Linearization of the Output of a Wheatstone Bridge for Single Active Sensor. Madhu Mohan N., Geetha T., Sankaran P. and Jagadeesh Kumar V.
|
|
- Magnus Terry
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Linearizatin f the Output f a Wheatstne Bridge fr Single Active Sensr Madhu Mhan N., Geetha T., Sankaran P. and Jagadeesh Kumar V. Dept. f Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute f Technlgy Madras, Chennai , India Ph: vjk@iitm.ac.in Abstract: The utput f a Wheatstne bridge with nly a single active resistive sensr is inherently nnlinear. A generalized feedback cmpensatin scheme is presented in this paper that prvides a linear utput fr a Wheatstne bridge with nly a single active resistive sensr, even fr large variatins in the resistance f the sensr. Simulatin studies and experimental verificatins establish the efficacy f the prpsed linearizatin technique. The prpsed methd is best suited fr single active resistive sensrs invlving Resistive Temperature Devices (RTD) and piezresistive type sensrs pssessing large range f variatin. I. Intrductin The Wheatstne bridge is a simple and ppular signal cnditining circuit fr resistive sensrs such as Strain gages, RTD, and piezresistive sensrs [1]. The typical frm f a Wheatstne bridge circuit with a single active sensr is given in Fig. 1. The resistance R f the sensr can be expressed as R =R (1± k x), where x is the parameter being S S 0 measured, R is the nminal value f the resistance f the sensr (when x is zer) and k is the sensitivity f the sensr and 0 can be either psitive (fr RTD) r negative (fr sensrs with negative temperature cefficient f resistance, such as R 1 R 1 V B v 0B A v 0A = A v 0B R 0 R S = R 0 (1±kx) Figure 1 Wheatstne Bridge fr a single active Resistive Sensr thermistrs). Since the utput f the bridge will be small, the same is amplified with the help f an instrumentatin amplifier f gain A. The utput v B f the bridge shwn in Fig. 1 in terms f the bridge excitatin vltage V B is given by kx v = V B B 1, (1) ( ) kx 1 ( 1 ) where = R / R. It is easily seen that the utput f the bridge is a nnlinear functin f the measurand x [], [3]. The 1 0 nnlinearity can be reduced t a large extent by the chice f and the maximum value f kx [4]. Resistive sensrs such as metallic strain gages have lw maximum permissible values fr kx (~ 0.1), thus minimizing the nnlinearity. Nnlinearity can als be made insignificant, by chsing a large value fr. The utput f the bridge shwn in Fig. 1, fr varius values f, is given in Fig.. It can be bserved frm Fig. that large values f imprve linearity but the sensitivity f the bridge is reduced, resulting in lw bridge utput and hence lw reslutin. Fr resistive sensrs like the
2 = 5 = 10 = Output (V) = 1 = Nnlinearity % Input (kx) Figure Output f the single active sensr Wheatstne Bridge Pt100, the platinum resistance temperature device (RTD), the value f kx can be as large as 3 [5] and hence even with a f 10, the nnlinearity will be much mre than depicted in Fig., where the maximum value f kx is chsen t be 1. Thus the Wheatstne bridge, thugh simple, cannt prvide a perfectly linear utput fr a single active sensr, especially if the sensr pssesses large variatin in kx. Attempts have been made t linearise the bridge using psitive feedback cmpensatin [6],[7] but they invlve specific applicatin designed chips and are expensive. Mrever, they are limited t a narrw dynamic range f the RTD. Even ICs which have been specifically designed fr Strain Gage / RTD type f sensrs require external cmpnents as well as iterative prcedures fr linearising the transducer utput in additin t manual peratin t determine the sense f the feedback [8]. We nw present a nvel, generalized feedback scheme that perates n the utput f the Wheatstne bridge f Fig. 1 and prvides a final utput that is linearly prprtinal t the measurand x. II. Feedback Cmpensatin Scheme The prpsed scheme is shwn in Fig. 3. The utput f the bridge v is amplified by an instrumentatin amplifier f gain A t btain the final utput v. A part f the utput, say β ( β B v < 1 ) is added t a reference vltage V R, emplying a unity gain adder and the utput f the adder prvides the bridge excitatin V B. Then, V B = V R β v 0 Σ V R R 1 R 1 v 0B A v 0 R 0 R 0 (1 ± kx) β v 0 Figure 3 Feedback cmpensatin fr linearising the utput f a Wheatstne bridge with a single active resistive sensr
3 resulting in Rearranging equatin (3) we get: v = Av = AV B kx 1 and V=Vβv, () kx B R 0 ( ) 1 ( 1 ) B v =A v =(V β v )A B R 0 kx (1) kx 1 (1) kx kx v Aβ v =V A 0 R (1) kx (1) kx 1 1 (1) ( 1 ) (3) (4) Equatin (4) simplifies t v 1 =V Ak R (1 ) x (5) kx 1 (1 Aβ (1 ) If the attenuatin factr β is chsen such that A β is made equal t v =V Ak R x (6) (1 ) Equatin (6) implies that the feedback scheme f Fig. 3 prvides an amplified utput, linearly prprtinal t the parameter (1 ) x that is being sensed by the resistive sensr, prvided the feedback is adjusted such that Aβ =. T determine the efficacy f the prpsed methd, simulatin and experimental studies were carried ut as detailed next. (1 ) III. Simulatin Studies The entire circuit shwn in Fig. 3 was simulated using the circuit layut and simulatin sftware, OrCAD (v9.0). A resistr having a nminal value R 0 f 100 Ω and kx varying frm 1 t 1 was chsen t simulate the perfrmance f the resistive sensr. The INA101 served as the instrumentatin amplifier while the OP07 was used fr realizing the summer and the vltage fllwers. The reference vltage f 1. V was btained with the help f a precisin Vltage Reference then Output (V) = 5 = 10 = 0 = 1 = Maximum Nnlinearity (%) Input kx Figure 4 Simulated Output f the single active sensr Wheatstne bridge with the prpsed feedback cmpensatin
4 Dide LM The results f the simulatin are prtrayed in Fig. 4. Figs. and 4 clearly illustrate that the prpsed scheme prvides a linear utput and cnsiderably reduces the nnlinearity, that wuld therwise be present in the utput f the Wheatstne Bridge. IV. Experimental Setup The circuit shwn in Fig. 3 was set up using fftheshelf cmpnents and breadbarded. The INA101 frm Burr Brwn (nw Texas Instruments) was used fr the instrumentatin amplifier and the OP07 was the pamp f chice fr the summer and vltage fllwers, mainly due t its lw input ffset vltage (~5μV), easy availability and affrdability. The LM3851. Reference Vltage Dide frm Natinal Semicnductr Crp. was emplyed fr generating the reference vltage. The sensr resistance was simulated using a precisin resistance bx ranging frm Ω (Mdel V441 frm Ott Wlff Berlin, Germany), having an accuracy f 0.001%. The bridge was set up t simulate the cnditins f = 1 and 0. The utput acrss the bridge was carefully measured using a 6½digit multimeter (HP34401A). The ambient temperature was maintained at 5 C, t nullify any change in the resistances due t temperature variatins. The results btained are pltted in Fig. 5 and the nnlinearity in bth the cases indicated Maximum Nnlinearity (%) Output (mv) = Input (kx) = Figure 5 Output f the prttype fr tw different values f V. Cnclusins A feedback cmpensatin scheme fr linearising the utput f a Wheatstne Bridge has been presented in this paper. Results indicate that the circuit utlined in the paper significantly reduces the nnlinearity in the utput f the bridge, using easily available, fftheshelf, inexpensive cmpnents. It is t be emphasised that the reductin in nnlinearity is due t the nature f the cmpensatin emplyed and that further imprvement in perfrmance can be achieved if cmpnents with better specificatins and tlerances are used. Further wrk needs t be carried ut t determine the limits f peratin f the circuit as well as t determine and quantify ptential surces f errrs in the circuit. References [1] Debelin E.O., Measurement Systems Applicatin and Design, McGrawHill Publicatins, Furth Editin,1990. [] PallasAreny R. and Webster J.G., Sensrs and Signal Cnditining, Vl. I, nd Ed., Jhn Wiley and Sns, New Yrk, Nv. 000 [3] Webster J.G., (Ed), The Measurement, Instrumentatin and Sensrs Handbk, CRC Press, Flrida, 1999 [4] Dyer S.A.,(Ed), Survey f Instrumentatin and Measurement, Jhn Wiley and Sns, New Yrk, 001
5 [5] Fraser R.E., Prcess, Measurement and Cntrl Intrductin t Sensrs, Cmmunicatin, Adjustment and Cntrl, PrenticeHall Inc., NJ, 001 [6] Maxim Crpratin Applicatin Nte AN3450, Psitive Analg Feedback cmpensates Pt100 Transducer, available nline at (last accessed June 8, 008) [7] Bacharwski W., A precisin interface fr a Resistance Temperature Detectr (RTD), Natinal Semicnductr Crpratin, 008 available nline at (last accessed June 8, 008) [8] Analg Devices, High Perfrmance, Ecnmy Strain Gage/RTD Cnditiners (B30/31), Linear Prducts Handbk, April 1988, pp. 11/7111/76.
1. Transformer A transformer is used to obtain the approximate output voltage of the power supply. The output of the transformer is still AC.
PHYSIS 536 Experiment 4: D Pwer Supply I. Intrductin The prcess f changing A t D is investigated in this experiment. An integrated circuit regulatr makes it easy t cnstruct a high-perfrmance vltage surce
More informationMicro and Smart Systems
Micr and Smart Systems Lecture 33 OpAmps Circuits and signal cnditining fr micrsystems devices Prf K.N.Bhat, ECE Department, IISc Bangalre email: knbhat@gmail.cm Tpics fr Discussin Amplifiers and Op Amp
More informationCurrent/voltage-mode third order quadrature oscillator employing two multiple outputs CCIIs and grounded capacitors
Indian Jurnal f Pure & Applied Physics Vl. 49 July 20 pp. 494-498 Current/vltage-mde third rder quadrature scillatr emplying tw multiple utputs CCIIs and grunded capacitrs Jiun-Wei Hrng Department f Electrnic
More informationOscillator. Introduction of Oscillator Linear Oscillator. Stability. Wien Bridge Oscillator RC Phase-Shift Oscillator LC Oscillator
Oscillatr Intrductin f Oscillatr Linear Oscillatr Wien Bridge Oscillatr Phase-Shift Oscillatr L Oscillatr Stability Oscillatrs Oscillatin: an effect that repeatedly and regularly fluctuates abut the mean
More informationDesign and Simulation of Dc-Dc Voltage Converters Using Matlab/Simulink
American Jurnal f Engineering Research (AJER) 016 American Jurnal f Engineering Research (AJER) e-issn: 30-0847 p-issn : 30-0936 Vlume-5, Issue-, pp-9-36 www.ajer.rg Research Paper Open Access Design and
More informationSection I5: Feedback in Operational Amplifiers
Sectin I5: eedback in Operatinal mplifiers s discussed earlier, practical p-amps hae a high gain under dc (zer frequency) cnditins and the gain decreases as frequency increases. This frequency dependence
More informationECE 2100 Circuit Analysis
ECE 00 Circuit Analysis Lessn 6 Chapter 4 Sec 4., 4.5, 4.7 Series LC Circuit C Lw Pass Filter Daniel M. Litynski, Ph.D. http://hmepages.wmich.edu/~dlitynsk/ ECE 00 Circuit Analysis Lessn 5 Chapter 9 &
More informationECEN 4872/5827 Lecture Notes
ECEN 4872/5827 Lecture Ntes Lecture #5 Objectives fr lecture #5: 1. Analysis f precisin current reference 2. Appraches fr evaluating tlerances 3. Temperature Cefficients evaluatin technique 4. Fundamentals
More informationBicycle Generator Dump Load Control Circuit: An Op Amp Comparator with Hysteresis
Bicycle Generatr Dump Lad Cntrl Circuit: An Op Amp Cmparatr with Hysteresis Sustainable Technlgy Educatin Prject University f Waterl http://www.step.uwaterl.ca December 1, 2009 1 Summary This dcument describes
More informationTHERMAL-VACUUM VERSUS THERMAL- ATMOSPHERIC TESTS OF ELECTRONIC ASSEMBLIES
PREFERRED RELIABILITY PAGE 1 OF 5 PRACTICES PRACTICE NO. PT-TE-1409 THERMAL-VACUUM VERSUS THERMAL- ATMOSPHERIC Practice: Perfrm all thermal envirnmental tests n electrnic spaceflight hardware in a flight-like
More informationVerification of Quality Parameters of a Solar Panel and Modification in Formulae of its Series Resistance
Verificatin f Quality Parameters f a Slar Panel and Mdificatin in Frmulae f its Series Resistance Sanika Gawhane Pune-411037-India Onkar Hule Pune-411037- India Chinmy Kulkarni Pune-411037-India Ojas Pandav
More informationOP AMP CHARACTERISTICS
O AM CHAACTESTCS Static p amp limitatins EFEENCE: Chapter 5 textbk (ESS) EOS CAUSED BY THE NUT BAS CUENT AND THE NUT OFFSET CUENT Op Amp t functin shuld have fr the input terminals a DC path thrugh which
More informationLecture 20a. Circuit Topologies and Techniques: Opamps
Lecture a Circuit Tplgies and Techniques: Opamps In this lecture yu will learn: Sme circuit tplgies and techniques Intrductin t peratinal amplifiers Differential mplifier IBIS1 I BIS M VI1 vi1 Vi vi I
More informationGeneral Amplifiers. Analog Electronics Circuits Nagamani A N. Lecturer, PESIT, Bangalore 85. Cascade connection - FET & BJT
Analg lectrnics Circuits Nagamani A N Lecturer, PST, Bangalre 85 mail nagamani@pes.edu General Amplifiers Cascade cnnectin - FT & BJT Numerical Cascde cnnectin arlingtn cnnectin Packaged arlingtn cnnectin
More informationSynchronous Motor V-Curves
Synchrnus Mtr V-Curves 1 Synchrnus Mtr V-Curves Intrductin Synchrnus mtrs are used in applicatins such as textile mills where cnstant speed peratin is critical. Mst small synchrnus mtrs cntain squirrel
More informationENG2410 Digital Design Sequential Circuits: Part B
ENG24 Digital Design Sequential Circuits: Part B Fall 27 S. Areibi Schl f Engineering University f Guelph Analysis f Sequential Circuits Earlier we learned hw t analyze cmbinatinal circuits We will extend
More informationCCRI Department of Engineering and Technology INST and 103 Introduction to Instrumentation Technology Spring Semester 2016
CCRI Department f Engineering and Technlgy INST 1010-001 and 103 Intrductin t Instrumentatin Technlgy Spring Semester 2016 Instructr: Office: Telephne: Office hurs: e-mail: Classrm: Labratry: Cmmunicatin:
More information3D FE Modeling Simulation of Cold Rotary Forging with Double Symmetry Rolls X. H. Han 1, a, L. Hua 1, b, Y. M. Zhao 1, c
Materials Science Frum Online: 2009-08-31 ISSN: 1662-9752, Vls. 628-629, pp 623-628 di:10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.628-629.623 2009 Trans Tech Publicatins, Switzerland 3D FE Mdeling Simulatin f Cld
More informationA Novel Isolated Buck-Boost Converter
vel slated uck-st Cnverter S-Sek Kim *,WOO-J JG,JOOG-HO SOG, Ok-K Kang, and Hee-Jn Kim ept. f Electrical Eng., Seul atinal University f Technlgy, Krea Schl f Electrical and Cmputer Eng., Hanyang University,
More informationA NEW QUALITY INDICATOR FOR WIDEBAND UN- TERMINATION BY USING REFLECTIVE STANDARDS
Prgress In Electrmagnetics Research Letters, Vl. 39, 81 95, 213 A NEW QUALITY INDICATOR FOR WIDEBAND UN- TERMINATION BY USING REFLECTIVE STANDARDS Jsé Fays-Fernández *, Antni Lzan-Guerrer, and Juan Mnzó-Cabrera
More informationLeast Squares Optimal Filtering with Multirate Observations
Prc. 36th Asilmar Cnf. n Signals, Systems, and Cmputers, Pacific Grve, CA, Nvember 2002 Least Squares Optimal Filtering with Multirate Observatins Charles W. herrien and Anthny H. Hawes Department f Electrical
More informationLevel Control in Horizontal Tank by Fuzzy-PID Cascade Controller
Wrld Academy f Science, Engineering and Technlgy 5 007 Level Cntrl in Hrizntal Tank by Fuzzy-PID Cascade Cntrller Satean Tunyasrirut, and Santi Wangnipparnt Abstract The paper describes the Fuzzy PID cascade
More informationRadiance Calibration of Target Projectors for Infrared Testing
Radiance Calibratin f Target Prjectrs fr Infrared Testing Greg Matis 1, Jack Grigr 1, Jay James 1, Steve McHugh 1, Paul Bryant 2 1 Santa Barbara Infrared, Inc., 30 S. Calle Cesar Chavez, Suite D, Santa
More informationLecture 02 CSE 40547/60547 Computing at the Nanoscale
PN Junctin Ntes: Lecture 02 CSE 40547/60547 Cmputing at the Nanscale Letʼs start with a (very) shrt review f semi-cnducting materials: - N-type material: Obtained by adding impurity with 5 valence elements
More informationT(s) 1+ T(s) 2. Phase Margin Test for T(s) a. Unconditionally Stable φ m = 90 o for 1 pole T(s) b. Conditionally Stable Case 1.
Lecture 49 Danger f Instability/Oscillatin When Emplying Feedback In PWM Cnverters A. Guessing Clsed Lp Stability Frm Open Lp Frequency Respnse Data. T(s) versus T(s) + T(s) 2. Phase Margin Test fr T(s)
More informationUnit/Comments. %; Equal Output Loads %; Equal Output Loads Full Load
600 series Single, Dual, Triple DC/DC Cnverter DESCRIPTIONS The 600 series 6 watts high perfrmance DC/DC cnverters are cst effective slutin t the high reliability and perfrmance requirements f pwer distributin
More informationSeries and Parallel Resonances
Series and Parallel esnances Series esnance Cnsider the series circuit shwn in the frequency dmain. The input impedance is Z Vs jl jl I jc C H s esnance ccurs when the imaginary part f the transfer functin
More informationDefinition of Strain. Tutorial
Defit f Stra Tutrial Part 1. Defit f Stra Stra is the parameter used t quantify the defrmat f an bject. In igure 1B and 1C, ppsg frces are applied t each end f a rd with an rigal length f L. The applied
More informationRevision: August 19, E Main Suite D Pullman, WA (509) Voice and Fax
.7.4: Direct frequency dmain circuit analysis Revisin: August 9, 00 5 E Main Suite D Pullman, WA 9963 (509) 334 6306 ice and Fax Overview n chapter.7., we determined the steadystate respnse f electrical
More informationBiocomputers. [edit]scientific Background
Bicmputers Frm Wikipedia, the free encyclpedia Bicmputers use systems f bilgically derived mlecules, such as DNA and prteins, t perfrm cmputatinal calculatins invlving string, retrieving, and prcessing
More informationDead-beat controller design
J. Hetthéssy, A. Barta, R. Bars: Dead beat cntrller design Nvember, 4 Dead-beat cntrller design In sampled data cntrl systems the cntrller is realised by an intelligent device, typically by a PLC (Prgrammable
More informationModelling of NOLM Demultiplexers Employing Optical Soliton Control Pulse
Micwave and Optical Technlgy Letters, Vl. 1, N. 3, 1999. pp. 05-08 Mdelling f NOLM Demultiplexers Emplying Optical Slitn Cntrl Pulse Z. Ghassemly, C. Y. Cheung & A. K. Ray Electrnics Research Grup, Schl
More informationThe Study of a Dual-Mode Ring Oscillator
> ccepted fr publicatin in IEEE TCS - II < The Study f a Dual-Mde ing Oscillatr Zuw-Zun Chen and Tai-Cheng Lee Member IEEE bstract n analytical investigatin f a dual-mde ring scillatr is presented. The
More informationEngineering Approach to Modelling Metal THz Structures
Terahertz Science and Technlgy, ISSN 1941-7411 Vl.4, N.1, March 11 Invited Paper ngineering Apprach t Mdelling Metal THz Structures Stepan Lucyszyn * and Yun Zhu Department f, Imperial Cllege Lndn, xhibitin
More informationDepartment of Electrical Engineering, University of Waterloo. Introduction
Sectin 4: Sequential Circuits Majr Tpics Types f sequential circuits Flip-flps Analysis f clcked sequential circuits Mre and Mealy machines Design f clcked sequential circuits State transitin design methd
More informationDetermining the Accuracy of Modal Parameter Estimation Methods
Determining the Accuracy f Mdal Parameter Estimatin Methds by Michael Lee Ph.D., P.E. & Mar Richardsn Ph.D. Structural Measurement Systems Milpitas, CA Abstract The mst cmmn type f mdal testing system
More informationModule 4: General Formulation of Electric Circuit Theory
Mdule 4: General Frmulatin f Electric Circuit Thery 4. General Frmulatin f Electric Circuit Thery All electrmagnetic phenmena are described at a fundamental level by Maxwell's equatins and the assciated
More informationA Scalable Recurrent Neural Network Framework for Model-free
A Scalable Recurrent Neural Netwrk Framewrk fr Mdel-free POMDPs April 3, 2007 Zhenzhen Liu, Itamar Elhanany Machine Intelligence Lab Department f Electrical and Cmputer Engineering The University f Tennessee
More informationTEMPERATURE CONSIDERATIONS FOR SCR CONTROLS
AN 10-18 Applicatin Nte 10-18 PAYNE ENGINEERING TEMPERATURE CONSIDERATIONS FOR SCR CONTROLS q = (h c + h r ) A (T s - T amb ) TEMPERATURE CONSIDERATIONS FOR SCR CONTROLS Thyristr cntrls - mre cmmnly called
More informationChE 471: LECTURE 4 Fall 2003
ChE 47: LECTURE 4 Fall 003 IDEL RECTORS One f the key gals f chemical reactin engineering is t quantify the relatinship between prductin rate, reactr size, reactin kinetics and selected perating cnditins.
More informationNovel Three Phase Flux Reversal Machine with Full Pitch Winding
Octber 22-26, 2007 / Exe, Daegu, Krea THD1-1 Nvel Three Phase Flux Reversal Machine with Full Pitch Winding D. S. Mre*, and B. G. Femandes** *Research Schlar, Electrical Engineering Department, Indian
More informationLecture 13: Electrochemical Equilibria
3.012 Fundamentals f Materials Science Fall 2005 Lecture 13: 10.21.05 Electrchemical Equilibria Tday: LAST TIME...2 An example calculatin...3 THE ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIAL...4 Electrstatic energy cntributins
More informationCHAPTER 2. EE 5344 Intro to MEMS - Interface Circuitry. ( x)
Open Lp vs lsed Lp Gain HAPTE EE 53 Intr t MEMS - Interface ircuitry v () s G () s Y () s Y ( s) G( s) ( s) pen Lp n feedback v ( S ) - G () s Y () s e ( s) ( s) Y ( s) H ( s) Y ( s) G( s) e( s) () s H
More informationLecture 17: Free Energy of Multi-phase Solutions at Equilibrium
Lecture 17: 11.07.05 Free Energy f Multi-phase Slutins at Equilibrium Tday: LAST TIME...2 FREE ENERGY DIAGRAMS OF MULTI-PHASE SOLUTIONS 1...3 The cmmn tangent cnstructin and the lever rule...3 Practical
More informationAerodynamic Separability in Tip Speed Ratio and Separability in Wind Speed- a Comparison
Jurnal f Physics: Cnference Series OPEN ACCESS Aerdynamic Separability in Tip Speed Rati and Separability in Wind Speed- a Cmparisn T cite this article: M L Gala Sants et al 14 J. Phys.: Cnf. Ser. 555
More informationA New Evaluation Measure. J. Joiner and L. Werner. The problems of evaluation and the needed criteria of evaluation
III-l III. A New Evaluatin Measure J. Jiner and L. Werner Abstract The prblems f evaluatin and the needed criteria f evaluatin measures in the SMART system f infrmatin retrieval are reviewed and discussed.
More informationSoliton-Effect Optical Pulse Compression in Bulk Media with χ (3) Nonlinearity. 1 Introduction
Nnlinear Analysis: Mdelling and Cntrl, Vilnius, IMI,, N 5 Lithuanian Assciatin f Nnlinear Analysts, Slitn-Effect Optical Pulse Cmpressin in Bulk Media with χ (3) Nnlinearity Received: 9.7. Accepted: 11.1.
More informationIN a recent article, Geary [1972] discussed the merit of taking first differences
The Efficiency f Taking First Differences in Regressin Analysis: A Nte J. A. TILLMAN IN a recent article, Geary [1972] discussed the merit f taking first differences t deal with the prblems that trends
More informationAn Efficient Load Shedding Scheme from Customer s Perspective
Internatinal Jurnal f Advanced Research in Electrical, Electrnics and Instrumentatin Engineering (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organizatin) Vl. 2, Issue 10, Octber 2013 An Efficient Lad Shedding Scheme
More informationRelationships Between Frequency, Capacitance, Inductance and Reactance.
P Physics Relatinships between f,, and. Relatinships Between Frequency, apacitance, nductance and Reactance. Purpse: T experimentally verify the relatinships between f, and. The data cllected will lead
More informationALE 21. Gibbs Free Energy. At what temperature does the spontaneity of a reaction change?
Name Chem 163 Sectin: Team Number: ALE 21. Gibbs Free Energy (Reference: 20.3 Silberberg 5 th editin) At what temperature des the spntaneity f a reactin change? The Mdel: The Definitin f Free Energy S
More informationEnergy-Efficient Signal Processing via Algorithmic Noise-Tolerance
Energy-Efficient Signal Prcessing via Algrithmic Nise-Tlerance Rajamhana Hegde and Naresh R. Shanbhag ECE epartment/crdinated Science Labratry University f Illinis, Urbana, IL 6181. email:[rhegde, shanbhag]@uivlsi.csl.uiuc.edu
More informationDISCRETE SEMICONDUCTORS DATA SHEET. BF996S N-channel dual-gate MOS-FET. Product specification File under Discrete Semiconductors, SC07
DISCRETE SEMICONDUCTORS DATA SHEET File under Discrete Semicnductrs, SC7 April 1991 FEATURES Prtected against excessive input vltage surges by integrated back-t-back dides between gates and surce. DESCRIPTION
More informationNEBB-ASHRAE Technical E-Learning Courses
NEBB-ASHRAE Technical E-Learning Curses If yu re a NEBB certificatin Candidate lking t enhance yur knwledge within a specific area, OR if yu already are a NEBB Certified Prfessinal r Certified Technician
More informationIXD4902. Three-Terminal Negative Voltage Regulator FEATURES DESCRIPTION APPLICATIONS
Three-Terminal Negative Vltage Regulatr FEATURES Output Current up t 200 ma (350 ma max) Input Vltage Range -2.4 V - -16 V Output Vltage Range frm -2.5 V t -12 V (fixed values) Drput Vltage 400 mv @ 100
More informationElectric Current and Resistance
Electric Current and Resistance Electric Current Electric current is the rate f flw f charge thrugh sme regin f space The SI unit f current is the ampere (A) 1 A = 1 C / s The symbl fr electric current
More informationCalculating the optimum pressure and temperature for vacancy minimization from theory; Niobium is an example. Jozsef Garai
Calculating the ptimum pressure and temperature fr vacancy minimizatin frm thery; Nibium is an example Jzsef Garai Department f Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Flrida Internatinal University, Miami,
More informationECEN620: Network Theory Broadband Circuit Design Fall 2012
ECEN60: Netwrk Thery Bradband Circuit Design Fall 01 Lecture 16: VCO Phase Nise Sam Palerm Analg & Mixed-Signal Center Texas A&M University Agenda Phase Nise Definitin and Impact Ideal Oscillatr Phase
More informationOn Boussinesq's problem
Internatinal Jurnal f Engineering Science 39 (2001) 317±322 www.elsevier.cm/lcate/ijengsci On Bussinesq's prblem A.P.S. Selvadurai * Department f Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University,
More informationOn Huntsberger Type Shrinkage Estimator for the Mean of Normal Distribution ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
Malaysian Jurnal f Mathematical Sciences 4(): 7-4 () On Huntsberger Type Shrinkage Estimatr fr the Mean f Nrmal Distributin Department f Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University f Nizwa, Sultanate
More informationChapter 30. Inductance
Chapter 30 nductance 30. Self-nductance Cnsider a lp f wire at rest. f we establish a current arund the lp, it will prduce a magnetic field. Sme f the magnetic field lines pass thrugh the lp. et! be the
More informationA Novel Electro-thermal Simulation Approach to Power IGBT Modules for Automotive Traction Applications
Special Issue Recent R&D Activities f Pwer Devices fr Hybrid Electric Vehicles 27 Research Reprt A Nvel Electr-thermal Simulatin Apprach t Pwer IGBT Mdules fr Autmtive Tractin Applicatins Takashi Kjima,
More informationMETHOD OF TEST FOR THE DETERMINATION OF POTENTIAL ALKALI-CARBONATE REACTIVITY OF. CARBONATE ROCKS BY CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Labratry Testing Manual Date., 96 5 1 Page 1 f 5 METHOD OF TEST FOR THE DETERMINATION OF POTENTIAL ALKALI-CARBONATE REACTIVITY OF. CARBONATE ROCKS BY CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 1. SCOPE 1.1 This methd cvers
More informationMinimum Loss Design of a 100 khz Inductor with Litz Wire
IEEE IAS Annual Meeting New Orleans, LA, Octber 5-9, 1997 Minimum Lss Design f a 100 khz Inductr with Litz Wire Ashkan Rahimi-Kian Ali Keyhani Jeffrey M. Pwell Student Member, IEEE Senir Member, IEEE Department
More informationMODULE TITLE : OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS TOPIC TITLE : FILTERS LESSON 1 : FILTERS
MODULE TITLE : OPEATIONAL AMPLIFIES TOPIC TITLE : FILTES LESSON : FILTES OA - 4 - Teesside University 0 INTODUCTION An electrical filter is a device which is designed t pass sme frequencies and reject
More informationA Non-Insulated Resonant Boost Converter
A Nn-Insulated Resnant Bst Cnverter Peng Shuai, Yales R. De Nvaes, Francisc Canales and Iv Barbi ISEA-Institute fr Pwer Electrnics and Electrical Drives, RWTH-Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Email:
More informationCHAPTER 24: INFERENCE IN REGRESSION. Chapter 24: Make inferences about the population from which the sample data came.
MATH 1342 Ch. 24 April 25 and 27, 2013 Page 1 f 5 CHAPTER 24: INFERENCE IN REGRESSION Chapters 4 and 5: Relatinships between tw quantitative variables. Be able t Make a graph (scatterplt) Summarize the
More informationAPEX DYNAMICS, INC. Stainless. No. 10, Keyuan 3rd Rd., Situn District, Taichung City 40763, Taiwan (R.O.C.) APEX AE/AER Series - 1.
PEX DYNMIS, IN. HIGH PREISION PLNETRY GERBOX E / ER Series N. 0, Keyuan rd Rd., Situn District, Taichung ity 0, Taiwan (R.O..) PEX-0-09-E/ER Series -.0V Stainless High precisin high speed planetary gearbx
More informationTransduction Based on Changes in the Energy Stored in an Electrical Field
Lecture 6-3 Transductin Based n Changes in the Energy Stred in an Electrical ield Department f Mechanical Engineering Example:Capacitive Pressure Sensr Pressure sensitive capacitive device With separatin
More informationEdexcel GCSE Physics
Edexcel GCSE Physics Tpic 10: Electricity and circuits Ntes (Cntent in bld is fr Higher Tier nly) www.pmt.educatin The Structure f the Atm Psitively charged nucleus surrunded by negatively charged electrns
More informationProtection of ungrounded systems using an advanced relay element
ENG 460 Prtectin f ungrunded systems using an advanced relay element A reprt submitted t the schl f Engineering and Energy, Murdch University in partial fulfilment f the requirements fr the degree f Bachelr
More informationComputational modeling techniques
Cmputatinal mdeling techniques Lecture 4: Mdel checing fr ODE mdels In Petre Department f IT, Åb Aademi http://www.users.ab.fi/ipetre/cmpmd/ Cntent Stichimetric matrix Calculating the mass cnservatin relatins
More informationTemperature sensor / Dual Temp+Humidity
www.akcp.cm Temperature sensr / Dual Temp+Humidity Intrductin Temperature sensrs are imprtant where ptimum temperature cntrl is paramunt. If there is an air cnditining malfunctin r abnrmal weather cnditins,
More information^YawataR&D Laboratory, Nippon Steel Corporation, Tobata, Kitakyushu, Japan
Detectin f fatigue crack initiatin frm a ntch under a randm lad C. Makabe," S. Nishida^C. Urashima,' H. Kaneshir* "Department f Mechanical Systems Engineering, University f the Ryukyus, Nishihara, kinawa,
More informationA Self-Sensing Homopolar Magnetic Bearing: Analysis and Experimental Results
A Self-Sensing Hmplar Magnetic Bearing: Analysis and Experimental Results Perry Tsa Seth R. Sanders Gabriel Risk Department f Electrical Engineering and Cmputer Science University f Califrnia, Berkeley
More informationECEN620: Network Theory Broadband Circuit Design Fall 2014
ECEN60: Netwrk Thery Bradband Circuit Design Fall 014 Lecture 11: VCO Phase Nise Sam Palerm Analg & Mixed-Signal Center Texas A&M University Annuncements & Agenda HW3 is due tday at 5PM Phase Nise Definitin
More informationComputational Methods CMSC/AMSC/MAPL 460. Ramani Duraiswami, Dept. of Computer Science
Cmputatinal Methds CMSC/AMSC/MAPL 460 Ramani Duraiswami, Dept. f Cmputer Science Curse Gals Intrductin t the use f scientific cmputing techniques t slve prblems in varius dmains Understand principles behind
More informationNumerical Simulation of the Flow Field in a Friction-Type Turbine (Tesla Turbine)
Numerical Simulatin f the Flw Field in a Frictin-Type Turbine (Tesla Turbine) Institute f Thermal Pwerplants Vienna niversity f Technlgy Getreidemarkt 9/313, A-6 Wien Andrés Felipe Rey Ladin Schl f Engineering,
More informationIntroductory Thoughts
Flw Similarity By using the Buckingham pi therem, we have reduced the number f independent variables frm five t tw If we wish t run a series f wind-tunnel tests fr a given bdy at a given angle f attack,
More informationIR Emitter and Detector Product Data Sheet LTE-C9306 Spec No.: DS Effective Date: 04/20/2007 LITE-ON DCC RELEASE
IR Emitter and Detectr Prduct Data Sheet LTE-C936 Spec N.: DS5-27-1 Effective Date: 4/2/27 Revisin: - LITE-ON DCC RELEASE BNS-OD-FC1/A4 LITE-ON Technlgy Crp. / Optelectrnics N.9,Chien 1 Rad, Chung H, New
More informationLyapunov Stability Stability of Equilibrium Points
Lyapunv Stability Stability f Equilibrium Pints 1. Stability f Equilibrium Pints - Definitins In this sectin we cnsider n-th rder nnlinear time varying cntinuus time (C) systems f the frm x = f ( t, x),
More informationthe results to larger systems due to prop'erties of the projection algorithm. First, the number of hidden nodes must
M.E. Aggune, M.J. Dambrg, M.A. El-Sharkawi, R.J. Marks II and L.E. Atlas, "Dynamic and static security assessment f pwer systems using artificial neural netwrks", Prceedings f the NSF Wrkshp n Applicatins
More informationPattern Recognition 2014 Support Vector Machines
Pattern Recgnitin 2014 Supprt Vectr Machines Ad Feelders Universiteit Utrecht Ad Feelders ( Universiteit Utrecht ) Pattern Recgnitin 1 / 55 Overview 1 Separable Case 2 Kernel Functins 3 Allwing Errrs (Sft
More information3 / Generalized Immittance Based Stability Analysis
3 / eneralized Immittance Based Stability Analysis In ur wrk t this pint, we have been cncentrating n design techniques that are meant t be applied t knwn system at an perating pint. In ther wrds, using
More informationANALYSIS OF FILL FACTOR LOSSES IN THIN FILM CdS/CdTe PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES
ANALYSIS OF FILL FACTOR LOSSES IN THIN FILM CdS/CdTe PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES T. Ptlg, N. Spalatu, V. Cibanu,. Hiie *, A. Mere *, V. Mikli *, V. Valdna * Department Physics, Mldva State University, 60, A.
More informationBASIC DIRECT-CURRENT MEASUREMENTS
Brwn University Physics 0040 Intrductin BASIC DIRECT-CURRENT MEASUREMENTS The measurements described here illustrate the peratin f resistrs and capacitrs in electric circuits, and the use f sme standard
More informationJAZAN University. Department: Electrical Engineering. Names & ID: Electronics LAB - 1/ / Electronics LAB - EngE : 314 G:...
Electrnics LAB - EngE : 314 G:... Electrnics LAB - 1/2-201. /201. Electrnics LAB - EngE : 314 G:... Electrnics LAB - 2/2-201. /201. Silicn JAZAN University Experiment 1: characteristics Electrnics LAB
More informationOptimization of frequency quantization. VN Tibabishev. Keywords: optimization, sampling frequency, the substitution frequencies.
UDC 519.21 Otimizatin f frequency quantizatin VN Tibabishev Asvt51@nard.ru We btain the functinal defining the rice and quality f samle readings f the generalized velcities. It is shwn that the timal samling
More informationPYROMETRIC METHOD OF TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT WITH COMPENSATION FOR SOLAR RADIATION
Metrl. Meas. Syst., Vl. XVII (010), N. 1, pp. 77 86 METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS Index 330930, ISSN 0860-89 www.metrlgy.pg.gda.pl PYROMETRIC METHOD OF TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT WITH COMPENSATION FOR
More informationProduct authorisation in case of in situ generation
Prduct authrisatin in case f in situ generatin Intrductin At the 74 th CA meeting (27-29 September 2017), Aqua Eurpa and ECA Cnsrtium presented their cncerns and prpsals n the management f the prduct authrisatin
More informationForward-Integration Riccati-Based Feedback Control for Spacecraft Rendezvous Maneuvers on Elliptic Orbits
5st IEEE Cnference n Decisin and Cntrl December -3,. Maui, Hawaii, USA Frward-Integratin Riccati-Based Feedback Cntrl fr Spacecraft Rendezvus Maneuvers n Elliptic Avishai Weiss, Ilya Klmanvsky, Mrgan Baldwin,
More informationA High-Temperature Transient Hot-Wire Thermal Conductivity Apparatus for Fluids
[J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technl. 96, 247 (1991)] A High-Temperature Transient Ht-Wire Cnductivity Apparatus fr Fluids Vlume 96 Number 3 May-June 1991 R. A. Perkins and H. M. Rder Natinal Institute f
More information5.4 Measurement Sampling Rates for Daily Maximum and Minimum Temperatures
5.4 Measurement Sampling Rates fr Daily Maximum and Minimum Temperatures 1 1 2 X. Lin, K. G. Hubbard, and C. B. Baker University f Nebraska, Lincln, Nebraska 2 Natinal Climatic Data Center 1 1. INTRODUCTION
More informationKinetic Model Completeness
5.68J/10.652J Spring 2003 Lecture Ntes Tuesday April 15, 2003 Kinetic Mdel Cmpleteness We say a chemical kinetic mdel is cmplete fr a particular reactin cnditin when it cntains all the species and reactins
More informationPeripheral Zone Card.
Peripheral Zne Card Cmpatible with Standard r Dide Bases Up t * devices per circuit (*device range dependant) Individually Cnfigured Zne circuits Shrt = Alarm Optin Intrinsic Safety Optin Nn-latching Optin
More informationSpectral Gain-Carrier Density Distribution of SQW GaAs/AlGaAs Laser
Wasit Jurnal fr Science & Medicine 11 4 (1): ( 1-11 ) Spectral Gain-Carrier Density Distributin f SQW GaAs/AlGaAs Laser *Adawiya J. Haider & *Safaa A. Oudah Al-Qaysi & **Awatif Sabir Jassam *Schl f Applied
More informationAPEX DYNAMICS, INC. Stainless
APE DYNAMICS, INC. HIGH PRECISION PLANETARY GEARBO AB / ABR Series Stainless High precisin planetary gearbx AB / ABR series Apex Dynamics, Inc. is the wrld s mst prductive manufacturer f servmtr drive
More informationReactive Power Control of Isolated Wind-Diesel Hybrid Power Systems for Variable Slip
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KHARAGUR 730, DECEMBER 79, 00 35 Reactive wer Cntrl f Islated WindDiesel Hybrid wer Systems fr Variable Slip R.C. Bansal, T.S. Bhatti, and D.. Kthari Abstract In this paper
More informationIDENTIFICATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCERS FOR MACHINING PROCESSES
Prceedings f the 9 th Internatinal Sympsium n Mechatrnics and its Applicatins (ISMA3), Amman, Jrdan, April 9-, 3 IDENTIFICATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCERS FOR MACHINING PROCESSES Tarek Tutunji,
More informationThermodynamic analysis of mixed and dry reforming of methane for solar thermal applications
Thermdynamic analysis f mixed and dry refrming f methane fr slar thermal applicatins Y Sun a*, T Ritchie a, S S Hla b, S. McEvy a and W. Stein a a CSIRO Energy Technlgy, PO Bx 330, Newcastle, NSW 2300,
More information