA [Jackson & Apel, 2004] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 7
![Apel, 2004] Martin Gade - SAR](/docs-images/93/112779696/images/8-4.jpg "Marine Applications - 2 Wind &")
8 SAR Wind Fields Ocean winds Data basis: Radarsat-1 SAR Image (C-HH) Aleutian Islands (04 May 2001, 05:26 UTC) CSA [Jackson & Apel, 2004] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 8
![SAR Wind Fields Atmospheric convective cells [Jackson & Apel, 2004] Radarsat-1 SAR Image (C-HH, 300 km 300](/docs-images/93/112779696/images/9-1.jpg "km) U.S.")
9 SAR Wind Fields Atmospheric convective cells [Jackson & Apel, 2004] Radarsat-1 SAR Image (C-HH, 300 km 300 km) U.S. East Coast (17 January 1997, 22:42 UTC, CSA) Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 9
![SAR Wind Fields Atmospheric convective cells [Jackson & Apel, 2004] Radarsat-1 SAR Image (C-HH, 300 km 300](/docs-images/93/112779696/images/10-1.jpg "km) U.S.")
10 SAR Wind Fields Atmospheric convective cells [Jackson & Apel, 2004] Radarsat-1 SAR Image (C-HH, 300 km 300 km) U.S. East Coast (6 March 1997, 22:42 UTC, CSA) Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 10
![SAR Wind Fields Atmospheric roll vortices [Jackson & Apel, 2004] Radarsat-1 SAR Image (C-HH, 300 km 300](/docs-images/93/112779696/images/11-3.jpg "km) U.S.")
11 SAR Wind Fields Atmospheric roll vortices [Jackson & Apel, 2004] Radarsat-1 SAR Image (C-HH, 300 km 300 km) U.S. East Coast (6 March 1997, 22:42 UTC, CSA) Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 11
12 SAR Wind Fields Atmospheric roll vortices Radarsat-1 Images (C-HH, 25 km 25 km) off Southern California (left: 12 June 1999, right: 2 December 1998, CSA) [Jackson & Apel, 2004] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 12
13 SAR Wind Fields Katabatic winds & Atmospheric convective cells [Wikipedia, 6/2013] ERS SAR Image (C-VV, 100 km 100 km) Strait of Messina (8 September 1992, 21:13 UTC, ESA) Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 13
14 SAR Wind Fields Internal waves & Atmospheric gravity waves ERS SAR Image (C-VV, 100 km 100 km) Strait of Gibraltar (3 September 1993, 22:39 UTC, ESA) Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 14
![Apel, 2004] Radarsat-1 SAR Image](/docs-images/93/112779696/images/15-2.jpg "(C-HH, 20km 20km) Santa Barbara")
15 SAR Wind Fields Atmospheric lee waves (gravity waves) [Jackson & Apel, 2004] Radarsat-1 SAR Image (C-HH, 20km 20km) Santa Barbara Island (28 July 1998, CSA) Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 15
16 SAR Wind Fields Take-Home Messages High-resolution wind fields (Sub-) Mesoscale atmospheric dynamics Convective cells, roll vortices, lee waves Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 16
17 Storms, Tropical Cyclones Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 17
![(NOAA National Weather Service) [Jackson & Apel, 2004] Radarsat-1 ScanSAR Image (C-HH, 500 km 600](/docs-images/93/112779696/images/18-4.jpg "km) - Bering Sea (16 January 2001, 18:21 UTC, CSA) Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind")
18 c: PMC center i: ice m: convective cells r: wind rows v: vortices w: wind shear bound. Storms & Tropical Cyclones Polar mesoscale cyclone Pacific Surface Analysis 16 Jan UTC (NOAA National Weather Service) [Jackson & Apel, 2004] Radarsat-1 ScanSAR Image (C-HH, 500 km 600 km) - Bering Sea (16 January 2001, 18:21 UTC, CSA) Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 18
![[Jackson & Apel, 2004] Radarsat-1 ScanSAR Image (C-HH, 500 km 1000 km) East of Florida](/docs-images/93/112779696/images/19-4.jpg "(15 September 1999, 11:08 UTC, CSA) Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind &")
19 Storms & Tropical Cyclones Hurricane Floyd e: eye p: precipitation s: convective cells Atlantic Surface Analysis 15 Sep UTC (NOAA National Weather Service) [Jackson & Apel, 2004] Radarsat-1 ScanSAR Image (C-HH, 500 km 1000 km) East of Florida (15 September 1999, 11:08 UTC, CSA) Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 19
20 Storms & Tropical Cyclones Hurricane Dalila e: eye w: eye wall Radarsat-1 ScanSAR Image (C-HH, 100 km 100 km) - Pacific (26 July 2001, 01:24 UTC, CSA) [Jackson & Apel, 2004] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 20
21 Storms & Tropical Cyclones Typhoon Fitow Radarsat-1 ScanSAR Image (C-HH) Pacific (31 August 2007, 19:43 UTC, CSA) [Horstmann et al., 2013] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 21
22 Storms & Tropical Cyclones Hurricane Earl [Horstmann et al., 2013] Data basis: Radarsat-2 ScanSAR Image (C-VV/VH) Bermuda (2 September 2010, 22:59 UTC) Tracks: Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR) Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 22
![CSA) [Foster, 2013] Martin](/docs-images/93/112779696/images/23-6.jpg "Gade - SAR Marine")
23 Storms & Tropical Cyclones Hurricane Katrina NOAA Weather Radar SAR wind divergence -4 curl Radarsat-1 ScanSAR Image (C-HH) Gulf of Mexico (27 August 2005, 11:38 UTC, CSA) [Foster, 2013] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 23
24 Storms, Tropical Cyclones Take-Home Messages Detailed studies/observation of spatial wind distribution in storms/cyclones Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 24
25 Ocean Surface Waves Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 25
![SAR Imaging of Ocean Surface Waves [Robinson, 2010] Propagation direction of the ocean waves is important!](/docs-images/93/112779696/images/26-2.jpg "ERS-1 SAR Image (C-VV, 25 km 17 km) English Channel Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves")
26 SAR Imaging of Ocean Surface Waves [Robinson, 2010] Propagation direction of the ocean waves is important! ERS-1 SAR Image (C-VV, 25 km 17 km) English Channel Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 26
27 SAR Imaging of Ocean Surface Waves SAR Image Spectra S I k ~ Ψ k? Image spectrum ocean wave spectrum Simulated Image Image Spectrum Radarsat-1 SAR Image SAR Image Spectrum 6.4 km 6.4 km, sinusoidal waves (120 m, 45 ) 6.4 km 6.4 km, ocean waves ( 120 m, 0 ) [Jackson & Apel, 2004] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 27
![Ocean Waves Orbital motion of long ocean waves [NOAA] [Jackson &](/docs-images/93/112779696/images/28-4.jpg "Apel, 2004] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves")
28 Ocean Waves Orbital motion of long ocean waves [NOAA] [Jackson & Apel, 2004] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 28
![SAR Imaging of Ocean Surface Waves Velocity bunching [Robinson, 2003] Propagation direction of the](/docs-images/93/112779696/images/29-2.jpg "ocean waves is important!")
29 SAR Imaging of Ocean Surface Waves Velocity bunching [Robinson, 2003] Propagation direction of the ocean waves is important! [Jackson and Apel, 2004] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 29
30 SAR Imaging of Ocean Surface Waves Velocity bunching Wave motion weak Azimuthal cutt-off: λ min R V H s with R: range (distance) V: platform velocity H s : significant wave height E.g., R = 800km, V = 7km/s, H s = 2m: λ min 162m strong [Jackson and Apel, 2004] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 30
31 SAR Imaging of Ocean Surface Waves Wave refraction [Jackson & Apel, 2004] Radarsat-1 SAR Image (C-HH, 29 km 28 km) Point Reyes (22 November 2001, 22:39 UTC, CSA) Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 31
32 SAR Imaging of Ocean Surface Waves Dependence of SAR Image and Ocean Wave Spectrum S I k = H D k T k Ψ k + S N k Image dynamic modulation ocean noise spectrum response transfer wave spectrum function function spectrum θ = 25, (R/V) = 30 s, H s = 1 m θ = 25, (R/V) = 120 s, H s = 1.6 m [Jackson & Apel, 2004] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 32
33 SAR Imaging of Ocean Surface Waves Wave field (height + direction) basis: ENVISAT ASAR image (C-VV, SLC) Gulf of St. Malo, English Channel 9 March 2003, 10:22 UTC ENVISAT ASAR wave-mode imagette (C-VV, SLC, 5 km 6.7 km) [Robinson, 2010] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 33
34 SAR Imaging of Ocean Surface Waves Wave field (height + direction) basis: ENVISAT ASAR image (C-VV, SLC) Gulf of St. Malo, English Channel 9 March 2003, 21:44 UTC ENVISAT ASAR wave-mode imagette (C-VV, SLC, 5 km 6.7 km) [Robinson, 2010] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 34
35 SAR Imaging of Ocean Surface Waves Wave field (height + direction) basis: ENVISAT ASAR image (C-VV, SLC) Channel Islands, CA, USA 20 January 2006, 05:57 UTC [Robinson, 2010] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 35
36 Ocean Surface Waves Take-Home Messages Wave orbital motion: velocity bunching Non-linearity: azimuthal cut-off Operational wave fields Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 36
37 Oceanic Internal Waves Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 37
38 SAR Imaging of Oceanic Internal Waves Seasat: First SAR Imaging of Internal waves Seasat SAR Image (L-HH, 100 km 270 km) Gulf of California (29 September 1978, 18:11 UTC, NASA) [Robinson, 2010] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 38
![SAR Imaging of Oceanic Internal Waves Internal waves [Robinson, 2010] ERS SAR Image (C-VV, 100 km 100 km)](/docs-images/93/112779696/images/39-1.jpg "Strait of Gibraltar (1 January 1993, 22:39 UTC, ESA) Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves")
39 SAR Imaging of Oceanic Internal Waves Internal waves [Robinson, 2010] ERS SAR Image (C-VV, 100 km 100 km) Strait of Gibraltar (1 January 1993, 22:39 UTC, ESA) Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 39
40 SAR Imaging of Oceanic Internal Waves Roughness variations [Robinson, 2010] ERS SAR Image (C-VV, 30 km 30 km) Cape Cod (21 August 1994, 15:26 UTC, ESA) Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 40
41 SAR Imaging of Oceanic Internal Waves Roughness variations [Robinson, 2003] [Robinson, 2010] TerraSAR-X Images (X-VV, 11 km 17 km) U.S. East Coast (23 June 2008, 22:26 UTC, 4 July 2008, 22:26 UTC, DLR) Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 41
42 SAR Imaging of Oceanic Internal Waves Propagation speed from pairs of ERS / ENVISAT images ERS-2 SAR / ENVISAT ASAR Images (C-VV, 35 km 30 km) South China Sea (28 March 2009, 02:19 / 02:50 UTC, ESA) ERS-2 SAR / ENVISAT ASAR Images (C-VV, 65 km 65 km) U.S. East Coast (8 August 2006, 15:04 / 15:33 UTC, ESA) [Jackson et al., 2013] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 42
43 Oceanic Internal Waves Take-Home Messages IWs at two-layer interface (pycnocline, thermocline): mixing processes Surface roughness variations Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 43
44 Marine Surface Films Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 44
45 Marine Surface Films Natural oil seeps Radarsat-1 SAR Images (C-HH; 12.5 km 12.5 km) ERS-2 SAR Image (C-VV; 12.5 km 12.5 km) Redondo Beach, CA ( CSA, ESA) [Jackson & Apel, 2004] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 45
46 Marine Surface Films Slicks & eddies [Jackson & Apel, 2004] Radarsat-1 SAR Image (C-HH) Catalina Channel (26 December 1998, CSA) Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 46
47 Marine Surface Films Slicks & eddies [Gade et al., 2014] ERS SAR Image (C-VV; 70 km 70 km) Bering Strait (24 June 1997, 22:30 UTC, ESA) Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 47
48 Marine Surface Films Slicks & eddies [Robinson, 2003] ERS SAR Image (C-VV; 100 km 100 km) Caspian Sea (12 October 1993, ESA) Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 48
49 Monomolecular Surface Films palmitic acid methyl ester (PME) oleyl alcohol (OLA) triolein (TOLG) Model Substances represent main components of natural marine surface films Hydrophobic part (long alcyl chain) Hydrophilic head group Substances accumulate at the water surface as monomolecular film Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 49
50 Wind-Wave Tank of the University of Hamburg UHH s Wind-Wave Tank Size: 24 m 1 m 1.5 m Water depth: 0.5 m (freshwater) Wind: 2 20 m/s Rain: up to m Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 50
51 Monomolecular Surface Films Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 51
![Monomolecular Surface Films Reference Wind Speed [m/s] [Gade, 1998] Measured radar contrast left: X band (9.](/docs-images/93/112779696/images/52-0.jpg "8 GHz, λ B = 3 cm) right: Ka band (37 GHz, λ B = 0.")
52 Monomolecular Surface Films Reference Wind Speed [m/s] [Gade, 1998] Measured radar contrast left: X band (9.8 GHz, λ B = 3 cm) right: Ka band (37 GHz, λ B = 0.8 cm) [Gade, 1998] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 52
53 Wave Damping by Surface Films Use multi-frequency radar techniques to discriminate between biogenic and anthropogenic surface films Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 53
54 Scatterometer Experiments MULTI³SCAT of Uni Hamburg flown on BO frequencies: (L, S, C, X, Ku band) 4 polarisations (HH, HV, VV, VH) incidence angle: nominal flight height: 150 m Ø footprint: 1.6 m m transmit power: 10 mw mw Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 54
55 Marine Surface Films Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 55
56 Marine Surface Films Detecting and tracking of sub-mesoscale oceanic eddies ENVISAT ASAR WS Image (C-VV; 25 km 25 km) NE Black Sea (15 August 2006, 19:18 UTC, ESA) ENVISAT ASAR WS Image (C-VV; 120 km 200 km) NE Black Sea (10 May 2007, 07:37 UTC, ESA) [Gade et al., 2013] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 56
57 Marine Surface Films High-resolution surface current fields from pairs of Sar images [Gade et al., 2013] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 57
58 Marine Surface Films Eddy statistics for the northeastern Black Sea July August September - May [Gade et al., 2013] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 58
59 Marine Surface Films Take-Home Messages Monomolecular surface films Strong wave damping Tracers for turbulent features/processes in upper water layer Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 59
60 Rain Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 60
61 Heavy Rain Impinging rain drop ERS SAR Image (100 km 100 km) South Chinese Sea (14 May 1998, 02:52 UTC, ESA) Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 61
![Heavy Rain Downdraft 1 [Jackson & Apel, 2004] 2 1: gust front 2: rain-induced turbulence ERS-1 SAR Image (100 km 100 km)](/docs-images/93/112779696/images/62-1.jpg "Andaman Sea (3 April 1996, 12:34 UTC, ESA) [Jackson & Apel, 2004] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves")
62 Heavy Rain Downdraft 1 [Jackson & Apel, 2004] 2 1: gust front 2: rain-induced turbulence ERS-1 SAR Image (100 km 100 km) Andaman Sea (3 April 1996, 12:34 UTC, ESA) [Jackson & Apel, 2004] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 62
![Heavy Rain Downdraft 1-6: chain of rain cells (from old to young) 2 3 4 5 6 1 [Jackson & Apel, 2004] ERS-1 SAR Image (100 km 100](/docs-images/93/112779696/images/63-1.jpg "km) Gulf of Thailand (18 April 1994, 03:42 UTC, ESA) [Jackson & Apel, 2004] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves")
63 Heavy Rain Downdraft 1-6: chain of rain cells (from old to young) [Jackson & Apel, 2004] ERS-1 SAR Image (100 km 100 km) Gulf of Thailand (18 April 1994, 03:42 UTC, ESA) [Jackson & Apel, 2004] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 63
64 Heavy Rain Impinging rain drop SIR-C/X-SAR Images (5 km 4 km) Solomon Islands (10 April 1994) [Jackson & Apel, 2004] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 64
65 The Action of Heavy Rain on the Water Surface wind only wind and rain Wave damping coefficient, Δ wave damping wave generation L Damping of long waves (f < 5 Hz) Generation of short waves (f > 5 Hz) [Braun, 2002] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 65
66 Heavy Rain SAR Imaging at different radar frequencies and radar polarizations Wave damping coefficient, Δ wave damping wave generation L SIR-C/X-SAR Images (16 km 18 km) Northern Straits of Malacca (17 April 1994, 18:47 UTC) [Jackson & Apel, 2004] Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 66
67 Comparison of SAR Imagery and Weather Radar TerraSAR-X Image (X-VV, 30 km 40 km) German Bight 21 August 2008, 05:50 UTC, DLR Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 67
68 Rain Take-Home Messages Heavy rain visible (surface & atmosphere) Turbulence: wave damping Splash products: roughness generation Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 68
69 Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 69
70 to be continued Martin Gade - SAR Marine Applications - 2 Wind & Waves 70
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