Carbon Nanomaterials: Nanotubes and Nanobuds and Graphene towards new products 2030

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1 Carbon Nanomaterials: Nanotubes and Nanobuds and Graphene towards new products 2030 Prof. Dr. Esko I. Kauppinen Helsinki University of Technology (TKK) Espoo, Finland Forecast Seminar February 13, 2009 Helsinki, FINLAND

2 Size scales in nanotech

3 Engineered Nano(particle) Materials (ENP) Metal oxides (TiO 2, SiO 2, Al 2 O 3, Fe 2 O 3, ZnO, ) Metals (Al, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Au, Ag, Pt, Pd ) Carbon nanomaterials (carbon black, fullerenes, nanotubes CNT, nanobuds CNB, graphene GR) Quantum dots (CdSe, ZnS, InGaP/ZnS basically coated NPs in solution) Inorganic fullerenes (WS 2, MoS 2, ) and nanotubes (transition metal chalcogenides, oxides, BN, metal ) Wide variety of chemical compositions, crystal structures and surface properties (most ENPs are covered with surfactant), common some dimension in nanometer scale

4 Carbon Fiber Products Overview Single Walled Carbon Nanotube Multi-walled CNT Carbon Nanofiber VGCF's Carbon Fibers Electrical Mechanical Thermal Electrical Mechanical Thermal Electrical Mechanical Thermal Vapor grown Electrical Thermal (nm) Vapor grown Mechanica Tube Diameter, nm

5 Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Better conductor than copper Better transistor material than silicon Conduct heat twice as efficiently as diamond Field emit 500 times as efficiently as molybdenum Thermally stable up to 1500 o C while polymers degrade below 150 o C Half as dense as aluminum 25 times stronger than steel Challenging to integrate into composite materials and to incorporate into electronics manufacturing but we will solve many of these issues

6 Known forms of Carbon Nanomaterials Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT): Roll of carbon sheet one atomic layer thick = Graphene NanoRibbons (GNR) times thinner than paper Rolling in different directions makes different kinds of tubes (10,10) armchair tube METALLIC (10,5) helical (chiral) tube SEMICONDUCTING By Prof. Shigeo Maruyama, Tokyo Universssity, Japan

7 Three allotropic modifications of carbon: diamond, graphite, and fullerene structures (fullerenes and CNTs). Carbon resources are practically unlimited.?? PEAPOD Graphene

8 CNB- Carbon NanoBud TM New Carbon NanoMaterial invented at TKK Nanobud TM combines Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerenes in Single Structure with Covalent Bonding Nasibulin & Kauppinen et al. Nature Nanotechnology, 2(3) 156 March 2007

9 Prof. Morinobu Endo (Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan) One of the World leader in the Carbon Nanotube field, Nobel Prize candidate: March 2007: This novel nano-carbon (NanoBuds ) will attract lots of attention due to its novel electronic properties as well as potential in various applications

10 Unique Integrated Electronics Component Manufacturing Synthesis Process. Nanobud TM Aerosol. Deposition Process Product Control of Material Direct Manufacture

11

12 NEED for Novel IC INTERCONNECT Materials

13 Forecast 1 Nanocarbons will allow IC interconnects to be reduced below 32 nm linewidth, i.e. Moore law can be followed 2030

14 Future FETs Si cannot be scaled ultimately SWCNT to replace Si? World wide economic activity associated with electronics: (Phaedon Avouris, IBM, 3/2006) - Semiconductors 215 B$ - Electronics 1 T$ - IT enabled services 5 T$ ISSUES TO BE SOLVED: individual SWCNT with given (n,m) Deposited at ambient T to exact location at the substrate, i.e. how to integrate SWCNT s into electronics integrated manufacturing processes From Ishida et al., NEC, NT05

15 Forecast 2 Nanocarbons will allow IC transistor to be reduced below 32 nm linewidth, i.e. Moore law can be followed 2030

16 Materials for Flexible Electronics CNTN FET Mobility Year According to Prof. G. Gruner, UCLA,USA

17 Forecast 3 Flexibel and transparent electronics is part of everyday life large, foldable displays, TV s, e-books etc. CNT networks offer the material for thin film transistor active gate all of us will be carrying invisible nanocarbon films 2025

18 TKK/Canatu O

19 Forecast 4 Haptic (based on sensing the proximity of user finger) user interfaces replace keyboards and -pads for computer, phones etc. Nanocarbons offer the material solution i.e. conductive, flexible and transparent films for these devices

20 CNTN FETs on Si and polymer substrates Respective mobilities 5 and 1 cm 2 /V*s

21 Forecast 5 Devices sensing the environment around us as well as our body functions are in common use - temperature, pressure, air pollution, sun radiation intensity; blood pressure, sugar content etc. These multiple sensor systems are based on invisible nanocarbon thin film transistors

22 Why using NanoCarbos in Fuel Cells? Pt e - CNTs vs conventional C powders: Increased utilization of Pt: enhanced electron pathway due to their wire-like structure and better interconnects. Higher resistance to corrosion: less Pt dissolution/aggregation Water management: hydrophobic nature of CNTs prevents catalyst flooding Lower onset potential and higher ET rate constant for ORR: higher binding energy of d-band electrons of Pt on CNT supports.

23 Forecast 6 Nanocarbons, especially N-doped carbon nanotubes, replace metal catalyst+carbon supports as electrode material in polymer electrolyte fuell cells, allowing economical and environmetally friendly manufacturing of efficient and durable fuell cells for clean energy production

24 Why using nanocarbons in solar cells? At COUNTER ELECTRODE: : Replace the TCO coating as transparent conductive layer or even the Pt catalyst. Pt At PHOTOELECTRODE: CNBs as scaffolds for light-harvesting harvesting TiO 2 /dye to improve photoinduced charge separation and electron transport to the PE surface

25 Forecast 7 Nanocarbons allow development of economical yet efficient solar cells these will be in everyday use 2030

26 Forecast 8 Combined energy production and storage is common 2030 based on e.g. following concepts Fuel cell super capacitor combination Solar cell battery combination Nanocarbons offer material solutions for these devices

27 Forecast 9 Electric cars replace combustion engine cars Litium (or another metal) ion batteries will be 10 lighter and offer 10 times better capacity than currently Nanocarbon essential material in these novel batteries

28 Forecast 10 Energy efficient, environmetally friendly transportation needed 2030 Nanocarbon composites are strong and light, being adapted to cars and airplanes

29 THANKS TO YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

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