~Alamos LA-UR- Development of a Neutron POD Spectrometer. Sy Stange, Douglas Mayo, Rollin Lakis, and M. William Johnson
|
|
- Wesley Bates
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 LA-UR- Apprved fr public release; distributin is unlimited. Title: Develpment f a Neutrn POD Spectrmeter Authr(s): Sy Stange, Duglas May, Rllin Lakis, and M. William Jhnsn Intended fr: Institute f Nuclear Materials Management 2011 Annual Meeting ~Alams NATIONAL LABORATORY --- EST Ls Alams Natinal Labratry, an affirmative actin/equal pprtunity emplyer, is perated by the Ls Alams Natinal Security, LLC fr the Natinal Nuclear Security Administratin f the U.S. Department f Energy under cntract DE-AC52-06NA By acceptance f this article, the publisher recgnizes that the U.S. Gvernment retains a nnexclusive, ryalty-free license t publish r reprduce the published frm f this cntributin, r t allw thers t d s, fr U.S. Gvernment purpses. Ls Alams Natinal Labratry requests that the publisher identify this article as wrk perfrmed under the auspices f the U.S. Department f Energy. Ls Alams Natinal Labratry strngly supprts academic freedm and a researcher's right t publish; as an institutin, hwever, the Labratry des nt endrse the viewpint f a publicatin r guarantee its technical crrectness. Frm 836 (7/06)
2 Develpment f a Neutrn POD Spectrmeter Sy Stange, Duglas R. May, Rllin E. Lakis, and M. William Jhnsn Ls Alams Natinal Labratry, Ls Alams, New Mexic LA-UR-ll- Abstract Ls Alams Natinal Labratry has a lng histry f research, develpment, test and evaluatin, implementatin, and installatin f radiatin detectin equipment. The Nuclear Nnprliferatin Divisin has dne s in supprt f dmestic and internatinal safeguards, emergency respnse, nndestructive analysis, and criticality safety. One f the systems that we have develped and deplyed fr use in the field is the NPOD-III. The system is designed t perfrm crrelated neutrn measurements cupled with ttals neutrn cunting, multiplicity, Feynman variance-t-mean, and Rssi-alpha analyses t determine the mass, multiplicatin, and alpha-n rati, but many mre capabilities have yet t be explred. We are develping an algrithm and determining the applicability f using the current design as a lw-reslutin neutrn spectrmeter, that may differentiate between different impurities present with alpha emitting materials. We are initially fcusing n well-knwn lo-g PU02 standards that cntain specific impurities. In additin we will be cmparing ther surces that have different chemical frms and impurity cntents. A brief descriptin f the detectr, experimental cnstraints, and experimental results will be presented. 1 Intrductin N single tl is universally emplyed fr neutrn spectrmetry. Rather, a variety f techniques have been develped t meet the requirements f specific applicatins. [1 J These include threshld radiactivatin, prtn recil spectrmetry, Bnner spheres, plastic and liquid scintillatrs, and inizatin chambers. Hwever, few f the existing neutrn spectrmetry methds are well-suited t field measurements, which require a detectr that is prtable and prduces prmpt results. Sme techniques, such as threshld radiactivatin, have analysis prcedures that are t time-cnsuming fr field measurements. Others, including liquid scintillatrs, cntain flammable materials, making their use ptentially hazardus in uncntrlled envirnments. In additin, many neutrn spectrmeters pssess undesireable levels f,-ray sensitivity. The bjective f this prject was t develp a lw-reslutin neutrn spectrmetry system that wuld make use f prtable 3He-based detectrs that are already present in the field fr ther 1
3 measurements. Such a system wuld prvide additinal infrmatin fr field and treaty verificatin measurements, and wuld als be useful fr facility measurements in which a prtable system is needed. A neutrn spectrmetry system wuld assist in the identificatin f impurities present in special nuclear materials (SNM). Nuclear radiistpes, like all ther nuclei with mass number A greater than /"V 150, are unstable against a-decay. When lw-z impurities are present, a-particles may underg (a, n) reactins with light nuclei. The average energies f neutrns prduced thrugh (a, n) reactins are a few Me V and are characteristic f the target nucleus. The cncept n which ur neutrn spectrmeter is based invlves psitining detectrs, cnsisting f 3He tubes embedded in plyethylene slabs, s there are significant differences in the distances between individual tubes and a surce f (a, n) neutrns. By analyzing the respnse prfiles f the detectrs t neutrns with knwn energies, it may be pssible t develp an algrithm capable f analyzing the respnse prfile f an SNM surce f unknwn cmpsitin and identifying the impurities present. 2 Experimental Methdlgy The neutrn spectrmeter utilizes Neutrn POD-III (NPOD) detectrs, which are well-characterized systems that are frequently used in the field. An NPOD cnsists f a plyethylene slab with atm 3He tubes in embedded in the plyethylene in tw rws, as shwn in Figure 1. Data utput is prvided by an ethernet cnnectr. The data stream cntains 17 ptential channels, 15 crrespnding t the individual 3He tubes, ne dedicated t a 100 Hz clck tick, t be used in synchrnizing multiple NPODs, and ne pass-thrugh channel. Standard 10-gram PU02 surces with different impurities, as well as PuBe and AmLi, were used as surces f (a, n) neutrns t evaluate the suitability f the system fr neutrn spectrscpy. The impurities fund in the PU02 surces and the average energies f neutrns prduced thrugh (a, n) reactins with 5.2-MeV a-particles (the average energy f a-particles emitted by plutnium [2]) are given in Table 1. The cmpsitin f surce was the subject f sme uncertainty; institutinal knwledge gave the cmpsitin as PuF 4, but it was unclear whether this was an impurity in a PU02 surce r the cmplete cmpsitin. The average neutrn energies expected frm the PU02 surces ranged frm 1.0 t 2.9 MeV; the inclusin f a PuBe surce, which prduces (a, n) neutrns with an average energy f 4.2 MeV, and an AmLi surce, which emits (a, n) neutrns with an average energy f 0.3 MeV, served t extend the energy range. As shwn in Figure 1, the neutrn spectrmetry cnfiguratin used tw NPODs, ne placed with its narrw end facing the surce and the ther placed with its face directed twards the surce. Bth detectrs were placed at a distance f 25 cm frm the surce with the detectr centers cm abve the flr. A Shielded Neutrn Assay Prbe (SNAP) was als used fr neutrn cunting. Its frnt face (excluding the plyethylene cver) was psitined 100 cm frm the center f the surce. Tw 15-minute measurements were perfrmed fr each surce, ne with the plyethylene mderatr plate attached t the SNAP detectr and ne withut the mderatr. The surce was placed n a stand cm abve the flr. The data stream frm each NPOD was cllected in a binary file, which listed the timestamp and 3He tube f each interactin and the 100 Hz clck ticks. In additin, bth pass-thrugh channels were used. 2
4 Type PU02 I Other I Surce ID PuBe AmLi Impurity PuF4* Oxide Al Mg B Fluride Be Li Avg. Neutrn Energy fr 5.2 Me V Alphas [2] Neutrn Yield per MeV Alphas [2] Table 1: Surces measured using the neutrn spectrmeter. Institutinal knwledge abut the cmpsitin f surce was ambiguus. face-n NPOD 25cm end-n NPOD I, 1/\ ]) L...- _O_O_O_O_O_O_CD_' --1// I ' surce 100cm Figure 1: Experimental cnfiguratin f the tw NPODs and single SNAP detectr used fr spectrmetry. Channel numbering scheme f the NPODs is als shwn. 3
5 -In Q).c ~ -(ij - ~ -r:: ~ ~~~~~.... ~~~~, Face-On NPOD - - _. End-On NPOD Time (s) Figure 2: Ttal cunt rate bserved in face-n and end-n NPODs during ne I5-minute measurement f surce , PU02 with brn impurities. The clck utput f ne f the NPODs was sent int the pass-thrugh channel f the ther, t prvide a single recrd f the timing f the system. The ther pass-thrugh channel was used t cllect the SNAP detectr utput. 3 Results and Analysis Due t the greater slid angle seen by the face-n NPOD, its ttal cunt rate was significantly higher than the cunt rate bserved in the end-n NPOD fr all (a, n) surces. A typical example can be seen in Figure 2. The rati between end-n and face-n cunt rates was typically clse t 0.25, but differed slightly fr the surces measured, as shwn in Figure 3, prviding a qualitative indicatin f the neutrn energy. The rati measured fr the PuF 4 surce was slightly higher than the rati fr the PU02 with fluride impurity, suggesting that the tw surces d nt pssess identical cmpsitins. Since neutrn stpping distance is dependent n energy, analysis f the variatin in respnse rates amng the 3He tubes was expected t differentiate between lw-energy neutrns, such as thse emitted by (a, n) reactins n lithium and aluminum, and high-energy neutrns, such as thse emitted by brn and beryllium. The respnse prfiles f the individual 3He tubes in bth NPODs can be seen in Figures 4 and 5. These figures list the tubes in gemetrical (see Figure 1) rather than numerical rder and are rganized frm lwest-energy neutrns (AmLi, at 0.3 MeV) t highest-energy neutrns (PuBe, at 4.2 MeV). 4
6 J 0.5~r ' :0: r (1S f: a: 0.45 r: ~ 'E f: 5 0.4f: ~ (1S ~ 0.3- c w ~. ~ I 0.5 I 1 I 1.5 I I I I I I 2 2~ 3 3~ 4 4~ Avg. Neutrn Energy (MeV) Figure 3: Rati between end-n and face-n NPOD cunt rates fr PU02, AmLi, and PuBe surces as a functin f average energy f (a, n) neutrns. The circular pint at 1.2 MeV represents the rati fr the PuF 4 surce. Several phenmena are nticeable in the respnse prfiles. The largest number f neutrn interactins ccur nt in the 3He tubes that are clsest t the surce, but in the tubes behind them, since neutrns are mre likely t be captured fllwing mderatin. Thus, tube 12 detects mre cunts than tubes 4 and 5 fr the face-n NPOD, and tube 15, rather than tube 1, detects the largest number f cunts fr the end-n NPOD. The effect f mderatin may be seen generally fr the face-n NPOD by cmparing the respnses f the frnt tubes (numbers 1-8) with the respnses f the back tubes (numbers 9-15) in Figures 4 and 5. With the exceptin f the AmLi prfile, all surces shw cnsistently higher cunts in the back 3He tubes. The AmLi surce prduces a different prfile because its average neutrn energy is sufficiently lw t allw neutrns t be captured after few scattering interactins. The respnse prfiles fr the end-n NPOD fall ff quickly after the first few 3He tubes, as neutrns escape r are captured in the plyethylene. This effect appears t be energy-dependent - as the neutrn energy increases, a smaller fractin f neutrns are captured in the first tw tubes (numbers 1 and 15) and mre neutrns are detected in mre-distant tubes. 4 Cnclusins and Future Wrk Measurements using tw NPODs have been perfrmed n eight (a, n) surces t assess the ptential f the NPOD system as a neutrn spectrmeter. Initial examinatins f the prfiles f bth detectrs indicate that neutrn energy affects the rati in which neutrns are detected 5
7 AmLi Surce.. 1: ::l Surce : AI Surce : F II 10 7 Surce : PuF 4 11 IS c ,.----~ _. 1: ::l Surce : 0 11 II 10 Surce : Mg Figure 4: Nrmalized prfiles fr bth NPOD detectrs_ Green lines represent head-n detectr; blue lines represent end-n detectr. Prfiles are displayed in rder frm lwest-average-energy neutrns (AmLi) t highest (PuBe, in Figure 5). 6
8 I Surce : B I PuBe Surce C ::J <'3 1~ ~--~ ' Figure 5: Nrmalized prfiles fr bth NPOD detectrs. Green lines represent head-n detectr; blue lines represent end-n detectr. Prfiles are displayed in rder frm lwest-average-energy neutrns (AmLi, in Figure 4) t highest (PuBe). in the tw NPODs, as well as the identity f the individual tubes in which detectins ccur. Analysis methds fr the NPOD data that are under cnsideratin primarily invlve the ratis f 3He tubes. Fr example, Figures 4 and 5 suggest that the difference between the facen detectr's frnt and back tubes increases with neutrn energy, particularly fr tubes lcated near the detectr center. Ratis such as this ne will be analyzed t determine whether their relatinship t neutrn energy can be quantified. Other ptential analysis methds include the use f dubles data frm the NPODs and the incrpratin f data cllected by the SNAP detectr. Additinal measurements will als be perfrmed t imprve the breadth f the data set, amng them, measurements f an additinal surce, PU02 with silicn impurities, which has an average neutrn energy f 1.2 MeV. References [l]f. D. Brks and H. Klein. Neutrn spectrmetry - histrical review and present status. Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 476:1-11, [2]N. Ensslin, in: D. Reilly, N. Ensslin, H. Smith, Jr. (Eds.), Passive Nndestructive Assay f Nuclear Materials (NUREG/CR-5550), U.S. Gvernment Printing Office, Washingtn, D. C., 1991, pp
Web-based GIS Systems for Radionuclides Monitoring. Dr. Todd Pierce Locus Technologies
Web-based GIS Systems fr Radinuclides Mnitring Dr. Tdd Pierce Lcus Technlgies Lcus Technlgies 2014 Overview What is the prblem? Nuclear pwer plant peratrs need t mnitr radinuclides t safeguard the envirnment
More informationNUROP CONGRESS PAPER CHINESE PINYIN TO CHINESE CHARACTER CONVERSION
NUROP Chinese Pinyin T Chinese Character Cnversin NUROP CONGRESS PAPER CHINESE PINYIN TO CHINESE CHARACTER CONVERSION CHIA LI SHI 1 AND LUA KIM TENG 2 Schl f Cmputing, Natinal University f Singapre 3 Science
More informationDEFENSE OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH READINESS SYSTEM (DOEHRS) ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SAMPLING ELECTRONIC DATA DELIVERABLE (EDD) GUIDE
DEFENSE OCCUPATIOL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH READINESS SYSTEM (DOEHRS) ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SAMPLING ELECTRONIC DATA DELIVERABLE (EDD) GUIDE 20 JUNE 2017 V1.0 i TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION... 1 2 CONCEPT
More informationhttps://goo.gl/eaqvfo SUMMER REV: Half-Life DUE DATE: JULY 2 nd
NAME: DUE DATE: JULY 2 nd AP Chemistry SUMMER REV: Half-Life Why? Every radiistpe has a characteristic rate f decay measured by its half-life. Half-lives can be as shrt as a fractin f a secnd r as lng
More informationThe standards are taught in the following sequence.
B L U E V A L L E Y D I S T R I C T C U R R I C U L U M MATHEMATICS Third Grade In grade 3, instructinal time shuld fcus n fur critical areas: (1) develping understanding f multiplicatin and divisin and
More informationMath Foundations 20 Work Plan
Math Fundatins 20 Wrk Plan Units / Tpics 20.8 Demnstrate understanding f systems f linear inequalities in tw variables. Time Frame December 1-3 weeks 6-10 Majr Learning Indicatrs Identify situatins relevant
More informationDetermining the Accuracy of Modal Parameter Estimation Methods
Determining the Accuracy f Mdal Parameter Estimatin Methds by Michael Lee Ph.D., P.E. & Mar Richardsn Ph.D. Structural Measurement Systems Milpitas, CA Abstract The mst cmmn type f mdal testing system
More informationthe results to larger systems due to prop'erties of the projection algorithm. First, the number of hidden nodes must
M.E. Aggune, M.J. Dambrg, M.A. El-Sharkawi, R.J. Marks II and L.E. Atlas, "Dynamic and static security assessment f pwer systems using artificial neural netwrks", Prceedings f the NSF Wrkshp n Applicatins
More informationWRITING THE REPORT. Organizing the report. Title Page. Table of Contents
WRITING THE REPORT Organizing the reprt Mst reprts shuld be rganized in the fllwing manner. Smetime there is a valid reasn t include extra chapters in within the bdy f the reprt. 1. Title page 2. Executive
More information2004 AP CHEMISTRY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS
2004 AP CHEMISTRY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS 6. An electrchemical cell is cnstructed with an pen switch, as shwn in the diagram abve. A strip f Sn and a strip f an unknwn metal, X, are used as electrdes.
More informationTechnical Bulletin. Generation Interconnection Procedures. Revisions to Cluster 4, Phase 1 Study Methodology
Technical Bulletin Generatin Intercnnectin Prcedures Revisins t Cluster 4, Phase 1 Study Methdlgy Release Date: Octber 20, 2011 (Finalizatin f the Draft Technical Bulletin released n September 19, 2011)
More informationBootstrap Method > # Purpose: understand how bootstrap method works > obs=c(11.96, 5.03, 67.40, 16.07, 31.50, 7.73, 11.10, 22.38) > n=length(obs) >
Btstrap Methd > # Purpse: understand hw btstrap methd wrks > bs=c(11.96, 5.03, 67.40, 16.07, 31.50, 7.73, 11.10, 22.38) > n=length(bs) > mean(bs) [1] 21.64625 > # estimate f lambda > lambda = 1/mean(bs);
More informationRN52-STK2 Starter Kit
The RN52-STK2 Starter Kit has everything yu need t kick-start yur prject and is a great tl fr develpers: Prf f cncept prttypes as well as final cmmercial slutins. fr educatinal use: Natural sciences curses
More information5 th grade Common Core Standards
5 th grade Cmmn Cre Standards In Grade 5, instructinal time shuld fcus n three critical areas: (1) develping fluency with additin and subtractin f fractins, and develping understanding f the multiplicatin
More informationModelling of Clock Behaviour. Don Percival. Applied Physics Laboratory University of Washington Seattle, Washington, USA
Mdelling f Clck Behaviur Dn Percival Applied Physics Labratry University f Washingtn Seattle, Washingtn, USA verheads and paper fr talk available at http://faculty.washingtn.edu/dbp/talks.html 1 Overview
More informationENSC Discrete Time Systems. Project Outline. Semester
ENSC 49 - iscrete Time Systems Prject Outline Semester 006-1. Objectives The gal f the prject is t design a channel fading simulatr. Upn successful cmpletin f the prject, yu will reinfrce yur understanding
More informationAccelerated Chemistry POGIL: Half-life
Name: Date: Perid: Accelerated Chemistry POGIL: Half-life Why? Every radiistpe has a characteristic rate f decay measured by its half-life. Half-lives can be as shrt as a fractin f a secnd r as lng as
More informationInterference is when two (or more) sets of waves meet and combine to produce a new pattern.
Interference Interference is when tw (r mre) sets f waves meet and cmbine t prduce a new pattern. This pattern can vary depending n the riginal wave directin, wavelength, amplitude, etc. The tw mst extreme
More informationLand Information New Zealand Topographic Strategy DRAFT (for discussion)
Land Infrmatin New Zealand Tpgraphic Strategy DRAFT (fr discussin) Natinal Tpgraphic Office Intrductin The Land Infrmatin New Zealand Tpgraphic Strategy will prvide directin fr the cllectin and maintenance
More informationLecture 17: Free Energy of Multi-phase Solutions at Equilibrium
Lecture 17: 11.07.05 Free Energy f Multi-phase Slutins at Equilibrium Tday: LAST TIME...2 FREE ENERGY DIAGRAMS OF MULTI-PHASE SOLUTIONS 1...3 The cmmn tangent cnstructin and the lever rule...3 Practical
More informationName: Period: Date: ATOMIC STRUCTURE NOTES ADVANCED CHEMISTRY
Name: Perid: Date: ATOMIC STRUCTURE NOTES ADVANCED CHEMISTRY Directins: This packet will serve as yur ntes fr this chapter. Fllw alng with the PwerPint presentatin and fill in the missing infrmatin. Imprtant
More informationTOPPER SAMPLE PAPER 2 Class XII- Physics
TOPPER SAMPLE PAPER 2 Class XII- Physics Time: Three Hurs Maximum Marks: 70 General Instructins (a) All questins are cmpulsry. (b) There are 30 questins in ttal. Questins 1 t 8 carry ne mark each, questins
More informationSubject description processes
Subject representatin 6.1.2. Subject descriptin prcesses Overview Fur majr prcesses r areas f practice fr representing subjects are classificatin, subject catalging, indexing, and abstracting. The prcesses
More informationModule 4: General Formulation of Electric Circuit Theory
Mdule 4: General Frmulatin f Electric Circuit Thery 4. General Frmulatin f Electric Circuit Thery All electrmagnetic phenmena are described at a fundamental level by Maxwell's equatins and the assciated
More informationComprehensive Exam Guidelines Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University
Cmprehensive Exam Guidelines Department f Chemical and Bimlecular Engineering, Ohi University Purpse In the Cmprehensive Exam, the student prepares an ral and a written research prpsal. The Cmprehensive
More informationDisplacement and Deflection Sensitivity of Gas-coupled Laser Acoustic. Detector
1st Internatinal Sympsium n Laser Ultrasnics: Science, echnlgy and Applicatins July 16-18 008, Mntreal, Canada Displacement and Deflectin Sensitivity f Gas-cupled Laser Acustic Detectin James N. CARON
More informationNUMBERS, MATHEMATICS AND EQUATIONS
AUSTRALIAN CURRICULUM PHYSICS GETTING STARTED WITH PHYSICS NUMBERS, MATHEMATICS AND EQUATIONS An integral part t the understanding f ur physical wrld is the use f mathematical mdels which can be used t
More informationBASD HIGH SCHOOL FORMAL LAB REPORT
BASD HIGH SCHOOL FORMAL LAB REPORT *WARNING: After an explanatin f what t include in each sectin, there is an example f hw the sectin might lk using a sample experiment Keep in mind, the sample lab used
More informationHeat Management Methodology for Successful UV Processing on Heat Sensitive Substrates
Heat Management Methdlgy fr Successful UV Prcessing n Heat Sensitive Substrates Juliet Midlik Prime UV Systems Abstract: Nw in 2005, UV systems pssess heat management cntrls that fine tune the exthermic
More informationMODULE FOUR. This module addresses functions. SC Academic Elementary Algebra Standards:
MODULE FOUR This mdule addresses functins SC Academic Standards: EA-3.1 Classify a relatinship as being either a functin r nt a functin when given data as a table, set f rdered pairs, r graph. EA-3.2 Use
More informationLab 1 The Scientific Method
INTRODUCTION The fllwing labratry exercise is designed t give yu, the student, an pprtunity t explre unknwn systems, r universes, and hypthesize pssible rules which may gvern the behavir within them. Scientific
More informationEffect of Conductivity Between Fasteners and Aluminum Skin On Eddy Current Specimens. Abstract
Effect f Cnductivity Between Fasteners and Aluminum Skin n Eddy Current Specimens David G. Mre Sandia Natinal Labratries Federal Aviatin Administratin Airwrthiness Assurance ND Validatin Center Albuquerque,
More informationo o IMPORTANT REMINDERS Reports will be graded largely on their ability to clearly communicate results and important conclusions.
BASD High Schl Frmal Lab Reprt GENERAL INFORMATION 12 pt Times New Rman fnt Duble-spaced, if required by yur teacher 1 inch margins n all sides (tp, bttm, left, and right) Always write in third persn (avid
More informationNGSS High School Physics Domain Model
NGSS High Schl Physics Dmain Mdel Mtin and Stability: Frces and Interactins HS-PS2-1: Students will be able t analyze data t supprt the claim that Newtn s secnd law f mtin describes the mathematical relatinship
More informationChecking the resolved resonance region in EXFOR database
Checking the reslved resnance regin in EXFOR database Gttfried Bertn Sciété de Calcul Mathématique (SCM) Oscar Cabells OECD/NEA Data Bank JEFF Meetings - Sessin JEFF Experiments Nvember 0-4, 017 Bulgne-Billancurt,
More informationCHAPTER 3 INEQUALITIES. Copyright -The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
CHAPTER 3 INEQUALITIES Cpyright -The Institute f Chartered Accuntants f India INEQUALITIES LEARNING OBJECTIVES One f the widely used decisin making prblems, nwadays, is t decide n the ptimal mix f scarce
More informationComputational modeling techniques
Cmputatinal mdeling techniques Lecture 4: Mdel checing fr ODE mdels In Petre Department f IT, Åb Aademi http://www.users.ab.fi/ipetre/cmpmd/ Cntent Stichimetric matrix Calculating the mass cnservatin relatins
More informationSupporting information
Electrnic Supplementary Material (ESI) fr Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics This jurnal is The wner Scieties 01 ydrgen perxide electrchemistry n platinum: twards understanding the xygen reductin reactin
More informationLecture 13: Electrochemical Equilibria
3.012 Fundamentals f Materials Science Fall 2005 Lecture 13: 10.21.05 Electrchemical Equilibria Tday: LAST TIME...2 An example calculatin...3 THE ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIAL...4 Electrstatic energy cntributins
More informationMeasurement of Radial Loss and Lifetime. of Microwave Plasma in the Octupo1e. J. C. Sprott PLP 165. Plasma Studies. University of Wisconsin DEC 1967
Measurement f Radial Lss and Lifetime f Micrwave Plasma in the Octup1e J. C. Sprtt PLP 165 Plasma Studies University f Wiscnsin DEC 1967 1 The number f particles in the tridal ctuple was measured as a
More informationLatest results from the XENON Program
Rencntres de Mrind 2013 Latest results frm the XENON Prgram Maxime Le Callch, On behalf f the XENON Cllabratin Very High Energy Phenmena in the Universe Rencntres de Mrind 2013, VHEPU The XENON cllabratin:
More informationCHAPTER 8 APPLICATIONS OF EMPIRICAL FETCH-LIMITED SPECTRAL. FORMULAS to GREAT LAKES WAVES 1. Paul C. Liu, Mi ASCE
CHAPTER 8 APPLICATIONS OF EMPIRICAL FETCH-LIMITED SPECTRAL FORMULAS to GREAT LAKES WAVES 1 Paul C. Liu, Mi ASCE ABSTRACT Tw episdes f Great Lakes waves fr which bth wind and wave data are simultaneusly
More informationOverview of the Molecule:
Prtein Mdeling Event Guide t Scring the Invitatinal Pre-Build Mdel Fr Science Olympiad 2016 Invitatinal Cmpetitin These instructins are t help the event supervisr and scring judges use the rubric develped
More informationDepartment of Electrical Engineering, University of Waterloo. Introduction
Sectin 4: Sequential Circuits Majr Tpics Types f sequential circuits Flip-flps Analysis f clcked sequential circuits Mre and Mealy machines Design f clcked sequential circuits State transitin design methd
More informationTHREE DIMENSIONAL SPACE-TIME Lu Shan No.1144, East of Jiuzhou Avenue, Zhuhai , Guangdong Province P. R. China
Vl.4, N., pp.4-8, Ma 016 THREE DIMENSIONAL SPACE-TIME Lu Shan N.1144, East f Jiuhu Avenue, Zhuhai 509015, Guangdng Prvince P. R. China ABSTRACT: The space-time descriptin in Phsics was cmpsed f 3D space
More information**DO NOT ONLY RELY ON THIS STUDY GUIDE!!!**
Tpics lists: UV-Vis Absrbance Spectrscpy Lab & ChemActivity 3-6 (nly thrugh 4) I. UV-Vis Absrbance Spectrscpy Lab Beer s law Relates cncentratin f a chemical species in a slutin and the absrbance f that
More information11. DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER
11. DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER Very shrt answer and shrt answer questins 1. Define wrk functin f a metal? The minimum energy required fr an electrn t escape frm the metal surface is called the
More informationEvaluation of Classification Procedures for Estimating Wheat Acreage in Kansas
Purdue University Purdue e-pubs LARS Sympsia Labratry fr Applicatins f Remte Sensing 1-1-1976 Evaluatin f Classificatin Prcedures fr Estimating Wheat Acreage in Kansas L. M. Flres D. T. Register Fllw this
More informationStudy Group Report: Plate-fin Heat Exchangers: AEA Technology
Study Grup Reprt: Plate-fin Heat Exchangers: AEA Technlgy The prblem under study cncerned the apparent discrepancy between a series f experiments using a plate fin heat exchanger and the classical thery
More informationBeam Expander Basics: Not All Spots Are Created Equal
EARNING UNERSTANING INTROUCING APPYING Beam Expander Basics: Nt All Spts Are Created Equal A P P I C A T I O N N O T E S BEAM EXPANERS A laser beam expander is designed t increase the diameter f a cllimated
More informationCHEMISTRY 1903 SHI-LING KOU 2011
CHEMISTRY 1903 SHI-LING KOU 2011 THE ORIGINS OF MODERN CHEMISTRY Evlutin f the atmic thery Daltn s Atmic Thery (1808) Matter cnsists f indivisible particles (atms) Atms f ne element can t be cnverted int
More informationWeathering. Title: Chemical and Mechanical Weathering. Grade Level: Subject/Content: Earth and Space Science
Weathering Title: Chemical and Mechanical Weathering Grade Level: 9-12 Subject/Cntent: Earth and Space Science Summary f Lessn: Students will test hw chemical and mechanical weathering can affect a rck
More informationChemistry 20 Lesson 11 Electronegativity, Polarity and Shapes
Chemistry 20 Lessn 11 Electrnegativity, Plarity and Shapes In ur previus wrk we learned why atms frm cvalent bnds and hw t draw the resulting rganizatin f atms. In this lessn we will learn (a) hw the cmbinatin
More information3D FE Modeling Simulation of Cold Rotary Forging with Double Symmetry Rolls X. H. Han 1, a, L. Hua 1, b, Y. M. Zhao 1, c
Materials Science Frum Online: 2009-08-31 ISSN: 1662-9752, Vls. 628-629, pp 623-628 di:10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.628-629.623 2009 Trans Tech Publicatins, Switzerland 3D FE Mdeling Simulatin f Cld
More informationEmphases in Common Core Standards for Mathematical Content Kindergarten High School
Emphases in Cmmn Cre Standards fr Mathematical Cntent Kindergarten High Schl Cntent Emphases by Cluster March 12, 2012 Describes cntent emphases in the standards at the cluster level fr each grade. These
More informationMethods for Determination of Mean Speckle Size in Simulated Speckle Pattern
0.478/msr-04-004 MEASUREMENT SCENCE REVEW, Vlume 4, N. 3, 04 Methds fr Determinatin f Mean Speckle Size in Simulated Speckle Pattern. Hamarvá, P. Šmíd, P. Hrváth, M. Hrabvský nstitute f Physics f the Academy
More informationName: Block: Date: Science 10: The Great Geyser Experiment A controlled experiment
Science 10: The Great Geyser Experiment A cntrlled experiment Yu will prduce a GEYSER by drpping Ments int a bttle f diet pp Sme questins t think abut are: What are yu ging t test? What are yu ging t measure?
More informationPhysical Layer: Outline
18-: Intrductin t Telecmmunicatin Netwrks Lectures : Physical Layer Peter Steenkiste Spring 01 www.cs.cmu.edu/~prs/nets-ece Physical Layer: Outline Digital Representatin f Infrmatin Characterizatin f Cmmunicatin
More informationmaking triangle (ie same reference angle) ). This is a standard form that will allow us all to have the X= y=
Intrductin t Vectrs I 21 Intrductin t Vectrs I 22 I. Determine the hrizntal and vertical cmpnents f the resultant vectr by cunting n the grid. X= y= J. Draw a mangle with hrizntal and vertical cmpnents
More informationTHERMAL-VACUUM VERSUS THERMAL- ATMOSPHERIC TESTS OF ELECTRONIC ASSEMBLIES
PREFERRED RELIABILITY PAGE 1 OF 5 PRACTICES PRACTICE NO. PT-TE-1409 THERMAL-VACUUM VERSUS THERMAL- ATMOSPHERIC Practice: Perfrm all thermal envirnmental tests n electrnic spaceflight hardware in a flight-like
More informationTHERMAL TEST LEVELS & DURATIONS
PREFERRED RELIABILITY PAGE 1 OF 7 PRACTICES PRACTICE NO. PT-TE-144 Practice: 1 Perfrm thermal dwell test n prtflight hardware ver the temperature range f +75 C/-2 C (applied at the thermal cntrl/munting
More informationA Few Basic Facts About Isothermal Mass Transfer in a Binary Mixture
Few asic Facts but Isthermal Mass Transfer in a inary Miture David Keffer Department f Chemical Engineering University f Tennessee first begun: pril 22, 2004 last updated: January 13, 2006 dkeffer@utk.edu
More informationUnit Project Descriptio
Unit Prject Descriptin: Using Newtn s Laws f Mtin and the scientific methd, create a catapult r trebuchet that will sht a marshmallw at least eight feet. After building and testing yur machine at hme,
More informationPipetting 101 Developed by BSU CityLab
Discver the Micrbes Within: The Wlbachia Prject Pipetting 101 Develped by BSU CityLab Clr Cmparisns Pipetting Exercise #1 STUDENT OBJECTIVES Students will be able t: Chse the crrect size micrpipette fr
More informationSNOW AND AVALANCHES FORECASTING OVER THE ANDES MOUNTAlNS. Jose A. Vergara* Departamento de Geoflsica, Universidad de Chile
SNOW AND AVALANCHES FORECASTNG OVER THE ANDES MOUNTAlNS Jse A. Vergara* Departament de Geflsica, Universidad de Chile Rene len, Camins y Nieve, ANDNA-CODElCO, CHLE ABSTRACT: During the last three years
More informationChapter 3: Cluster Analysis
Chapter 3: Cluster Analysis } 3.1 Basic Cncepts f Clustering 3.1.1 Cluster Analysis 3.1. Clustering Categries } 3. Partitining Methds 3..1 The principle 3.. K-Means Methd 3..3 K-Medids Methd 3..4 CLARA
More informationChapter 3 Forensic Laboratory Techniques Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 3 Frensic Labratry Techniques Intrductin Objectives 1. Distinguish between physical and chemical prperties. 2. Describe presumptive and cnfirmatry tests. 3. Cmpare and cntrast different types f
More information( ) kt. Solution. From kinetic theory (visualized in Figure 1Q9-1), 1 2 rms = 2. = 1368 m/s
.9 Kinetic Mlecular Thery Calculate the effective (rms) speeds f the He and Ne atms in the He-Ne gas laser tube at rm temperature (300 K). Slutin T find the rt mean square velcity (v rms ) f He atms at
More informationand the Doppler frequency rate f R , can be related to the coefficients of this polynomial. The relationships are:
Algrithm fr Estimating R and R - (David Sandwell, SIO, August 4, 2006) Azimith cmpressin invlves the alignment f successive eches t be fcused n a pint target Let s be the slw time alng the satellite track
More information1 The limitations of Hartree Fock approximation
Chapter: Pst-Hartree Fck Methds - I The limitatins f Hartree Fck apprximatin The n electrn single determinant Hartree Fck wave functin is the variatinal best amng all pssible n electrn single determinants
More informationWagon Markings Guidelines
Versin / Status: V 3.0 / apprved Wagn Markings Guidelines 1. Intrductin Article 4, para 4 f the Safety Directive (2004/49/EG amended by 2008/110/EC) stipulates the respnsibility f each manufacturer, maintenance
More informationB. Definition of an exponential
Expnents and Lgarithms Chapter IV - Expnents and Lgarithms A. Intrductin Starting with additin and defining the ntatins fr subtractin, multiplicatin and divisin, we discvered negative numbers and fractins.
More informationPhysics 2010 Motion with Constant Acceleration Experiment 1
. Physics 00 Mtin with Cnstant Acceleratin Experiment In this lab, we will study the mtin f a glider as it accelerates dwnhill n a tilted air track. The glider is supprted ver the air track by a cushin
More informationAP Chemistry Assessment 2
AP Chemistry Assessment 2 DATE OF ADMINISTRATION: January 8 January 12 TOPICS COVERED: Fundatinal Tpics, Reactins, Gases, Thermchemistry, Atmic Structure, Peridicity, and Bnding. MULTIPLE CHOICE KEY AND
More informationRegents Chemistry Period Unit 3: Atomic Structure. Unit 3 Vocabulary..Due: Test Day
Name Skills: 1. Interpreting Mdels f the Atm 2. Determining the number f subatmic particles 3. Determine P, e-, n fr ins 4. Distinguish istpes frm ther atms/ins Regents Chemistry Perid Unit 3: Atmic Structure
More informationWriting Guidelines. (Updated: November 25, 2009) Forwards
Writing Guidelines (Updated: Nvember 25, 2009) Frwards I have fund in my review f the manuscripts frm ur students and research assciates, as well as thse submitted t varius jurnals by thers that the majr
More informationHubble s Law PHYS 1301
1 PHYS 1301 Hubble s Law Why: The lab will verify Hubble s law fr the expansin f the universe which is ne f the imprtant cnsequences f general relativity. What: Frm measurements f the angular size and
More informationES201 - Examination 2 Winter Adams and Richards NAME BOX NUMBER
ES201 - Examinatin 2 Winter 2003-2004 Adams and Richards NAME BOX NUMBER Please Circle One : Richards (Perid 4) ES201-01 Adams (Perid 4) ES201-02 Adams (Perid 6) ES201-03 Prblem 1 ( 12 ) Prblem 2 ( 24
More informationAPPLICATION OF THE BRATSETH SCHEME FOR HIGH LATITUDE INTERMITTENT DATA ASSIMILATION USING THE PSU/NCAR MM5 MESOSCALE MODEL
JP2.11 APPLICATION OF THE BRATSETH SCHEME FOR HIGH LATITUDE INTERMITTENT DATA ASSIMILATION USING THE PSU/NCAR MM5 MESOSCALE MODEL Xingang Fan * and Jeffrey S. Tilley University f Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks,
More informationName Honors Chemistry / /
Name Hnrs Chemistry / / Beynd Lewis Structures Exceptins t the Octet Rule Mdel Hydrgen is an exceptin t the ctet rule because it fills its uter energy level with nly 2 electrns. The secnd rw elements B
More informationBiocomputers. [edit]scientific Background
Bicmputers Frm Wikipedia, the free encyclpedia Bicmputers use systems f bilgically derived mlecules, such as DNA and prteins, t perfrm cmputatinal calculatins invlving string, retrieving, and prcessing
More informationA Comparison of Methods for Computing the Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a Real Symmetric Matrix. By Paul A. White and Robert R.
A Cmparisn f Methds fr Cmputing the Eigenvalues and Eigenvectrs f a Real Symmetric Matrix By Paul A. White and Rbert R. Brwn Part I. The Eigenvalues I. Purpse. T cmpare thse methds fr cmputing the eigenvalues
More informationKing Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. Electrical Engineering Department EE 420. Fiber Optics Communication.
King Fahd University f Petrleum and Minerals Electrical Engineering Department EE 420 Fiber Optics Cmmunicatin Labratry Manual July 2005 2 PREFACE This manual cntains ten labratry experiments t be perfrmed
More informationLab #3: Pendulum Period and Proportionalities
Physics 144 Chwdary Hw Things Wrk Spring 2006 Name: Partners Name(s): Intrductin Lab #3: Pendulum Perid and Prprtinalities Smetimes, it is useful t knw the dependence f ne quantity n anther, like hw the
More informationFebruary 28, 2013 COMMENTS ON DIFFUSION, DIFFUSIVITY AND DERIVATION OF HYPERBOLIC EQUATIONS DESCRIBING THE DIFFUSION PHENOMENA
February 28, 2013 COMMENTS ON DIFFUSION, DIFFUSIVITY AND DERIVATION OF HYPERBOLIC EQUATIONS DESCRIBING THE DIFFUSION PHENOMENA Mental Experiment regarding 1D randm walk Cnsider a cntainer f gas in thermal
More informationarxiv:hep-ph/ v1 2 Jun 1995
WIS-95//May-PH The rati F n /F p frm the analysis f data using a new scaling variable S. A. Gurvitz arxiv:hep-ph/95063v1 Jun 1995 Department f Particle Physics, Weizmann Institute f Science, Rehvt 76100,
More informationUniversity of Maryland Department of Physics, College Park, MD Physics 441,Topics in Particle and Nuclear Physics, Fall 2017
University f Maryland Department f Physics, Cllege Park, MD 20742 Physics 441,Tpics in Particle and Nuclear Physics, Fall 2017 Instructr: Prf. Thmas Chen (I prefer t be addressed as Tm) Office: 3158 Physical
More informationTP1 - Introduction to ArcGIS
TP1 - Intrductin t ArcGIS During this practical, we will use ArcGIS (ArcMap and ArcCatalg) t create maps f predictrs that culd explain the bserved bird richness in Switzerland. ArcMap is principally used
More informationFloating Point Method for Solving Transportation. Problems with Additional Constraints
Internatinal Mathematical Frum, Vl. 6, 20, n. 40, 983-992 Flating Pint Methd fr Slving Transprtatin Prblems with Additinal Cnstraints P. Pandian and D. Anuradha Department f Mathematics, Schl f Advanced
More informationDavid HORN and Irit OPHER. School of Physics and Astronomy. Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences
Cmplex Dynamics f Neurnal Threshlds David HORN and Irit OPHER Schl f Physics and Astrnmy Raymnd and Beverly Sackler Faculty f Exact Sciences Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel hrn@neurn.tau.ac.il
More informationStandard Title: Frequency Response and Frequency Bias Setting. Andrew Dressel Holly Hawkins Maureen Long Scott Miller
Template fr Quality Review f NERC Reliability Standard BAL-003-1 Frequency Respnse and Frequency Bias Setting Basic Infrmatin: Prject number: 2007-12 Standard number: BAL-003-1 Prject title: Frequency
More informationLecture 23: Lattice Models of Materials; Modeling Polymer Solutions
Lecture 23: 12.05.05 Lattice Mdels f Materials; Mdeling Plymer Slutins Tday: LAST TIME...2 The Bltzmann Factr and Partitin Functin: systems at cnstant temperature...2 A better mdel: The Debye slid...3
More informationA Study on Pullout Strength of Cast-in-place Anchor bolt in Concrete under High Temperature
Transactins f the 7 th Internatinal Cnference n Structural Mechanics in Reactr Technlgy (SMiRT 7) Prague, Czech Republic, August 7 22, 23 Paper #H-2 A Study n Pullut Strength f Cast-in-place Anchr blt
More information22.54 Neutron Interactions and Applications (Spring 2004) Chapter 11 (3/11/04) Neutron Diffusion
.54 Neutrn Interactins and Applicatins (Spring 004) Chapter (3//04) Neutrn Diffusin References -- J. R. Lamarsh, Intrductin t Nuclear Reactr Thery (Addisn-Wesley, Reading, 966) T study neutrn diffusin
More informationRelationships Between Frequency, Capacitance, Inductance and Reactance.
P Physics Relatinships between f,, and. Relatinships Between Frequency, apacitance, nductance and Reactance. Purpse: T experimentally verify the relatinships between f, and. The data cllected will lead
More informationValidation of Geant4 Hadronic Physics
Validatin f Geant4 Hadrnic Physics J. Beringer, G. Flger, F. Giantti, A. Ribn, J.P. Wellisch, CERN D. Barberis, M. Cervett, B. Osculati, Gena University and INFN Abstract Recent wrk n the validatin f Geant4
More informationGuide to Using the Rubric to Score the Klf4 PREBUILD Model for Science Olympiad National Competitions
Guide t Using the Rubric t Scre the Klf4 PREBUILD Mdel fr Science Olympiad 2010-2011 Natinal Cmpetitins These instructins are t help the event supervisr and scring judges use the rubric develped by the
More informationStudent Exploration: Cell Energy Cycle
Name: Date: Student Explratin: Cell Energy Cycle Vcabulary: aerbic respiratin, anaerbic respiratin, ATP, cellular respiratin, chemical energy, chlrphyll, chlrplast, cytplasm, glucse, glyclysis, mitchndria,
More informationProcess Engineering Thermodynamics E (4 sp) Exam
Prcess Engineering Thermdynamics 42434 E (4 sp) Exam 9-3-29 ll supprt material is allwed except fr telecmmunicatin devices. 4 questins give max. 3 pints = 7½ + 7½ + 7½ + 7½ pints Belw 6 questins are given,
More informationFeasibility Testing Report Muscle Optimization Stage I
Feasibility Testing Reprt Muscle Optimizatin Stage I Team: P15001: Active Ankle Ft Orthtic Engineer: Nah Schadt Mechanical Engineer Engineer: Tyler Leichtenberger Mechanical Engineer Test Date: 10/14/2014
More information