Biocomputers. [edit]scientific Background
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1 Bicmputers Frm Wikipedia, the free encyclpedia Bicmputers use systems f bilgically derived mlecules, such as DNA and prteins, t perfrm cmputatinal calculatins invlving string, retrieving, and prcessing data. The develpment f bicmputers has been made pssible by the expanding new science f nanbitechnlgy. The term nanbitechnlgy can be defined in multiple ways; in a mre general sense, nanbitechnlgy can be defined as any type f technlgy that uses bth nan-scale materials, i.e. materials having characteristic dimensins f 1-100nanmeters, as well as bilgically based materials (34). 4 A mre restrictive definitin views nanbitechnlgy mre specifically as the design and engineering f prteins that can then be assembled int larger, functinal structures ( ) (9).³,1 The implementatin f nanbitechnlgy, as defined in this narrwer sense, prvides scientists with the ability t engineer bimlecular systems specifically s that they interact in a fashin that can ultimately result in the cmputatinal functinality f a cmputer. The prmising field f bicmputer research uses the science behind nan-sized bimaterials t create varius frms f cmputatinal devices, which may have many ptential applicatins in the future. One day, bicmputers using nanbitechnlgy may becme the cheapest, mst energyefficient, mst pwerful, and mst ecnmical f any cmmercially available cmputer. Already, scientists are making significant headway in the advancement f this science. Cntents [hide] 1 Scientific Backgrund 1.1 Bichemical Cmputers 1.2 Bimechanical Cmputers 1.3 Bielectrnic Cmputers 2 Engineering Bicmputers 3 Ecnmical Benefit f Bicmputers 4 Ntable Advancements in Bicmputer Technlgy 5 Future Ptential f Bicmputers 6 See als 7 References [edit]scientific Backgrund
2 Bicmputers use bilgically derived materials t perfrm cmputatinal functins. A bicmputer cnsists f a pathway r series f metablic pathways invlving bilgical materials that are engineered t behave in a certain manner based upn the cnditins (input) f the system. The resulting pathway f reactins that takes place cnstitutes an utput, which is based n the engineering design f the bicmputer and can be interpreted as a frm f cmputatinal analysis. Three distinguishable types f bicmputers include bichemical cmputers, bimechanical cmputers, and bielectrnic cmputers ( ).² [edit]bichemical Cmputers Bichemical cmputers use the immense variety f feedback lps that are characteristic f bilgical chemical reactins in rder t achieve cmputatinal functinality. Feedback lps in bilgical systems take many frms, and many different factrs can prvide bth psitive and negative feedback t a particular bichemical prcess, causing either an increase in chemical utput r a decrease in chemical utput, respectively. Such factrs may include the quantity f catalytic enzymes present, the amunt f reactants present, the amunt f prducts present, and the presence f mlecules that bind t and thus alter the chemical reactivity f any f the afrementined factrs. Given the nature f these bichemical systems t be regulated thrugh many different mechanisms, ne can engineer a chemical pathway cmprising a set f mlecular cmpnents that react t prduce ne particular prduct under ne set f specific chemical cnditins and anther particular prduct under anther set f cnditins. The presence f the particular prduct that results frm the pathway can serve as a signal, which can be interpreted, alng with ther chemical signals, as a cmputatinal utput based upn the starting chemical cnditins f the system, i.e. the input. [edit]bimechanical Cmputers Bimechanical cmputers are similar t bichemical cmputers in that they bth perfrm a specific utput that can be interpreted as a functinal cmputatin based upn specific initial cnditins which serve as input. They differ, hwever, in what exactly serves as the utput signal. In bichemical cmputers, the presence r cncentratin f certain chemicals serves as the utput signal. In bimechanical cmputers, hwever, the mechanical shape f a specific mlecule r set f mlecules under a set f initial cnditins serves as the utput. Bimechanical cmputers rely n the nature f specific mlecules t adpt certain physical cnfiguratins under certain chemical cnditins. The mechanical, three-dimensinal structure f the prduct f the bimechanical cmputer is detected and interpreted apprpriately as a calculated utput. [edit]bielectrnic Cmputers Bicmputers can als be cnstructed t perfrm electrnic cmputing. Again, like bth bimechanical and bichemical cmputers, cmputatins are perfrmed by interpreting a specific utput that is based
3 upn an initial set f cnditins that serve as input. In bielectrnic cmputers, the measured utput is the nature f the electrical cnductivity that is bserved in the bielectrnic cmputer, which cmprises specifically designed bimlecules that cnduct electricity in highly specific manners based upn the initial cnditins that serve as the input f the bielectrnic system. [edit]engineering Bicmputers The behavir f bilgically derived cmputatinal systems such as these relies n the particular mlecules that make up the system, which are primarily prteins but may als include DNA mlecules. Nanbitechnlgy prvides the means t synthesize the multiple chemical cmpnents necessary t create such a system. The chemical nature f a prtein is dictated by its sequence f amin acids the chemical building blcks f prteins. This sequence is in turn dictated by a specific sequence f DNA nucletides the building blcks f DNA mlecules. Prteins are manufactured in bilgical systems thrugh the translatin f nucletide sequences by bilgical mlecules called ribsmes, which assemble individual amin acids int plypeptides that frm functinal prteins based n the nucletide sequence that the ribsme interprets. What this ultimately means is that ne can engineer a bicmputer, i.e. the chemical cmpnents necessary t serve as a bilgical system capable f perfrming cmputatins, by engineering DNA nucletide sequences t encde fr the necessary prtein cmpnents. Als, the synthetically designed DNA mlecules themselves may functin in a particular bicmputer system. Thus, implementing nanbitechnlgy t design and prduce synthetically designed prteins, as well as the design and synthesis f artificial DNA mlecules, can allw the cnstructin f functinal bicmputers, e.g., Cmputatinal Genes. [edit]ecnmical Benefit f Bicmputers A hallmark f all bilgical rganisms and the chemical building blcks that cmprise them is the ability t self-replicate and self-assemble int functinal cmpnents; life culd nt be sustained if living rganisms were nt capable f replicating themselves. The ecnmical benefit f bicmputers lies in this ptential f all bilgically derived systems t self-replicate and self-assemble given apprpriate cnditins (349).² Fr instance, all f the necessary prteins fr a certain bichemical pathway, which can be mdified t serve as a bicmputer, can be synthesized many times ver inside a bilgical cell frm a single DNA mlecule, which can itself be replicated many times ver. This characteristic f bilgical mlecules makes their prductin highly efficient and relatively inexpensive. Whereas nnbilgical cmputer cmpnents require extensive prductin prcesses, the cmpnents f bicmputers can be prduced in large quantities frm tandem prcesses ccurring in a single, easily attainable, cnvenient surce the replicating machinery present within mst bilgical cells. [edit]ntable Advancements in Bicmputer Technlgy
4 Currently, bicmputers exist with varius functinal capabilities that include peratins f lgic and mathematical calculatins. Tm Knight f the MIT Artificial Intelligence Labratry first suggested a bichemical cmputing scheme in which prtein cncentratins are used as binary signals that ultimately serve t perfrm lgical peratins (349).² At r abve a certain cncentratin f a particular bichemical prduct in a bicmputer chemical pathway indicates a signal that is either a 1 r a 0, and a cncentratin belw this level indicates the ther, remaining signal. Using this methd as cmputatinal analysis, bichemical cmputers can perfrm lgical peratins in which the apprpriate binary utput will ccur nly under specific, lgical cnstraints n the initial cnditins. In ther wrds, the apprpriate binary utput serves as a lgically derived cnclusin frm a set f initial cnditins that serve as premises frm which the lgical cnclusin can be made. In additin t these types f lgical peratins, bicmputers have als been shwn t demnstrate ther functinal capabilities, such as mathematical cmputatins. One such example was prvided by W.L. Ditt, wh in 1999 created a bicmputer cmpsed f leech neurns at Gergia Tech which was capable f perfrming simple additin (351).² These are just a few f the ntable uses that bicmputers have already been engineered t perfrm, and the capabilities f bicmputers are becming increasingly sphisticated. Because f the availability and ptential ecnmic efficiency assciated with prducing bimlecules and bicmputers, as nted abve, the advancement f the technlgy f bicmputers is a ppular, rapidly grwing subject f research that is likely t see much prgress in the future. [edit]future Ptential f Bicmputers Many examples f simple bicmputers have been designed, but the capabilities f these bicmputers are still largely premature in cmparisn t cmmercially available nn-bi cmputers. Hwever, there is definitely great ptential in the capabilities that bicmputers may ne day acquire. Evidence f the true ptential f the cmputing capabilities f bicmputers exists in the mst pwerful, cmplex cmputatinal machine knwn t currently exist: the bicmputer that is the human brain. Certainly, there is plenty f rm t imprve in the realm f bicmputer cmputatinal ability; ne may reasnably expect the science f bicmputers t advance greatly in the years t cme. [edit]see als Bitechnlgy Cmputatinal Genes Cmputers DNA cmputing Human Bicmputer
5 [edit]references Mlecular electrnics Nantechnlgy Nanbitechnlgy Peptide cmputing Gary Stix. "Little Big Science." Understanding Nantechnlgy (p6-16). Scientific American, Inc, and Byrn Preiss Visual Publicatins, Inc: Freitas, Rbert A. Nanmedicine Vlume I: Basic Capabilities. Austin, Texas: Landes Biscience, Ratner, Daniel and Mark. Nantechnlgy: A Gentle Intrductin t the Next Big Idea. Pearsn Educatin, Inc: Wispelway, June. "Nanbitechnlgy: The Integratin f Nanengineering and Bitechnlgy t the Benefit f Bth." Sciety fr Bilgical Engineering (Special Sectin): Nanbitechnlgy.
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