Contents. Preface to the first edition

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1 Contents List of authors Preface to the first edition Introduction x xi xiii 1 The nanotechnology revolution From micro- to nanoelectronics From the macroscopic to the nanoscopic world From the fundamental to the applications A different physics Scale law Mechanics Fluid mechanics Electromagnetism Thermodynamics Optics Some examples Various applications Nanoelectronics Biotechnologies Biomedical field Space domain Sustainable development 18 2 Atomic structure and cohesion Surfaces and interfaces Superficial tension Crystals shape Drops and contact angles Development of films on top of a substrate Adhesion phenomena Adhesion work Thermodynamics of nanoparticles Thermodynamics description Temperature definitions 27

2 vi Nanotechnologies Nanoparticles energy Fusion of spherical nanoparticles Fusion of non-spherical nanoparticles Phase diagrams of nanoparticles Nanoparticle stability From the atom to the nanoparticle Atom clusters Nanoparticles Magic numbers Fullerenes Nanotubes Filling of nanotubes Geometric shape of non-hollow clusters Shape fluctuations 44 3 Electronic structures of nanosystems Electrons in matter An electron in a one-dimensional potential well An electron in a spherical potential well An electron in the hydrogen atom An electron in a periodical potential Electron, hole and exciton From zero to three dimensions From the solid to the nanoparticle Weak confinement Strong confinement Optical properties of metallic nanoparticles Electrical properties: the Coulomb blockade Quantization of electrical conductivity 61 4 Molecular electronics Molecular wires Mechanical junctions The contribution of high-resolution microscopy Current through a molecule Coulomb blockade Molecular rectifiers Molecular transistors Molecular resonant tunnelling diodes Molecular memories Towards the molecular computer 78 5 Neuroelectronics When electronics meets biology Communication between neurons and transistors 80

3 List of contents vii Neurons control over integrated circuits Electronic circuit between two neurons A computer based on the DNA double helix 83 6 Plastic electronics Conjugation in conducting polymers Electronic structure and electron phonon coupling Charge transport Electronic excitations and optical properties Plastic electronics Organic light-emitting diodes Photovoltaic sensors and organic solar cells Organic transistors and plastic integrated circuits Field-effect transistors Purity of compounds and field mobility Ideal structures and possible ones Polymer-based biochemical sensors Photoluminescent conjugated polymers Chemical sensors Biological sensors I/V response of field-effect organic transistor Doped conjugated polymers Fabrication of nanostructures Situation of the problem Contribution of supramolecular chemistry Semi-conducting nanoribbons Creation of nanostructures Natural structured surface Nanolithography Micro-contact printing Ink-jet printing Patterning Hybrid techniques Writing via local probe microscopy Design and development of molecular circuits Organic-matrix-based nanocomposites Types of nanoparticle Nanoparticles with three nanometric dimensions Nanoparticles with two nanometric dimensions Nanoparticles with a single nanometric dimension 142

4 viii Nanotechnologies 8.2 Preparation of nanocomposites Dispersion of nanoparticles in a preformed polymer matrix Matrix synthesis in the presence of nanoparticles Preparation of nanoparticles in organic matrix Characterization and properties Morphological characterization: tools and techniques Properties Applications Nylon-6 smectite nanocomposites for clingfilm Nanocomposites based on vinyl ethylene-acetate copolymer in the electric cable industry Prospects Nanomagnetism Magnetism in matter Diamagnetism and paramagnetism Ferromagnetism and Weiss domains Superparamagnetism Antiferromagnetism Superparamagnetic colloids Properties Synthesis Magnetoliposomes Characterization of superparamagnetic colloids Nanomagnets in thermotherapy Heating tumours to destroy them Absorption of radiofrequency waves by nanomagnets Results Biomagnetism Iron in biology Molluscs Magnetotactic bacteria The magnetic navigation of animals Ferritin Nanotechnologies in perspective Health and environmental issues Military interests Media and ethical considerations NBIC Education issues 187

5 List of contents ix Appendix 1 Electron microscopy 189 Appendix 2 X photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary ions mass spectroscopy (ToF SIMS) 193 A2.1 The XPS technique 193 A2.2 The ToF-SIMS technique 195 Appendix 3 Imaging by nuclear magnetic resonance 199 A3.1 Relaxation times 199 A3.2 Selection of a slice and voxel notion 200 Bibliography 203 Index 207

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