BASD HIGH SCHOOL FORMAL LAB REPORT

Transcription

1 BASD HIGH SCHOOL FORMAL LAB REPORT *WARNING: After an explanatin f what t include in each sectin, there is an example f hw the sectin might lk using a sample experiment Keep in mind, the sample lab used is VERY BASIC and des nt always accurately represent the level f detail that might be needed fr sme f the sectins!! GENERAL INFORMATION 12 pt Times New Rman fnt Entire reprt is DOUBLE SPACED, except the Materials sectin which is single spaced! *NOTE: The examples prvided in this guide are single spaced t save paper!! 1 inch margins n all sides (tp, bttm, left, and right) Always write in third persn (AVOID use f I, us, we, etc. thrughut the entire lab reprt) Write in full sentences, except fr the materials list IMPORTANT REMINDERS Reprts will be graded largely n their ability t clearly cmmunicate and explain results and cnclusins. Use prper English and spelling PROOFREAD yur reprt fr style, grammar, and lgic Avid being verly verbse (wrdy) and flwery when attempting t cnvey yur pint; be cncise Avid vague qualitative phrases such as the results were quite clse. Be as specific and quantitative as pssible Neatness and rganizatin are imprtant Yur reprt MUST be typed Headings shuld be BOLD and hit enter after each Use significant figures and units fr all measurements and calculatins Be sure t fllw the frmat described belw D nt use material withut citing the surce. D nt cpy verbatim (wrd fr wrd) frm the lab handut r any ther surce including lab partners. **Plagiarism, t any degree, will NOT be accepted!! SECTIONS 1. Title and Heading: The title f the lab and heading shuld be left-aligned and include the fllwing: Lab title Yur name Name f partner(s) Name f class Name f teacher Due date f lab reprt THE BOILING POINT OF WATER Jhn Smith Partners: Jane Jnes, Nancy Drew, and Danny Sanders Curse: Chemistry Teacher: Mr. Mag Date: 26 Nvember 2009 BASD Lab Reprt 1

2 2. Intrductin: (*THIS IS A LONGER SECTION) This sectin shuld cnnect the experiment t cntent cvered in class as well as scientific knwledge n which the experiment is based. This sectin REQUIRES research t be perfrmed (true research is NOT just ne r tw surces) Cite infrmatin btained using IN-TEXT citatins (NOT at the end f a paragraph nly) using MLA frmat Cnnect lab cncepts t class cntent DO NOT CITE infrmatin that yu nw knw frm class! Try t make real wrld cnnectins t the cncepts studied in lab Keep a list f all surces used t be included in the Wrks Cited sectin Intrductin Kinetic thery states that all mlecules in matter are in cnstant mtin (Kane 73). As these mlecules absrb mre energy they have a higher amunt f randm mvement. As energy is absrbed in the frm f heat the average kinetic energy (temperature) f the mlecules will increase except during a phase change. The absrbed energy used in the phase change breaks the attractive frces between the mlecules, thus transfrmatin ccurs in the rientatin f the mlecules. An example f a phase change wuld be the biling pint f water, which is a change frm a liquid t a gas ( Water Prperties ). This can be bserved by using a temperature versus time line graph when the slpe becmes zer. The biling pint f water is expected t be C at 1 atmsphere air pressure. 3. Objective: The bjective tells the reader the reasn fr perfrming the experiment. SINGLE sentence stating the purpse f the lab (put in yur wn wrds d nt use frm the lab itself!) Clearly and cncisely state the specific reasn fr ding the lab Objective The purpse f this experiment is t determine the biling pint f water. 4. Hypthesis: The hypthesis is a ne-line sentence discussing hw the prblem will be slved. SINGLE sentence in IF / THEN frmat Hypthesis If water is heated fr a perid f 16 minutes, then the water shuld bil at 100 degrees Celsius. 5. Materials: This sectin lists all equipment used in the experiment. Use a bulleted list that is SINGLE spaced with a cmplete list included Materials Beaker, 500 ml Distilled water, 300 ml Thermmeter Ht plate BASD Lab Reprt 2

3 6. Prcedure: The prcedure is a step-by-step statement f hw the experiment was perfrmed. Quick versin f the steps, but give enugh detail s that the lab culd be repeated using yur steps Use numbered steps State any specific safety precautins Use pictures and/r diagrams t illustrate apparatus setup, ONLY IF NEEDED! Number any figures and state the number in the figure heading Figure headings shuld be in bld print and placed belw the figure After each figure heading, include a shrt descriptin f the figure Prcedure 1. The beaker was filled with apprximately 300 ml f distilled water. 2. Place the beaker gently n the htplate. 3. The thermmeter was placed in the beaker and the initial temperature was recrded. 4. Switch n the htplate and set t high. 5. The temperature was recrded every 2 minutes until 6 minutes after biling began. 6. The htplate was turned ff and the materials were allwed t cl fr at least 10 minutes befre the equipment was dismantled. 7. Data: This sectin reprts all bservatins, measurements, and trials perfrmed. Present data in a TABLE whenever pssible Number each table and give each an apprpriate HEADING as seen belw! Table headings shuld be in bld print and placed abve the table headings shuld include an apprpriate shrt descriptin f the data in the table Dn t frget t include the units! Data Table 1. Table displaying data btained frm the heating f water frm 0 t 16 minutes 8. Analysis / Calculatins: (*THIS IS A LONGER SECTION) This sectin includes an analysis f the results, equatins with sample calculatins, errr calculatins, and statistics. DETAILED analysis f what happened in the lab (EXPLAIN what the results are telling yu d NOT just repeat the results again) and WHY All results shuld be analyzed and explained fully (questin and think abut everything) Discuss all pssible surces f errr (math / calculatin mistakes r balance errrs are NOT valid surces) Suggest specific ways t change the experiment fr imprved results (hw might yu fix thse errrs) Include nly ne example f each type f calculatin leave space after yu type the Analysis in rder t handwrite in all sample calculatins (they can be typed in t) and be sure t include ALL f the fllwing: equatins used, sig figs, and units Results f the calculatins can be placed in the tables in the Data sectin as lng as a sample is shwn Include % yield and % errr calculatins, ONLY WHEN NEEDED When graphs are required, be sure t include a title, labels, and units BASD Lab Reprt 3

4 Calculatins / Analysis The initial temperature started ff arund 20 C because this was the temperature f the rm. The water used was sitting at rm temperature. If the water were nt stred at rm temperature, it wuld have been much clder cming ut f the sink. Within the first tw minutes, the temperature f the water almst dubled. This is caused by the mlecules in the water speeding up due t the applicatin f the heat frm the ht plate. As the mlecules are mving faster, the temperature increases. The water temperature cntinued t increase as mre heat was applied because the water mlecules cntinued t speed up. After 12 minutes, the temperature f the water remained the same at C. This was due t the fact that the water reached its maximum temperature and was biling. The biling ccurred because the vapr pressure f the liquid was equal t that f the atmspheric pressure at that temperature. Accrding t ther experiments, water is suppsed t bil at 100 C. Althugh this difference is quite small, especially fr a high schl labratry, the value was still lwer than expected. The temperature f the water was slightly higher after 10 minutes f heating than it was when the temperature leveled ff. This culd be due sme superheating that tk place as the water was being heated. Pssible surces f errr may be impurities in the water, which may have been present in the water t begin with r intrduced frm incmpletely cleaned glassware. Air pressure was nt measured, s sme errr culd be due t the data being cllected at a different air pressure. Imprvements t the lab wuld include thrughly cleaning equipment with distilled water befre starting the experiment and measuring air pressure. By cleaning the materials with distilled water, any cntaminants that might lwer the biling pint f the water will be remved. The distilled water shuld be free f all impurities that might impact the data frm the experiment. Since water bils at different temperatures due t atmspheric pressure, measuring the pressure that the experiment is perfrmed will help imprve the accuracy f the biling pint results. 9. Cnclusin: The cnclusin is a cncise statement that state the results, indicates whether the hypthesis was accepted r nt, and describes what has been learned frm the lab. First sentence: state the results f the lab in ONE sentence Secnd sentence: prvide a ne-line sentence stating that the hypthesis was supprted r rejected Discuss what was learned frm the experiment Incrprate the answers t any pst-lab questins (d nt list the questins r numbers here) Make the cnclusin flw int a nice summary f the lab and cncepts BASD Lab Reprt 4

5 Cnclusin The biling pint f water was determined t be C. The hypthesis was accepted. Biling pint f a liquid is reached when the vapr pressure f the liquid and the atmspheric pressure are bth equal. Once this pint is reached, the liquid will begin t bil. Disslving a substance in a liquid will elevate its biling pint, as seen when salt is added t the water when cking pasta. Atmspheric pressure is als imprtant when determining the biling pint f a substance. This is the reasn why cking pasta at higher altitudes des nt always result in the pasta being cked fully because the temperature is nt as high as it wuld be at lwer altitudes. Adding salt t the water will help raise the biling pint at these higher elevatins. Knwing the temperature a substance will bil is very imprtant in cking and ther areas including industry. 10. Wrks Cited: Any infrmatin btained frm anther surce which is nt cmmn knwledge must be cited and the list f thse surces is included here. List all surces f infrmatin (d nt include lab handuts r things that are nw knwn frm ntes) Use MLA frmat Place surces in ALPHABETICAL rder Include the actual web address in the citatin when citing a website Examples belw include Bk and Website (with n authr authr wuld cme first if given) Wrks Cited Kane, Jseph W. Physics. New Yrk: Jhn Wiley & Sns, Water Prperties. Water fr All, Accessed 11 Jul BASD Lab Reprt 5