COMPARATIVE STUDY OF STANDALONE SPV FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION OF RAJASTHAN

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1 COMPARATE STUY OF STANAONE SP FOR ENRONMENTA CONTON OF RAJASTHAN Mr. Bablu Kumar Sharma 1, Mr. inesh Kumar, Ms.Shuchi Shukla 3 Reginal engineering cllege and research centre, Jaipur Abstract This paper presents perfrmance f a phtvltaic electric energy stand alne generating system interfaced with varius pwer electrnics cnverter. t als presents theretical studies f phtvltaic and mdeling techniques using equivalent electric circuits. t als deals with the analysis, design and cntrl f a pwer standalne slar phtvltaic (SP) generating system. arius maximum pwer pint tracking techniques are being reviewed and are cmpared with each ther fr different applicatin s specificatin. n this wrk we have reviewed Perturbatin and Observatin (P&O) methd, ncrementalcnductance (&C) Methd and Mdified Regula Falsi Methd (MRFM) fr maximum pwer pint tracking (MPPT). The varius MPPT algrithms and cntrl methds are being investigated and discussed. The matlab simulatin is carried ut fr analysis with varius cnverters. A standalne P system with nput vltage 0 48, Output vltage 110, and maximum utput pwer 50W has been designed fr the verificatin purpse. The mdel f P system and cnverter has been simulated in MATAB. A cmparisn has been drawn thrugh simulatin fr system with and withut MPPT in terms f ttal energy prduced per day. The results cnfirm that MPPT can cnsiderably increase the efficiency and the perfrmance f P system as cmpared t the system withut MPPT. The simulatin results btained are cmpared fr maximum utput, vltage regulatin. n this wrk we have used fly back, cuk buck bst cnverter fr extracting maximum pwer frm SP system. The stand alne P system thus btained has been tested under cnditins f high temperature and high irradiance virtually n sftware envirnments. Cnverter are mdeled and simulated thrugh cding in Matlab. The result shw that fr given temperature and irradiance and time perid a standalne P energy generatin system gives mre utput with fly back cnverter.. NTROUCTON Rajasthan is blessed with tw critical resurces that are essential t slar pwer prductin: high level f slar radiatin per square meter and large amunts f adjacent, relatively flat, undevelped land. t is apparent frm the map belw that the western states have the highest levels f slar radiatin. The mst intense slar radiatin in the ndia is lcated in Rajasthan. Fig. 1 Map f slar radiatin levels in ndia Rajasthan is uniquely placed t tap slar radiatins with clear sunny days and average daily slar incidence f 5-7kWh/m that is cmparable t eserts f Califrnia, Nevada, Clrad and Arizna. The ttal desert area in the State is 08,110sq.kms. 60% f the land is arid and semi-arid land in the State. Thrughut Rajasthan thrughut the summer mnths ne per year generally there remains t be a lack f 30% f energy demand frm custmers which is nt attained by simply its very wn surces and shuld nt keep temp tgether with the swift rise in strength demand. n additin, regarding 60 % in the human ppulatin day-tday lives using sme 60,000 twns tssed thrugh the state. Mst f these twns tend t be cnsiderably frm yur cuntry's pwer cmpany regarding televisin bradcasting wrinkles as well as, fr their cmpact human ppulatin, it is almst always never fiscally helpful t be cnnected the whle village twards grid. Slar pwer ffers the prspective prficient thrughut Rajasthan which btained levels f phtvltaic the radiatin in the year. Thrughut Rajasthan phtvltaic P tissue may be used t change slar panel technlgy int electricity which may be used t ask fr the battery t ffer lighting style at night. Slar panel made pwer can be utilized right t water pump, t perfrm the admirers, with regard Page 60

2 t lighting style, radi as well as televisin. Slar is actually an alternative energy surce f infrmatin prspective btainable in the cuntry. The fllwing surce f infrmatin can be used as a superb alternative t fssil fuels because f areas. Slar pwer surce f infrmatin blueprints with regard t prfitable use with regard t husehld apps as well as strength remte cntrl twns during these areas. Resulting frm this system wuld be t bst interpersnal, health benefits as well as supply regarding fundamental facilities regarding life. P phtvltaic (SP) devices change sunlight right int electricity. ittle pwer prgram will allw the hme wner t btain several as well as a bunch f their each day pwer demand frm custmers autmatically tp, swapping day time unwanted pwer fr the strength desires at nighttime emplying SP age grup, if it's held by battery pwer back-up. A new SP pwer prgram may be used t crank ut electricity as an apprach regarding dispersed age grup (G) with regard t ut f the way areas. in chapter 5 are implemented in MATAB simulatins and tested fr their perfrmance. Since the purpse is t make cmparisns f the cnsidered algrithms, each simulatin cntains nly the P mdel and the algrithm in rder t islate any influence frm a cnverter r lad. MATAB scripts fr this sectin are given in appendix. The algrithms are tested with actual irradiance data prvided. Simulatins use set f data, which is the measurements f a sunny day in April in Jdhpur, Rajasthan. The data cntain the irradiance measurements taken every tw minutes fr frm mrning 7 am t 9 am. On a sunny day, the irradiance level changes gradually since there is n influence f clud. MPP tracking is suppsed t be easy.. ESGN, SMUATON AN ANAYSS n this chapter have presented design and simulatins f MPPT. t discusses abut and flyback and Cúk cnverter design. First f all cmpnents have been selected, than design and chice f the MPPT sampling rate has been validated thrugh MATAB simulatins. A cmparative study has been dne between varius MPPT algrithm using MATAB simulatins. Than by cnsidering a resistive lad the functinality f MPPT will be verified with flyback and Cuk cnverter. At the end f this chapter cmparisns between systems equipped with different MPPT and cupled with the tw cnverters is prvided. Fr this wrk have cnsidered P mdule P- MU50HC manufactured by MTSUBSH EECTRC with the fllwing specificatin, which are able t wrk at high temperature cnditins as like in Rajasthan. Specificatin alu e Maximum Pwer (Watt) Open Circuit ltage (c) 5 0 Shrt Circuit Current (sc) ltage at MPPT (mpp) Current at MPPT (mpp) N. f Cells in Series Nrmal perating cell temperature The cnverters are designed accrding t the fllwing specificatins: nput vltage 0 48, Output vltage 110, and maximum utput pwer 50W. Fig. MPP tracking by P&O algrithms n a sunny day. As shwn in Fig.,3,4. all three algrithms lcate and maintain the P perating pint very clse t the MPPs (shwn in red asterisks) withut much difference in their perfrmance. Fig. 6.1, shws the trace f P perating pints fr (6.1)P&O algrithm and (6.) nc- Cnd algrithm (6.3) MRFA algrithm. Fr all the three algrithms, the deviatins f perating pints frm the MPPs are bvius when cmpared t the results f a sunny day. Amng the three algrithms, the MRFA algrithm is suppsed t utperfrm the ther tw algrithm under rapidly changing atmspheric cnditins. Cmparisn f MPPT Techniques The three MPPT algrithms, perturbatin and ptimizatin (P&O), ncremental and Cnductance (nc) and mdified Regula Falsi algrithms (MRFA), discussed Page 61

3 Fig. 3 MPP tracking by nc-cnd algrithms n a sunny day. Ttal electric energy prduced with the MRFA algrithm is narrwly larger than that f the nc-cnd algrithm and P&O algrithm. The MPP tracking efficiency measured by {Ttal Energy (simulatin)} {Ttal Energy (theretical max)} 100% is still gd in the cludy cnditin fr bth algrithms, and again it is narrwly higher with the MRFA algrithm. The irradiance data are nly available at tw-minute intervals, thus they d nt recrd a much higher rate f changes during these intervals. The data may nt be prviding a truly rapid changing cnditin, and that culd be a reasn why the tw results are s clse. Als, further ptimizatin f algrithm and varying a testing methd may prvide different results. The perfrmance difference amng the three algrithms, hwever, wuld nt be large. There is a study shwing similar results. The simulatin results shwed the efficiency f 99.85% fr the P&O algrithm, 99.33% fr the inc-cnd algrithm and 99.97% fr the MRFA algrithm. Cuk Cnverter esign The basic principle and wrking and vltage transfer functin f Cuk Cnverter is already explained in chapter 5. Nw we design a Cuk cnverter based n the specificatin as given belw. After calculatin f cmpnent values, the design is simulated in MATAB. Specif icati n np ut l tag e (s ) np ut Cur rent (s) Out put l tag e ( ) Out put Cur rent () Maxi mum Outp ut Pw er (Pm ax) Swit chin g Freq uenc y (f) uty Cycle () alue W 50K Hz 0.1< <0. 65 Fig. 4 MPP tracking by MRFA algrithms n a sunny day. Cmpnent Selectin n rder t make a better cmparisn, ttal electric energy prduced during a -hur perid is calculated and tabulated in Table 6. P&O Algrith m nccnd Algrith m MRFA Algrithm Ttal Energy (simulatin) Ttal Energy (theretical max) Efficiency 99.85% 99.33% 99.97% a) nductr Selectin The inductr sizes are decided such that the change in inductr currents is n mre than 5% f the average inductr current. The fllwing equatin gives the change in inductr current. s. i (6.1). f where: s is the input vltage, is the duty cycle, and f is the switching frequency. Slving this fr gives: Page 6

4 s. i. f (6.) Assume that the wrst current ripple will ccur under the maximum pwer cnditin. Under this cnditin, the average current ( 1 ) f the input inductr ( 1 ) is 8 A, and the ripple current is 5% f 1. i A (6.3) 1 1 Thus, frm the equatin (6.): i (6.4) 1 1 Similarly, the value f the utput inductr ( ) is calculated as fllws. i A (6.5) s. 1.5mH i. f (6.6) T make parts prcurement easier, the utput can use the same inductr size as ne in the input. b) Capacitr Selectin The design criterin fr capacitrs is that the ripple vltage acrss them shuld be ess than 5%. The average vltage acrss the capacitr (C 1 ) is, frm the equatin (5.), c1 s , s the maximum ripple vltage is v c The equivalent lad resistance is: 110 R 48.4Ω (6.7) P 50 The value f C 1 is calculated with the fllwing equatin:. C 1 R. f. v c1.936e-06 (6.8) The value f the utput capacitr (C ) is calculated using the utput vltage ripple equatin (the same as that f buck cnverter). v C. f (6.9) Slving the abve equatin fr C gives: C v /. f 55.6mf (6.10) c) ide Selectin Schttky dide shuld be selected because it has a lw frward vltage and very gd reverse recvery time (typically 5 t 10ns). The recurrent peak reverse vltage ( RRM ) f the dide is the same as the average vltage f capacitr (C 1 ), thus RRM 8. Adding the 30% f safety factr gives the vltage rating f 107. The average frward current ( F ) f dide is the cmbinatin f input and utput currents at the SW ff, thus it is A. Adding the 30% f safety factr gives the current rating f 0.8A. d) Switch Selectin Pwer-MOSFETs are widely used fr lw t medium pwer applicatins. The peak vltage f the switch (SW) is btained by K n the circuit shwn in Fig The vltage f SW culd g up t 56 by the specificatin. Adding the 30% f safety factr gives the vltage rating f 73. The peak switch current is the same as the dide. Thus, adding the 30% f safety factr gives the current rating f 10.4 A. Fly-back Cnverter esign A flyback cnverter is a simplest tplgy f islated C-C cnverter because it has nly ne switch, ne transfrmer and there is n inductr at utput stage. n the flyback cnverter, during n time f the switch, the energy is stred in the flyback transfrmer while the lad current is supplied by the utput capacitr and during ff time f the switch, the stred energy in the flyback transfrmer is delivered as the lad current and t the capacitr fr charging. n the flyback cnverter, the duty cycle is restricted up t 50%. This is due t time required t empty the flyback inductr flux t the utput capacitr. The different cmpnents f the flyback cnverter are designed using basic equatins. Table 6.4 shws the design equatins fr the prpsed flyback cnverter. Here this flyback cnverter is designed with a 100 khz switching frequency in CM peratin. The slar P panel supplies at 0 48 with a little variatin in the vltage t the cnverter, where it cnverts it t 110 C. Using equatins given in Table 6.4, the parameters are calculated fr the flyback cnverter at rated pwer f 50W. Name f Turns Rati Magnetizing nductance Cmpnent Equatin fr Flyback n N η N (1 ) 1/11 max in in(max) 1 max in f i max m Calculated alue 1.Mh Page 63

5 Output Capacitance C. max f. R. v c 11µF The fllwing flwchart, shwn in Fig. 6.4, explains the peratin f the simulated system. Switching Frequency f 100kHz Cnsidering, f (Switching Frequency f cnverter switches)100khz, m (magnetizing nductance)1.μh, (utput vltage)110, in (nput vltage) 0-48, C (utput capacitance, nn /N 1 (turns rati fr flyback transfrmer), P max (maximum utput pwer)50w, max (maximum duty cycle fr peratin in CM)0.5, η90%, v c (allwed ripple vltage acrss the utput capacitr) 1% f rated utput vltage SMUATONS WTH RESSTE OA The simulatin results in sectin 6.1 have shwn that there is n great advantage in using the mre cmplex nc-cnd algrithm, and the P&O algrithm prvides satisfactry results even in the cludy cnditin. On the ther hand MRF algrithm is fastest amng the three and searched the MPPT vltage fast with sharp and stable pint f reference at MPP. But, the selectin f the P&O algrithm permits the use f the utput sensing direct cntrl methd which eliminates the input vltage and current sensrs. The simulated system cnsists f the P-MU50HC P mdel, the ideal cnverters, the MPPT cntrl, and the resistive lad. The MATAB functin that mdels the P mdule is given by the fllwing functin whse cding given in appendix A. functin [] MU50HC(,G,TC) (6.11) The functin, MU50HC, calculates the mdule current () fr the given mdule vltage (), irradiance (G in KW/m ), and mdule temperature (T in C 0 ). The perating pint f P mdule is lcated by its relatinship t the lad resistance (R) as: R (6.1) The irradiance (G) and the mdule temperature (T) fr the functin are knwn variables, thus it is pssible t say that is the functin f hence f(). Substituting this int the equatin (6.1) gives: - R.f()0 (6.13) Knwing the value f R enables t slve this equatin fr the perating vltage (). MATAB uses fzer functin t d s, back t the equatin (6.1) gives the perating current (). Fig. 5 Operatin algrithm f SP with pwer cnditining cnverter. Simulatin stand-alne P system with Cuk cnverter Fr the simulatin f standalne P energy generatin system, we will use MRFA algrithms t calculate reference vltage fr the cnverter peratin. As in sectin 6. we have fund that MRFA algrithms calculate stable and mre accurate MPPT reference vltage with less number f iteratins. S it is fast in calculatin. Page 64

6 Fr a Cuk cnverter relatin between a cnstant utput vltage and variable input vltage as described as in sectin 5. is re-written here s (5.10) 1 And current at utput is given by 1 (5.11) 1 Nw, duty cycle is varied accrding t reference vltage calculated by MPPT tracking algrithm fr keeping utput vltage cnstant s the husehld lads may be supplied directly r battery lad may be charged. A matlab simulatin cdes has been written and presented in appendix fr the SP generatin system interfaced t husehld resistive lad via Cuk cnverter. Simulatin cnditins are: Output ltage 110 cnstant MPPT technique emplyed MRFA technique ad 6 hm resistive nterfacing cnverter is Cuk cnverter Clear weather cnditin n sme summer day fr mrning hurs when temperature as well as irradiatin rises cntinuusly in western Rajasthan. Result: Average pwer btained Watt Simulatin stand-alne P system with Fly-back cnverter Fr the simulatin f standalne P energy generatin system, we again ues MRFA algrithms t calculate reference vltage fr the cnverter peratin. As described in sectin 6. we have fund that MRFA algrithms calculate stable and mre accurate MPPT reference vltage with less number f iteratins. S it is fast in calculatin. Fr a flyback cnverter relatin between a cnstant utput vltage and variable input vltage as described as in sectin 5.3 is re-written here N (5.17) s 1 N1 And utput current fr given duty rati, input and utput vltages is given by N s (1 ) R N1 (5.18) Fr fly-back cnverter als a matlab simulatin cdes has been written and presented in appendix fr the SP generatin system interfaced t husehld resistive lad via fly-back cnverter. Simulatin cnditins are same as were kept fr Cuk cnverter: Output ltage 110 cnstant MPPT technique emplyed MRFA technique ad 6 hm resistive nterfacing cnverter is fly-back cnverter Clear weather cnditin n sme summer day fr mrning hurs when temperature as well as irradiatin rises cntinuusly in western Rajasthan. Result: Average pwer btained CONCUSON n this paper we have presented the perfrmance f a phtvltaic electric energy stand alne generating system interfaced with varius pwer electrnics cnverter. n this we have als presented theretical studies f pht-vltaic and mdelling techniques using equivalent electric circuits. We have als dealt with the analysis, design and cntrl f a pwer standalne slar phtvltaic (SP) generating system. Here, we have reviewed Perturbatin and bservatin (P&O) methd, ncremental Cnductance (&C) methd and a new Mdified Regula Falsi Methd (MRFM) methd fr maximum pwer pint tracking (MPPT). The matlab simulatin is carried ut fr analysis with tw mst ppular cnverters fund in literature survey fr ur state weather cnditins f high temperature and high irradiance pwer per unit area. A cmparisn has been drawn thrugh simulatin fr system with varius MPPT in terms f ttal energy prduced fr given time. The results cnfirm that MRFA MPPT can cnsiderably increase the efficiency and the perfrmance f P system as cmpared t the system with ther MPPT techniques. Further we emplyed tw mst ppular cnverter Cuk and fly-back cnverter in ur SP system. With fly-back cnverter we btained higher average pwer with all ther cnditins kept same. S bviusly fly-back cnverter will be better chice fr cnditins f Rajasthan in standalne SP system. REFERENCES [1]Peter Mantvanelli Barbsa and v Barbi, A Single- Switch Flyback-Current-Fed C C Cnverter, EEE Transactins On Pwer Electrnics, vl. 13, pg , n. 3, May []Hhm,. P. & M. E. Rpp, Cmparative Study f Maximum Pwer Pint Tracking Algrithms, Prgress n Phtvltaics: Research And Applicatins, vl. 1, pg. 47 6, Nvember 00. Page 65

7 [3]Eftichis Kutrulis, inissia Klktsa, Antnis Ptirakis, Kstas Kalait zakis Methdlgy Fr Optimal Sizing Of Stand-Alne Phtvltaic/Wind Generatr Systems Using Genetic Algrithms, Elsevier Slar Energy, vl. 80, pg , ecember 005. [4]ShafiqurRehman, Maher A. Bader, Said A. Al- Mallem Cst f slar energy generated using P panels, Elsevier Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vl. 11, pg ,March 006. [5]Caisheng Wang, and M. Hashem Nehrir Pwer Management f a Stand-Alne Wind/Phtvltaic/Fuel Cell Energy System, EEE TRANSACTONS ON ENERGY CONERSON, Pg , O. 3, NO. 3, September 008. [6]imitrispsakis, Spyrs utetakis, PansSeferlis,FtisStergipuls, Cstas Elmasides, Pwer Management Strategies Fr A Stand-Alne Pwer System Using Renewable Energy Surces And Hydrgen Strage, nternatinal Jurnal Of Hydrgen Energy, Pg ,l. 34, 009. [7]Jng-Pil ee, Byung-uk Min, Tae-Jin Kim, ng- WkY,Ji-Yn Y esign and Cntrl f Nvel Tplgy fr Phtvltaic C/C Cnverter with High Efficiency under Wide ad Ranges, Jurnal f Pwer Electrnics, Pg , l.9 N., March 009. [14]R. Sriranjani,n, A. ShreeBharathi and S. Jayalalitha esign f Cuk Cnverter Pwered by P Array, Research Jurnal f Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technlgy, vl. 6(5), pg , June 013. [15]Umesh T. Kute, Ravindra S. Pte, mplementatin f incremental cnductance (MPPT) technique fr P system, nternatinal Jurnal f Advanced Research in T and Engineering, l. 3 N. 6, pg. 1-15, June 014. [16] Kiranhatrak, B.E.Kushare, ManjRathi, Study and analysis f single phase stand-alne phtvltaic based z- surce inverter,prceedings f 13th RF nternatinal Cnference, Pune, ndia, pg , 0th July-014. Bks [17]Mhan, Undeland, Rbbins Pwer Electrnics Cnverters, Applicatins, andesign 3rd Editin Jhn Wiley & Sns td, 003. [18] Rashid, Muhammad H. Pwer Electrnics - Circuits, evices, and Applicatins 3 rd Editin Pearsn Educatin, 004. [19]uis Castaner and Santiag Silvestre, Mdelling Phtvltaic Systems using PSpice, SBN ,, Jhn Wiley & Sns td., Octber 01. [8]A Reprt n Energy Scenari in Rajasthan by Energy epartment f Gvt. f Rajasthan 009. [9]SheerazKirmani, Majid Jamil, Chakreshkumar, and M Jamil Ahmed, Techn Ecnmic Feasibility Analysis f a Stand-Alne P System t Electrify a Rural Area Husehld in ndia, nternatinal Jurnal f Engineering Science and Technlgy, vl. (10), pg , 010. [10]Prf. Pandiarajan.N*, br. RanganathMuthu, evelpment f pwer electrnic circuit-riented mdel f phtvltaic mdule, nternatinal Jurnal f Advanced Engineering Technlgy, JAET, vl., ssue, pg , Octber-ecember, 011. [11]NehaAdhikari, Bhim Singh, A..yas, esign and Cntrl f Small Pwer Standalne Slar P Energy System, Asian Pwer Electrnics Jurnal, l. 6, N. 1, pg. 17 4, Oct. 01. [1]R.eepa, K.K.Pngdi, Grid-Cnnected Phtvltaic Pwer System Using Bst-Half-Bridge Cnverter, OSR Jurnal f Electrical and Electrnics Engineering (OSR-JEEE) e-ssn: lume 4, ssue 5, Pg. 1-17Jan. - Feb [13]R.hivya1 K.Jaiganesh r.k.uraiswamy, MATAB Simulatin f Phtvltaic Micr nverter System Using MPPT Algrithm, nternatinal Jurnal Of Scientific & Engineering Research, l. 4, ssue 1, Pg , ecember-013. Page 66

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