Nano-scale Science and Technology: An Overview
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1 Nano-scale Science and Technology: An Overview Om Prakash Khatri Nanoscopic Surface Architecture Laboratory Department of Materials Science and Engineering Kyoto University, Kyoto 14 th June
2 Nano-scale Science and Technology Study of objects, phenomena and/or manipulation of physical system over nanometer scale 1 nm = 10-9 m = One billionth of meter 10 1 nm Hydrogen Atom Diameter = 0.1 nm 2
3 Comparison Between Human Size and Nano 3
4 How to Correlate the Nano-scale A. Human Hair Human hair is 50,000-80,000 nm wide and grows ~ 10 nm every second B. Red Blood Cell (RBC) Diameter of typical human RBC is 6-8 µm. Every seconds 2.5 million RBCs are destroyed. 4
5 C. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Diameter of HIV virus is 120 nm, which causes AIDS disease D. DNA structure DNA is 2.2 to 2.4 nm wide and made from repeating units of Nucleotides 5
6 How Nano is Big: Everything is Changing 6
7 Nano-Fabric Satin and Oil Resistance, Anti-UV and Anti-Microbial Fabric processed through nanotechnology like self assembly of either different molecules or nano-colloids, provides unique properties. Silver Nanoparticles in fiber reduces odor and bacteria on skin, which helps to keep feet dry and comfortable. Nano-Mask Enhanced filter media to remove Virus and Bacteria Nano-Socks 7
8 Nano-Cosmetics Zinc oxide particles: Sun Cream Superfine Silica Particles: Skin Cream Buckyballs: Prevents premature aging of the skin by acting as antioxidant Buckyballs Nano-Sports Golf: Nano-composite makes the top part of driver more lighter, which helps the golfer to hit with more power and accuracy. Tennis: Nano-tube makes more stronger and light racket Bowling: Fullerenes uses as a super-hard coating on bowling balls. 8
9 iphone ipod Nano Nano-Bandage Baseball Bat Memory Card Key-Chain Digital Camera Nano-Fabric Nano-Umbrella Nanotech Products are: Lighter Stronger Faster Smaller More Durable Biocompatible 9
10 How do we build so small: Nanofabrication Top-down Approach Construct the nanostructure, starting with a larger component by remove or alter the material 1. Photo Lithography 2. Soft Lithography (Micro Contact Printing) 3. Scanning Probe based Lithography etc. Bottom-up Approach Formation of small devices or nanostructures from molecules or atoms 1. Self assembly process (molecules, colloidal particles etc) 2. Carbon Nanotubes etc 10
11 Photolithography Photolithography is a process, which remove parts of a thin film (or the bulk of a substrate), by light exposure through Photo-mask 1. Light Source: Deep Ultraviolet (DUV) light below 300 nm wavelengths 2. Minimum Pattern Size: 100 nm 3. Mass Production Gold Nanoparticles arrays 11
12 How we makes Photo-pattern 1. Clean the substrate Silicon oxide Silicon 4. Unexposed molecular Film 2. Formation of molecular Film Silicon Silicon 3. Silicon is exposed to UV light through Photo-mask UV Radiation Photo-mask 5. Oxide film etched away from Hydrofluoric acid Silicon Silicon 12
13 Soft Lithography (Micro Contact Printing) 1. Efficient methods for the duplication of the shape and morphology from the mold surface at micro to nano-scale 2. The stamps are made from poly(dimethyl)siloxane (PDMS) 3. Lower cost than traditional photolithography 4. Mass production 5. Well-suited for applications in Biotechnology 6. Smaller pattern size than photolithography (~30nm vs ~100nm) 13
14 Soft Lithography Fluorescence microscopy images of arrays of (A) 10 um, (B) 5 um spots of Texas-Red labelled Streptavidin/Biotin complex by micro-contact printed on poly(methyl methacrylate) Micro-contact printing, in which a weakly bound film is displaced by contact stamping with molecules that bind more strongly to the substrate 14
15 Dip Pen Lithography AFM tip is used to deliver molecules to a surface via a solvent meniscus. This directwrite technique offers high-resolution patterning capabilities for a number of molecular and bio-molecular or colloidal ink and they forms a self assembled monolayer. Sub-100nm length scale features are fabricated by this method. 15 Courtesy: Prof. C. Mirkin Group
16 Self Assembled Monolayer A two-dimensional film, one molecule thick, covalently organized or assembled at an interface 16
17 Why self assembly system is important 1. Reduces the Friction and Adhesion: Lubrication engineering 2. Chemical Biological Sensors 17
18 3. Patterning A patterned SAM with alternating COOH-terminated and CH3 stripes 4. Wettability Hydrophobic Hydrophilic 18
19 Carbon Nanotubes Allotropes of Carbon Single Wall Nanotubes are one atom thick sheet of graphite rolled up into a seamless cylinder with diameter of the order of a nanometer. Multi Wall Nanotubes consist of multiple layers of graphite rolled in on themselves to form tube shape The strength and flexibility of carbon nanotubes makes them of potential use in Nanotechnology Carbon Nanotube Tips Carbon Nanotubes Make 19 The Space Elevator Possible????
20 Nanoparticles The chemical properties (reactivity, flammability, etc.) and the physical properties (melting point, conductivity, optical property etc.) all changes at the nano-scale. Size-dependent properties are the major reason, that nano-scale objects have such amazing potential m.p. bulk T melting ( C) 500 Gold Nanoparticles Particle Diameter (nm) Melting point of gold as a function of gold particle diameter 20
21 Optical Properties of Nanoparticles Gold Gold particles have different colors depending on size and shape Gold Nanoparticles distribution 21
22 Scanning Probe Microscope Image of the surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen 1. Atomic Force Microscopy Measure the surface features due to atomic force interaction between tip & sample A. Contact AFM, B. Non-contact AFM and C. Dynamic contact AFM 2. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Detect a weak electric current flowing between tip and the surface 3. Magnetic Force Microscopy Magnetic interaction between tip and samples 4. Kelvin Force Microscopy Work function or chemical contrast of surfaces can be observed at nano-scales 22
23 How AFM Works 23
24 What information, we gets from SPM Surface Roughness at Atomic level (Topography) AFM friction: NaCl (100) 24
25 3. Biological Features Butterfly wing 4. STM atomic resolution on HOPG (Highly Oriented graphite with atomic resolution) 25
26 Nanoflower grown by deposition of antimony on a smooth carbon surface Atomic Resolution on Si (111); 5.4nm x 5.4nm Enzyme-substrate Interactions 26
27 To Measure Adhesive Force for Biological Systems By pulling on fimbriae with the tip of an AFM, provides mechanical properties 27 that helped to elucidate their function.
28 Nanotechnology in Biological Systems 1. Hip Implant Materials Nano-scale modification of implant surfaces would improve implant durability and biocompatibility 2. Nano-Robots The nano-robot is using rotary blades to break up the blockage and sucking the fragments into nozzles 28 Nano-Robot swimming through human vein
29 Why Learn about Nano-scale Science and Technology in High Schools? Important and challenging to know about recent developments in Nanotechnology and its impact on daily life. Very multi-disciplinary (physics, chemistry, biology, mechanics, electronics, materials...). Critical for future of science. Important societal and ethical issues. Can motivate students to go for science and engineering. 29
30 Few words about India Population: Area: Languages: 1100 million 3,287,890 sq. km Hindi, English and 18 regional languages Strong Facts: Tourism, Information Technology etc. Population: 128 million Area: 377,835 sq. km Languages: Japanese Strong Facts: Electronics, Automotive industries etc 30
31 India The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world Religions 28 States and 7 Union Territories National Capital: Delhi Literacy: 61% Hindu 13.4% Muslim Christian 2.3% Sikh 1.9% Others 1.9% Government: Federal Republic National Fruit: Mango National Bird: Peacock National Costume: Sari (Women) 31
32 India: Tourism Facts Tajmahal, Agra One of the Beautiful Wonder of the world Rishikesh, Holy city for Hindus located in the foothills of the Himalaya Wonderful beaches: Lakshadeep Lake Palace, Udaipur 32
33 India: Tourism Facts Mumbai: Gate of India Kerala: House Boat The Bengal Tiger (India has largest population in the world) 33 Hawa Mahal (Place of winds), Jaipur
34 India: Cultural Facts Indian Dances Indian Women Rajasthan Punjab Kashmir 34
35 Indian Education System 35
36 LKG, UKG Class 1-5 Class 6-10 Class (Age: 3-5) (Age: 6-11) (Age: 11-16) (Age: 16-18) Nursery Primary Secondary Higher Sec Engineering: 4 Years Medical: 5 Years Higher Secondary Science: 3 Years Commerce: 3 Years Master Degree (2-3 years) Research: Ph.D. Arts: 3 Years 36
37 ELEMENTARY EDUCATION IS FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT FOR EVERY CHILD IN INDIA Indian culture is in the core attributes of education beginning from GURUKUL type of education, where the disciples lived in the house of master who taught them Schools Indian Education System Colleges 300 Universities 37
38 Elementary Schooling All children should complete eight years elementary schooling: Government of India Modern Elementary Schools School fee are very high compared to Government schools 38
39 High School Education High School Education is very important to decide Future Goals. Subjects Specialization starts from High Schools. Like Science, Arts, Commerce etc High Schools Entrance Examination And/or Direct Merit Basis College/University/Institute 39
40 Higher Education ¾ Over 300 Universities ¾ Covers all disciplines like Science, Engineering, Medical, Pharmaceuticals, Agriculture, Managements, Humanities, Commerce, Dairy & Fisheries and Fashion designing etc ¾ Tough competition to get admission in Good University/Institutes ¾ Most of Universities or Institutes are Funded by Government. Pune University Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 40 Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
41 Acknowledgment JSPS (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science) for this opportunity. & Prof. H. Sugimura Prof. K. Murase Nanoscopic Surface Architecture Laboratory, Material Science and Engineering Department Kyoto University, Kyoto * Most of Information are collected from public domains. 41
42 THANKS... 42
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