Institute of Paper Science and Technology Atlanta, Georgia IPST TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES

Transcription

1 nstitute f Paper Science and Technlgy Atlanta, Gergia PST TECHNCAL PAPER SERES

2 NUMBER 467 HEAT TRANSFER DURNG MPULSE DRYNG: THE NFLUENCE OF PRESS MPULSE AND PRESSURE PROFLE D.. ORLOFF AND P.M. PHELAN FEBRUARY 1993

3 Heat Transfer During mpulse Drying: The nfluence f Press mpulse and Pressure Prfile D.. Orlff and P.M. Phelan Submitted t ASME Natinal Heat Transfer Cnference August 8, 1993 Atlanta, Gergia Cpyright 1993 by the nstitute f Paper Science and Technlgy Fr Members Only NOTCE AND DSCLAMER The nstitute f Paper Science and Technlgy (PST) has prvided a high standard f prfessinal service and has put frth its best effrts within the time and funds available fr this prject. The infrmatin and cnclusins are advisry and are intended nly fr internal use by any cmpany wh may receive this reprt. Each cmpany must decide fr itself the best apprach t slving any prblems it may have and hw, r whether, this reprted infrmatin shuld be cnsidered in its apprach. PST des nt recmmend particular prducts, prcedures, materials, r service. These are included nly in the interest f cmpleteness within a labratry cntext and budgetary cnstraint. Actual prducts, prcedures, materials, and services used may differ and are peculiar t the peratins f each cmpany. n n event shall PST r its emplyees and agents have any bligatin r liability fr damages including, but nt limited t, cnsequential damages arising ut f r in cnnectin with any cmpany's use f r inability t use the reprted infrmatin. PST prvides n warranty r guaranty f results.

4 Table f Cntents Abstract.... ntrductin.... Experimental Methds...2 Discussin f Results... 4 Heat Flux and Energy Transfer... 4 Critical Temperatures... 1 Water Remval and Paper Physical Prperties Cnclusins Recmmendatins fr Future Wrk Acknwledgements References Appendix A Appendix B

5 ABSTRACT Over the past few years, PST has develped a ceramic-cated press rll cncept that has shwn prmise in reducing the likelihd f sheet delaminatin. Limited experiments have suggested that the ceramic cating functins by decupling heat transfer frm the pressing prcess. n the present wrk, impulse drying has been simulated using a labratry electrhydraulic press. nstantaneus heat transfer rate has been measured as a functin f time during the prcess. mprtant impulse drying perating cnditins such as inging platen surface temperature, pressure prfile shape, impulse, and hydrdynamic specific surface have been systematically varied. The results f the current research indicate that fr impulse drying the pressure peak shuld be as high as pssible and shifted t the dry end f the prcess. NTRODUCTON n current practice, energy intensive evaprative drying is used t dry paper. Early research shwed that a significant fractin f that energy culd be saved by impulse drying (Lavery, 1988). Unfrtunately, implementatin f the technlgy was halted as impulse drying induced defects termed "sheet delaminatin" (Cruse, 1989). Onging research at the nstitute f Paper Science and Technlgy (PST) has fcused n prcess design mdificatins that eliminate sheet delaminatin. By replacing metallic press surfaces with lw heat capacity, lw thermal cnductivity ceramics, sheet delaminatin can be avided (Orlff, 1991; Orlff, 1992; Orlff and Lindsay, 1992). This paper fcuses n a number f perating cnditins relating t the implementatin f impulse drying n a cmmercially cnfigured press sectin. n current practice, three presses are used t cnslidate and dewater linerbard prir t evaprative drying n cylinder dryers. With the best existing technlgy (duble-felted extended nip press), dryness at the third press rarely exceeds 48% slids in practice, but has been reprted at 52% slids in pilt-scale experiments. The PST impulse drying research team envisins installing impulse dryers after existing third presses with the bjective f extending the range f pressing t abut 65% slids. t may be argued that an alternate apprach is t install additinal duble-felted extended nip presses after the third press. T assess the validity f that argument, we have recently reprted pilt-scale wrk that shws a substantial dryness benefit and smewhat smaller strength benefit frm using impulse drying (Orlff, 1992). The bjectives f the current research were t explre the interactin f impulse and pressure pulse shape n heat flux, critical temperature, and paper physical prperty develpment As critical temperature is knwn t depend n the hydrdynamic specific surface f sheets t be impulse dried, the experiments were cnducted with tw furnishes exhibiting the extremes f specific surface t be encuntered in actual practice. Fr

6 cmparisn purpses, duble-felted pressing was als simulated fr the highest impulse cases. EXPERMENTAL METHODS The present wrk was perfrmed using a labratry-scale electrhydraulic press t simulate impulse drying. A ceramic-cated platen with a thin, fast, vacuum depsited cpper/nickel thermcuple was munted in the press. Temperature was recrded as a functin f time during the impulse drying event and instantaneus heat flux calculated (Orlff, Jnes, and Phelan, 1992). One bjective f the present research was t explre the effect f pressure pulse shape n heat flux, critical temperature, and paper physical prperty develpment. A HP3245A prgrammable wave generatr was used t prduce three different pulse shapes as shwn in Figure C Time, s Figure 1. Wave generatr utput pressure prfiles at an impulse f.23 MPa-s. The wave generatr utput prfiles were used t cntrl the hydraulic servvalves n the labratry press. Figures 2 and 3 shw typical pressure prfiles as recrded frm the press lad cell during impulse drying simulatins. Limitatins in the respnse time f the press hydraulic valves are respnsible fr the difference between the generatr prfile shapes and the recrded pressure prfile shapes. Fr cmparisn, duble-felted pressing simulatins were als perfrmed fr pulse shapes 1 and 3 at the highest impulse. Figure 4 shws the pressure prfiles used fr the duble-felted cases. Because the secnd felt has a cushining effect, the prfiles d nt match the impulse drying cases exactly. 2

7 F 2 C 15 / e 1 5 -,.2.4 C) Time, s Figure 2. mpulse drying pressure prfiles fr different pulse shapes at an impulse f.23 MPa-s. Time, s Figure 3. Pressure prfiles fr pulse shape 3 at different impulses. 2 Cd 15-1 j ~~2 _,~/ Pulse 1 1 Pulse Time, s Figure 4. Duble-felted drying pressure prfiles at an impulse f.23 MPa.s. T quantify the pressure pulse shape, a pulse shape factr was used as defined belw. Fr the present wrk, the start f the impulse drying prcess was cnsidered t start at a time f.15 s. The nip residence time was.4 s. Shape Factr = Time f Pressure Peak Nip Residence Time 3

8 A dynamic frmer was used t prduce machine riented single-ply linerbard at a basis weight f 25 g/m 2 frm a high Kappa number virgin suthern pine kraft (HKSP), refined t 74 ml CSF, and frm recycled Sutheast ld crrugated cntainers (OCC), refined t 45 ml CSF. The hydrdynamic specific surface f these sheets, when pressed t 52% slids, was 2 m 2 /g and 12 m 2 /g, respectively. After pressing t 52% slids, these sheets were preheated t 85 C and impulse dried in a labratry-scale impulse drying simulatr fr 4ms at varius initial platen temperatures ranging frm 15 C t 4 C. Fur replicatins were required at each initial platen temperature fr physical testing. mpulse drying perating cnditins were chsen t establish the relatinships as stated in the bjective. Table 1 shws the matrix f perating cnditins that were cnducted. Emphasis was placed n pulse shape 3 because earlier batch pilt-scale wrk had shwn that dubl-felted pressing is ptimized when pressure increases gradually with time in the nip (Orlff, 1992). Table 1 Case Furnish Pulse Shape Shape Factr mpulse, MPa s L HKSP.11 3M H L OCC.11 3M H.23 DF1 Bth DF3 Bth DSCUSSON OF RESULTS Heat Flux and Energy Transfer Early wrk has suggested that heat flux and energy transfer during impulse drying is nt sensitive t impulse as lng as the thermal prperties f the impulse drying surface are sufficiently lw (Orlff, 1992). n the present wrk, the authrs were lking fr subtle changes in the shape f the heat flux curve with changes in impulse and pressure pulse shape. Figures 5 thrugh 8 shw energy transfer t the sheet during impulse drying as a functin f initial platen surface temperature fr the tw furnishes at varying impulse and pulse shape. The figures shw that energy transfer increases with increasing initial platen temperature, increasing impulse, and increasing hydrdynamic specific surface. Energy transfer was nt fund t depend n pressure pulse shape. i 4

9 r 1 V EP e' F- '3 U-. NSP.b W-AO nitial Temperature, C Figure 5. Energy transferred fr an impulse f.23 MPa-s and the HKSP lw specific surface furnish nitial Temperature, C Figure 6. Energy transferred fr pulse shape 3 and the HKSP lw specific surface furnish. i ep 4 F MPa-s 8 A.17 MPa.s \ +.23 MPaXs nitial Temperature, C Figure 7. Energy transferred fr an impulse f.23 MPa.s and the OCC high specific surface furnish nitial Temperature, C Figure 8. Energy transferred fr pulse shape 3 and the OCC high specific surface furnish. Fr the lw specific surface HKSP furnish, energy transfer is independent f pulse shape but increases fr increasing impulse (pressure). Energy transfer fr the high specific surface OCC furnish is independent f impulse (pressure) cnsistent with previus wrk (Orlff, 1992). Fr these sheets, there was slightly higher energy transfer fr pulse shapes 1 and 2. 5

10 n rder t bserve differences in the shape f the heat flux curve, certain landmarks n the curve were defined. Figures 9 and 1 shw typical heat flux curves fr pulse shapes 1 and 3 near the critical temperature (defined in the next sectin) fr each furnish. ndicated are the heat flux first and secnd peaks Time, s Figure 9. Heat flux fr HKSP furnish at an impulse f.23 MPa-s and an initial temperature f 3 C Time, s Figure 1. Heat flux fr OCC furnish at an impulse f.23 MPa-s and an initial temperature f 2 C. Of interest are the magnitude f these heat flux peaks and the time at which they ccur in the impulse drying prcess. Figures 11 and 12 shw the first and secnd peak heat flux as a functin f initial platen surface temperature fr the lw specific surface furnish fr the varius pulse shapes. Shifting the peak pressure t the dry end f the nip results in a decrease in the rate f grwth f the first peak and an increased grwth rate f the secnd peak heat flux with platen temperature. This suggests that the rate f heat transfer is cntrlled by the shape f the pressure pulse. 6

11 Pulse ~ :+ Pulse 3.2 Pulse A Pulse 2. + Pulse nitial Temperature, C Figure 11. First heat flux peak fr an impulse f.23 MPa-s and the HKSP lw specific surface furnish nitial Temperature, C Figure 12. Secnd heat flux peak fr an impulse f.23 MPa-s and the HKSP lw specific surface furnish. A similar analysis may be perfrmed n the sheets made frm recycled pulp as shwn in Figures 13 and 14. t is f interest t nte that fr this furnish the rate f change fr the heat flux peaks des nt change when the peak pressure is shifted t the dry end f the nip..6 r.5.5 g.4' nitial Temperature, C Figure 13. First heat flux peak fr an impulse f.23 MPa-s and the OCC high specific surface furnish. 4 V >/ 2 + Pulse. A Pulse 2 Cn + Pulse nitial Temperature, C Figure 14. Secnd heat flux peak fr an impulse f.23 MPa s and the OCC high specific surface furnish. Fr the lw specific surface HKSP furnish, shifting the peak pressure t the dry end f the prcess results in decreasing the time at which the secnd heat flux peak ccurs as shwn in Figure 15. Als, fr all pulse shapes, the first heat flux peak ccurs later at higher 7

12 temperatures. ncreasing the specific surface f the sheet (OCC furnish) results in an earlier first heat flux peak as shwn in Figure 16. Fr this furnish, the secnd peak ccurs earlier than the HKSP furnish peaks at higher temperatures a E,j.1. * OA ecd Pak _ Secnd Peak First Peak 7 aa+ Pulsel A Pulse2 + Pulse nitial Temperature, C Figure 15. Time f heat flux peaks fr an impulse f.23 MPa.s and the HKSP lw specific surface furnish *t.3 Secnd Peak First Peak.2 rn Lt Pulse 1 1 A Pulse nitial Temperature, C Figure 16. Time f heat flux peaks fr an impulse f.23 MPa s and the OCC high specific surface furnish. The shape f the heat flux curve is dependent n the shape f the pressure curve nly fr lw hydrdynamic specific surface furnishes. Heat flux peaks are higher, and the first peak ccurs sner fr high hydrdynamic specific surface furnishes. This indicates that energy transfer ccurs earlier fr dense, clsed sheets. n Figures 17 thrugh 22, similar plts were generated t determine the influence f impulse fr pressure prfile shape 3. t is bserved that the rate f change fr the first and secnd peak heat fluxes increases with increased impulse fr the lw specific surface furnish. The rate f change increases with an increase in specific surface, but fr the high specific surface furnish the rate f change is independent f impulse. Als, bserve that increasing the impulse decreases the times at which the peak heat fluxes are bserved. 8

13 C1 r- a5 Oz Li nitial Temperature, C Figure 17. First heat flux peak fr pulse shape 3 and the HKSP lw specific surface furnish nitial Temperature, C Figure 18. Secnd heat flux peak fr pulse shape 3 and the HKSP lw specific surface furnish. 4 C1 P ik g t: El nitial Temperature, C Figure 19. First heat flux peak fr pulse shape 3 and the OCC high specific surface furnish..2. MPal.1//.17 MPa.m /,+.23 MPa-..., nitial Temperature, C Figure 2. Secnd heat flux peak fr pulse shape 3 and the OCC high specific surface furnish. 4 9

14 Secnd Peak.3 ecnd Peak First Peak First Peak : E.11MPa.s 4.11 MPa.s P.1 A.17 MPa s P.1 A.17 MPas +.23 MPa.s +.23 MPa s nitial Te, CC nitial Temperature, Figure 21. Time f heat flux peaks fr pulse shape 3 and the HKSP lw specific surface furnish. Figure 22. Time f heat flux peaks fr pulse shape 3 and the OCC high specific surface furnish. Earlier labratry wrk has suggested that energy transfer fr a furnish with a hydrdynamic specific surface f 4-5 m 2 /g was independent f pressure at impulses ranging frm.6 t.13 MPa-s (Orlff, 1992). The data presented in this paper are cnsistent with the previus results in the same range f impulse. n summary, fr lw hydrdynamic specific surface furnishes, peak pressure influences energy transfer at impulses greater than.17 MPa-s, and the heat flux peak ccurs near the pressure peak. Fr high hydrdynamic specific surface furnishes, energy transfer ccurs early in the impulse drying prcess, but is independent f peak pressure and pressure prfile shape. Critical Temperatures A majr bjective f these experiments was t determine the effect f pressure pulse shape and impulse n critical impulse drying temperature, defined as the highest initial platen surface temperature that des nt result in sheet delaminatin. As in previus wrk, sheet delaminatin was determined by ut-f-plane ultrasnic testing. n Appendix A, Figures A1-A2 shw the specific elastic mdulus and the cefficient f variatin f the specific elastic mdulus used t determine the critical temperatures. Figure 23 shws the effect f impulse n critical temperature fr pressure pulse shape 3. The critical temperature increases with increased impulse fr the HKSP lw specific surface furnish and decreases with increased impulse fr the OCC high specific surface furnish. The effect f pulse shape n critical temperature at a given impulse is shwn in Figure 24. t is bserved that critical temperature increases when the peak pressure is shifted t the dryer side f the nip. 1

15 1J HKSP A OXC E3 a U 15 -~-c~cr mpulse, MPa-s Figure 23. Critical temperatures fr pressure pulse shape 3 at different impulses Pulse Shape Factr Figure 24. Critical temperatures fr different pressure pulses and an impulse f.23 MPa.s. As shwn in Figure 25, the energy transfer at the critical temperature is independent f specific surface and pulse shape. This indicates that the nset f delaminatin is a functin f ttal energy transferred at a given impulse (peak pressure). Cnfirming the data in previus wrk (Orlff and Sbczynski, 1992), Figure 26 shws critical temperature decreasing with increased specific surface. N ;2-9 MU. 4) w; 9 - & E u 45 U ; mpulse, MPa.s Figure 25. Energy transfer at critical temperature fr all cases Hydrdynamic Specific Surface, m^2/g Figure 26. Critical temperature fr all cases cmpared t the best fit f data frm previus wrk (Orlff and Sbczynski, 1992). 11

16 n summary, the critical impulse drying temperature is a functin f hydrdynamic specific surface, pressure pulse shape, and impulse (peak pressure). Althugh heat flux is als a functin f the same variables, ttal energy transfer at the critical temperature is nly a functin f impulse. Water Remval and Paper Physical Prperties The ultimate bjective f impulse drying is t increase water remval and imprve paper physical prperties. Fr these experiments, misture rati change and crss directin STF cmpressin index at respective critical temperatures are shwn in Figures 27 thrugh 3. Fr the lw specific surface furnish, Figures 27 and 28 shw that increased impulse will result in higher strength withut imprving dryness, but water remval is better than duble-felted pressing. Fr the high specific surface furnish, Figures 27 and 28 shw that increased impulse will imprve dryness but will nt imprve strength. As expected, water remval decreases with increased specific surface Cg.6 *.5 ) i.2.1 HKSP mpulse Dried * HKSP Duble Felted A OCC mpulse Dried A OCC Duble Felted mpulse, MPa.s Figure 27. Misture rati change fr pulse shape 3 cmpared t dublefelted pressing E Z 3 O c 25 u 2 15 HKSP mpulse Dried * HKSP Duble Felted A OCC mpulse Dried OCC Duble Felted ' l-*^-^*~~ " '' ^ c :' a mpulse, MPa-s Figure 28. CD STF ndex fr pulse shape 3 cmpared t duble-felted pressing. 1.3 The effect f pressure pulse shape n water remval and CD STF index is shwn in Figures 29 and 3. t is bserved that shifting the peak pressure t the dryer side f the nip results in a small imprvement in water remval but n imprvement in cmpressin strength. n terms f water remval, impulse drying was superir t duble-felted pressing. n terms f crss directin cmpressin index, impulse drying gave superir strength fr the lw specific surface virgin furnish while shwing cmparable strength fr the recycled high specific surface furnish. 12

17 .9.8 c.7 V , 4 HKSP mpulse Dried * HKSP Duble Felted a OCC mpulse Dried A OCC Duble Felted : A Pulse Shape Factr Figure 29. Misture rati change fr impulse f.23 MPa-s cmpared t duble-felted pressing g 35 Z u 2 15 HKSP mpulse Dried * HKSP Duble Felted OCC mpulse Dried OCC Duble Felted Pulse Shape Factr Figure 3. CD STF index fr impulse f.23 MPa-s cmpared t duble-felted pressing..9 Water remval is a functin f critical temperature as shwn in Figure 31. t is bserved that fr impulse drying, water remval is independent f furnish, pressure pulse shape, and impulse fr the range f.11 t.23 MPa.s..9 b.7.8 HKSP A Critical Temperature, C Figure 31. Misture rati change fr all cases at critical temperature. Table 2 summarizes the water remval and CD STF index at the critical temperature fr all cases tested. Als, the utging slids, PC density, MD STF index, and the z-directin specific elastic mdulus are tabulated at the critical temperatures. All the water remval and sheet physical prperty data are shwn in the Appendices. n summary, impulse drying 13

18 imprves water remval ver duble-felted pressing fr all cases investigated. Paper physical prperties are imprved ver duble-felted pressing r are cmparable. Table 2 Specific Case Critical Temp. Misture Rati Outging Slids PC Density CD STF ndex MD STF ndex Elastic Mdulus C_ Change % kgm 3 N/g N m/g MN m/kg HKSP HKSP 2 HKSP 3L HKSP 3M HKSP 3H HKSP DF1 n/a HKSP DF3 n/a OCC OCC OCC 3L OCC3M OCC 3H OCC DF1 n/a OCC DF3 n/a CONCLUSONS Heat flux is dependent n hydrdynamic specific surface. Fr lw specific surface furnishes, heat flux crrelates t the pressure pulse shape and peak pressure. Heat flux fr furnishes with a higher specific surface will be greater in the early prtin f the impulse drying prcess but will be independent f ther prcess variables. Ttal energy transfer is pressure dependent nly fr lw specific surface furnishes and pressure pulse shape dependent nly fr high specific surface furnishes. Hwever, at the impulse drying critical temperatures, ttal energy transfer is nly a functin f impulse. mpulse drying critical temperature as determined by sheet delaminatin is a functin f pressure pulse shape, impulse, and hydrdynamic specific surface. Shifting the pressure peak t the dry end f the prcess increases the critical temperature. Fr high specific surfaces, increasing impulse increases the critical temperature. ncreased critical temperature increases water remval. Water remval fr impulse drying is superir t duble-felted pressing fr all cnditins investigated. Paper strength develpment fr impulse drying is cmparable r superir t duble-felted pressing and appears t be primarily a functin f furnish and impulse. The bjective f the current research was t explre the interactin f impulse and pressure pulse shape n heat flux, critical temperature, and paper physical prperty develpment. This data will be used t determine ptimal perating cnditins fr demnstrating impulse drying n a cmmercial scale. The results f the current research indicate that fr impulse drying the pressure peak shuld be as high as pssible and shifted t the dry end f the prcess. 14

19 RECOMMENDATONS FOR FUTURE WORK Pressure pulse shape is an imprtant variable in impulse drying. Further fundamental wrk shuld be undertaken t determine the ptimal pressure pulse shape fr a cmmercial impulse dryer. This will require mdificatins t the electrhydraulic press which are planned fr the secnd quarter f n the present wrk, the peak pressure was changed t vary the impulse. Sme f the effects bserved may be a functin f peak pressure independent f nip residence time. When the mdificatins t the electrhydraulic press are cmpleted, further experiments shuld be undertaken t separate the effect f peak pressure frm nip residence time. New platen surfaces with higher "thermal mass" may reduce sheet sticking and increase rll lng-term durability. The influence f pressure pulse shape and impulse n impulse drying perfrmance needs t be investigated fr these surfaces. This wrk will be undertaken as a student prject in ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The wrk reprted was supprted by the member cmpanies f the nstitute f Paper Science and Technlgy and by the U.S. Department f Energy Office f ndustrial Prgrams thrugh Grant N. DE-FGO2-85CE4738. Their supprt is gratefully acknwledged. The authrs wuld like t thank. Rudman fr crdinating and perfrming the physical testing. M. Abazeri and the persnnel f the PST Research Services Divisin were very helpful in perfrming the required testing and are gratefully acknwledged..7 REFERENCES Batakis, A.P., and Vgan, J.W., 1985, "Rcket Thrust Chamber Thermal Barrier Catings," NASA CR Cruse, J.W., W, Y.D., and Sprague, C.H., 1989, "Delaminatin-A Stumbling Blck T mplementing mpulse Drying Technlgy Fr Linerbard," Tappi Jurnal, pp Giedt, W.H., 1955, "The Determinatin f Transient Temperatures and Heat Transfer at a Gas-Metal nterface Applied t a 4-mm Gun Barrel," Jet Prpulsin, Vl. 25, pp Lavery, H.P., 1988, "High-ntensity Drying Prcesses-mpulse Drying," Reprt 3, DOE/CE/4738-T3. Nanigian, J., "Rcket gniter Characteristics," Reprinted frm nstruments & Cntrl Systems in NANMAC Temperature Handbk, Vl. 7, pp. L7-L1. Orlff, D.., 1992, "mpulse Drying f Linerbard: Cntrl f Delaminatin," Presented at the 77th Annual Meeting f the Canadian Pulp and Paper Assciatin, t be published in Jurnal f Pulp and Paper Science. Orlff, D.., 1991, "mpulse Drying: Cntrlling Delaminatin in Heavy Weight Grades," nstitute f Paper Science and Technlgy Executives' Cnference Prceedings, pp Orlff, D.., 1991, "High-ntensity Drying Prcesses-mpulse Drying," Reprt 6, DOE/CE/4738-T6. Orlff, D.., 1992, "A Cmparisin f mpulse Drying t Duble Felted Pressing n Pilt-Scale She Presses and Rll Presses," Reprt 7, DOE/CE/4738-T7. 15

20 Orlff, D.., and Lindsay, J.D., 1992, "The nfluence f Yield, Refining and nging Slids n the mpulse Drying Perfrmance f a Ceramic Cated Press Rll," t be presented at the 1992 TAPP Papermakers Cnference. Orlff, D.., Jnes, G.L., Phelan, P.M., 1992, "The Effects f Heating Mde n Rll Durability and Efficiency f mpulse Drying," ASME Fundamentals f Heat Transfer in Prus Media, pp Orlff, D.., 1992, "mpulse Drying f Paper: A Review f Recent Research," ndustrial Energy Technlgy Cnference Prceedings, pp Orlff, D.., and Sbczynski, S.F., 1992, "mpulse Drying Pilt Press Demnstratin: Ceramic Surfaces nhibit Delaminatin," The Eurpean Pulp and Paper Week 4th nternatinal Cnference Prceedings, pp Signed: > David. Orlff Prfessr f Engineering Acting Directr Engineering & Paper Materials Divisin V Signed: - J Paul M. Phelan Assistant Scientist 1W/~~~~/ 16

21 APPENDX A Specific elastic mdulus and cefficient f variatin f the specific elastic mdulus fr each impulse drying case used t determine the nset f sheet delaminatin..35- Z.3-,.25 i.2 -.u.15 m.1 Pulse 1 at.23 MPa-s *'.5 Cn K] nnn V nitial Temperature, C Figure Al. Specific elastic mdulus fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 1 at.23 MPa.s. 8» Q 4 i 3 > 2, 1 Pulse 1 at.23 MPa.s 8 O d ll X% e nitial Temperature, C Figure A2. Cefficient f variatin f the specific elastic mdulus fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 1 at.23 MPa-s. * 2 z 3.= &. Pulse 2 at.23 MPa-s 4e,8..., i nitial Temperature, C 8 87 Pulse 2 at.23 MPa-s '7 6-, 5- m 4 M 3 S 2 a u a - a t. 1 ~ nitial Temperature, C Figure A3. Specific elastic mdulus fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 2 at.23 MPa.s. Figure A4. Cefficient f variatin f the specific elastic mdulus fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 2 at.23 MPa s. 17

22 O.35 S u s.2.~.15- Pulse 3 at.11 MPa-s _---~ C3 i t-n 9 >R Mu.1-.5 w nnn- A Nf nitial Temperature, C Pulse 3 at.11 MPa.s p C c nitial Temperature, C Figure A5. Specific elastic mdulus fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 3 at.11 MPa.s. Figure A6. Cefficient f variatin f the specific elastic mdulus fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 3 at.11 MPa-s..35 E z.3 u.25 O.2.y.15 W.1 U *.5 " nitial Temperature, C 8 8 Pulse 3 at.17 MPa.s 7 S cn 2 g nitisl Temperature, C Figure A7. Specific elastic mdulus fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 3 at.17 MPa-s. Figure A8. Cefficient f variatin f the specific elastic mdulus fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 3 at.17 MPa s. 18

23 B z.3,.25 Pulse 3 at.23 MPa s.2.*.15 w.1.5 V nitial Temperature, C Figure A9. Specific elastic mdulus fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 3 at.23 MPa-s. 8 7 E Pulse 3 at.23 MPa s 3, 2, O, L) 1 O nitial Temperature, C Figure A1. Cefficient f variatin f the specific elastic mdulus fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 3 at.23 MPa s..35 z.3.25 g w.1 = '.5.." ~ '" " '" nitial Temperature, C Figure All. Specific elastic mdulus fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 1 at.23 MPa-s. 8 7 S 6 Pulse 1 at.23 MPa s 5 '. 3 O 3^ nitial Temperature, C Figure A12. Cefficient f variatin f the specific elastic mdulus fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 1 at.23 MPa.s. 19

24 A.35.3,; a.15 W.1.5. Pulse 2 at.23 MPa.s nitial Temperature, C v) w U T Pulse 2 at.23 MPa.s u i nitial Temperature, C O _ a _ B Figure A13. Specific elastic mdulus fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 2 at.23 MPa-s. Figure A14. Cefficient f variatin f the specific elastic mdulus fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 2 at.23 MPa.s.,.35 E.3 -,.25 '.2- * Ṣ a.15 - m.1 e~.5 : r---- u.wu 5 Pulse 3 at.11 MPa.s \ 8 " nitial Temperature, C Figure A15. Specific elastic mdulus fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 3 at.11 MPa.s. 8 =U ' 7 S 6 ' Pulse 3 at.11 MPa s % > 2 U O ''"1' "" nitial Temperature, C Figure A16. Cefficient f variatin f the specific elastic mdulus fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 3 at.11 MPa.s. 2

25 w.35 Z.3 Pulse 3 at.17 MPa-s Ca S ;.25 - ' i.1 O \ O ' l. 5 '' '1 ' nitial Temperature, C. U nitial Temperature, C Figure A17. Specific elastic mdulus fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 3 at.17 MPa.s. Figure A18. Cefficient f variatin f the specific elastic mdulus fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 3 at.17 MPa s , m.1 * '.5 : CT n nn u.uu ; Pulse 3 at.23 MPa.s nitial Temperature, C Figure A19. Specific elastic mdulus fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 3 at.23 MPa-s. 8,,: 8 Pulse 3 at.23 MPa.s = ~5 4 ' 3 2 e 1e B QD nitial Temperature, C Figure A2. Cefficient f variatin f the specific elastic mdulus fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 3 at.23 MPa.s. O 21

26 APPENDX B Figures B 1-B 1 shw the misture rati change fr each impulse drying case. Data fr delaminated samples are nt shwn. c U b U a.2.4 3A v7 C (O nitial Temperature, C Figure B 1. Misture rati change fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 1 at.23 MPa.s nitial Temperature, C Figure B2. Misture rati change fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 1 at.23 MPa-s. b U- E..4) ca e L) c) Ca 83 Cn nitial Temperature, C Figure B3. Misture rati change fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 2 at.23 MPa-s nitial Temperature, C Figure B4. Misture rati change fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 2 at.23 MPa-s. * 22

27 .6.5 S Pulse 3 at.11 MPas. t -* H 1 _.v ' nitial Temperature, C Figure B5. Misture rati change fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 3 at.11 MPa-s. U.U nitial Temperature, C Figure B6. Misture rati change fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 3 at.11 MPas..6.6 : Pulse 3 at.17 MPa.s 6O : ~~~~ ' Pulse 3 at.17 MPa.s =.1l nitial Temperature, C Figure B7. Misture rati change fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 3 at.17 MPa.s. *.4 / nitial Temperature, C Figure B8. Misture rati change fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 3 at.17 MPa. s. 23

28 b) , i.5.4 Pulse 3 at 23 MPa-s 1,. 92 rn ^ u., nitial Temperature, C Figure B9. Misture rati change fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 3 at.23 MPa.s. k nitial Temperature, C Figure B1. Misture rati change fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 3 at.23 MPa-s. Figures B 11-B2 shw the utging slids fr each impulse drying case. Data fr delaminated samples are nt shwn. 7 7 Pulse 1 at.23 MPa.s._ v, ca 65.5 V, v nitial Temperature, C Figure B 11. Outging slids fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 1 at.23 MPa.s nitial Temperature, C Figure B12. Outging slids fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 1 at.23 MPa-s. 24

29 7 7 e- ;.2 65 O 65.5 OV- 6 'U nitial Temperature, C nitial Temperature, C Figure B13. Outging slids fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 2 at.23 MPa.s. Figure B14. Outging slids fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 2 at.23 MPa.s r- 65 tw 65 f nitial Temperature, C nitial Temperature, C Figure B15. Outging slids fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 3 at.11 MPa.s. Figure B16. Outging slids fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 3 at.11 MPa.s. 25

30 7 7 Pulse 3 at.17 MPa.s en V) 'a 65 S 65- Ị 1~ nitial Temperature, C Figure B17. Outging slids fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 3 at.17 MPa.s. 55-1( ) nitial Temperature, C Figure B18. Outging slids fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 3 at.17 MPa-s. 7 7 Pulse 3 at 23 MPa.s.e 65 u 65- c rn. 56 C nitial Temperature, C Figure B19. Outging slids fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 3 at.23 MPa-s i i nitial Temperature, C Figure B2. Outging slids fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 3 at.23 MPa.s. 26

31 Figures B21-B3 shw the PC density fr each impulse drying case. Data fr delaminated samples is nt shwn. 8, "t C S 65 6 ~55 - Pulse 1 at.23 MPa.s nitial Temperature, C 8 A 75- * r1-1 u Pulse 1 at.23 MPa-s ' nitial Temperature, C Figure B21. PC density fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 1 at.23 MPa s. Figure B22. PC density fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 1 at.23 MPa-s. M E 75 7 ~~ a C, *R 65' 6 55 Pulse 2 at.23 MPa.s 'r W in 5 1 >....i nitial Temperature, C nitial Temperature, C Figure B23. PC density fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 2 at.23 MPa-s. Figure B24. PC density fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 2 at.23 MPa-s. 27

32 M E ' 'O 'G; 8 Pulse 3 at.11 MPa.s nitial Temperature, C Figure B25. PC density fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 3 at.11 MPa-s nitial Temperature, C Figure B26. PC density fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 3 at.11 MPas. E A '5b r- L a E Pulse 3 at.17 MPa-s \ nitial Temperature, C nitial Temperature, C Figure B27. PC density fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 3 at.17 MPa-s. Figure B28. PC density fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 3 at.17 MPa-s. 28

33 v8 ne E,h nitial Temperature, C Figure B29. PC density fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 3 at.23 MPa.s. 55 Pulse 3 at.23 MPa.s 5. '. a nitial Temperature, C Figure B3. PC density fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 3 at.23 MPa s. Figures B31-B4 shw the STF index fr each impulse drying case. Data fr delaminated samples are nt shwn. 5- Pulse at.23 MPa.s 5 E 2: 4 3 O z v) 2: 2 1' c * CD t '......"... '' '' nitial Temperature, C Figure B31. STF index fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 1 at.23 MPa.s nitial Temperature, C Figure B32. STF index fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 1 at.23 MPa.s. 29

34 5 Pulse 2 at.23 MPa-s 5 Pulse 2 at.23 MPa-s 4-4 c 3 2 ^1 3 2 E( cmd * CD - *..... * T ". - r". " nitial Temperature, C CO cn 1-1- n 1 MD CD nitial Temperature, C Figure B33. STF index fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 2 at.23 MPa-s. Figure B34. STF index fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 2 at.23 MPa.s. t z 3p c V)~ Pulse 3 at.11 MPa.s MD * CD nitial Temperature, C Figure B35. STF index fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 3 at.11 MPa.s nitial Temperature, C Figure B36. STF index fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 3 at.11 MPa.s. 3

35 5 Pulse 3 at.17 MPa.s z i2-1- O MD * CD t b z -4 c c E u: nitial Temperature, C Figure B37. STF index fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 3 at.17 MPa s nitial Temperature, C Figure B38. STF index fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 3 at.17 MPa-s. 5 - Pulse 3 at.23 MPa-s 5 Pulse 3 at.23 MPa-s 4- - E 2 i 3 24 ' 3- v MD nitial Temperature, C 1 MD * CD nitial Temperature, C Figure B39. STF index fr the HKSP furnish with pulse shape 3 at.23 MPa s. Figure B4. STF index fr the OCC furnish with pulse shape 3 at.23 MPa.s. 31