Both. Controls what enters and leaves the cell. Both. Protective layer Produces ATP (energy) Both (bigger in plants) Storage for nutrients.

Transcription

1 Bio Cell Part Nucleus Cell Membrane aka Plasma Membrane Cell wall Mitochondria Vacuoles Chloroplasts Ribosomes Found in? (plants, animals, both) Cell Organelles 1. What is the structure and function of the following organelles: Both Both Plants Both Function Controls the cell s functions Controls what enters and leaves the cell Protective layer Produces ATP (energy) Both (bigger in plants) Storage for nutrients Plants Both Site for photosynthesis Produces proteins

2 2. Label the plant and animal cells below: Plant Cell Ribosomes Vacuole Animal Cell Nucleus Chloroplast Mitochondria

3 3. Name three things plant cells have that animal cells DO NOT: 1. Chloroplasts 2. Cell Walls 3. Large vacuole

4 Bio Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 4. Name three ways that prokaryotes and eukaryotes are different: 1. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, prokaryotic cells have no nucleus 2. Eukaryotic cells have organelles, prokaryotic cells have no organelles 3. Eukaryotic cells are larger, prokaryotic cells are smaller

5 Bio Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Membrane-bound organelles Ribosomes Types of chromosomes Size Prokaryotic No Yes Plasmid (a ring shape in cytoplasm) Very small Eukaryotic Yes Yes Chromosomes in nucleus Large

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7 Bio Organic Molecules Organic Molecule Subunits (Made up of ) Function Test(s) Carbohydrates (aka. Monosaccharides and polysaccharaides) Glucose (Monosaccharide) Quick energy Benedict s, Iodine Lipids (Fats) Proteins Nucleic Acids Triglyceride (Fatty Acids) Long Term energy Amino Acids Cell Structure &, Enzymes Nucleotide Genetic Information Paper bag test Biuret s N/A

8 1. IMPORTANT: Enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and receptor molecules are all, Proteins which means they are all composed of Amino. Acids

9 2. Match the molecule with its function and subunits! A Cellulose I Insulin J D Glycogen Enzymes H E Hemoglobin DNA G C RNA Glucose F Hormones B Antibodies A. How plants store starch; made of sugars and starches B. To destroy pathogens in the body; made of amino acids C. The product of photosynthesis; made of sugars D. To speed up reactions; made of amino acids E. To store genetic information; made of nucleotides F. To send chemical messages; made of amino acids G. To store genetic messages; made of nucleotides H. To transport oxygen in the blood; made of amino acids I. To regulate the amount of blood sugar; made of amino acids J. How animals store starch; made of sugars and starches

10 4.1.3 & Label the image below using the terms: Enzyme, Substrate(s), Active Site, Product(s), Enzyme-Substrate complex Enzyme Complex Products Substrate Active Site

11 2. Enzymes are what type of organic molecule? Enzymes are proteins (made of amino acids) 3. What determines the shape of an enzyme? The sequence of amino acids 4. Are enzymes reusable? Why or why not? Yes, Enzymes are reusable because they remain unchanged during the reaction

12 5. How do ph and temperature alter the activity of an enzyme? What is this called? ph or temperature change will break the enzyme, changing the shape so it can t work This is called denaturing

13 6. What is the optimum ph for enzyme X? Acid Is this an acid or base? What is the optimum ph for enzyme Y? Base Is this an acid or a base? 9 3

14 Bio & Bio Transport & Homeostasis 1. a. In osmosis, water moves from an area of High to an area of Low concentration with no energy used. b. In diffusion, molecules move from an area of High to an area of Low concentration with no energy used.

15 Bio & Bio Transport & Homeostasis c. In facilitated diffusion, molecules move from an area of to an area of Low concentration with no energy used. However, a is used to transport the molecules. d. In active transport, molecules move from an area of to an area of concentration using energy and a protein. Low High protein High

16 2. Compare/Contrast Requires energy? PASSIVE TRANSPORT No ACTIVE TRANSPORT Yes Low to high concentration or high to low concentration? High to Low Low to High

17 3. If a freshwater plant cell is put in salt water, what will the cell do? The cell would shrink (get smaller) as water left the cell 4. If a saltwater plant cell is put in fresh water, what will the cell do? The cell would swell (get larger) as water enters the cell

18 5. In your own words, what is homeostasis? The process by which living things try to maintain a stable, normal internal environment

19 6. In each of the situations pictured, indicate whether the cell will gain water, lose water, or stay the same. Draw arrows to show which way the water will move (REMEMBER: SALT DOESN T MOVE!!) In each case, the cell in the beaker is 10% salt. Stay the same Gain Water Lose Water

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21 Bio Photosynthesis & Respiration 1. Write the equation for photosynthesis: CO2 + Water with sunlight Oxygen + Glucose 2. In what organelle does it occur? Chloroplast 3. If a question asks you what gas a plant uses, it is: CO2 produces/releases, it is: Oxygen CO2 = Carbon Dioxide

22 4. Write the equation for respiration: Oxygen + Glucose CO2 + Water + Energy (ATP) 5. In what organelle does it occur? Mitochondria 6. What is different about aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Aerobic= uses oxygen, produces more ATP Anaerobic= no oxygen, produces less ATP

23 7. Where does lactic acid fermentation take place? Muscle cells (the burning feeling is the acid) 8. Where does Alcoholic fermentation take place? What are the PRODUCTS? Yeast and other single cells, produces CO2 and alcohol

24 9. Draw a picture of the yeast and balloon experiment. Label the parts!! What process is happening in this image? Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in the balloon Yeast performing respiration

25 10. What process is happening in this image to the right? Give 3 ways you can tell! The process is photosynthesis because: 1) It releases oxygen 2) Happens with sunlight 3) It takes place in a plant (Elodea)

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27 Bio Bio Bio Bio DNA & Protein Synthesis Give the nucleotide sequence that would be included on the complementary strand: C T G G C T What are the black pentagons? Deoxyribose Sugars * Draw an arrow to the nitrogen bases

28 - If the strand of DNA above undergoes transcription, what will mrna be? C U G G C U - After translation, what would the amino acid sequence be? Leu - Ala - What is a codon? A sequence of 3 nucleotides that codes for an amino acid

29 Compare RNA and DNA in the following table RNA DNA Sugar Bases Strand (#) Where In Cell Function Ribose Deoxyribose C, G, A, U C, G, A, T Single Strand All over (Nucleus and cytoplasm) Messenger, help build proteins Double Strand Nucleus Genetic Instructions

30 What kind of bonds hold amino acids together? Peptide Bonds

31 Instructions to build proteins Bring directions out of nucleus Transfer amino acids to ribosome Become part of cell structure The DNA sequence changes Different mrna strand is made Different amino acid might be used Different protein is made

32 Nucleus Transcription occurs in the of a cell and makes a copy of mrna from DNA. Then mrna leaves the nucleus and goes to the Cytoplasm to bind to a. Ribosome The anticodon on the trna molecule binds to the codon on the mrna. This molecule has an Amino Acid attached to it. Amino acids are linked together to create a. Protein True Or False: All of an organism s cells has the exact same DNA. True Explain how you know this is true: Because it grows from one cell, so all of the DNA is the same as the 1 st cell

33 Bio Cell Specialization Has hemoglobin to carry oxygen Long and spread out to carry signals Has mitochondria to produce ATP

34 Bio Bio Bio Biotechnology 1. What is the purpose of the Human Genome Project? The HGP created a map of all human genes 2. What is cloning, in your own words? Cloning means to make a genetic copy of something

35 3. What process creates a DNA fingerprinting? Gel electrophoresis 4. Look at the DNA fingerprint to the right. Which individuals are most closely related? A and C have the most in common

36 5. REMEMBER: The #1 most frequently asked about use of Genetic Engineering is to MAKE INSULIN or REPLACE MISSING HORMONES/BODY CHEMICALS!!!! You don t have to write anything for this one, yay!

37 6. Describe what is happening in the image: 1. DNA is taken out of an animal cell 2. That DNA (A) is inserted in bacterial DNA (B)

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39 Type of reproduction (Asexual or sexual) Bio & Bio Mitosis & Meiosis 1. Complete the following table: MITOSIS Asexual MEIOSIS Sexual Chromosome number of mother cell (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid) Chromosome number of daughter cells (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid) Number of cell divisions Number of cells produced If there are 50 chromosomes in the mother cell, how many are in the daughter cells? 2n= Diploid 2n= Diploid 2n= Diploid n= Haploid When does replication happen? S phase S phase

40 SOURCES OF VARIATION Crossing over Random assortment of chromosomes Gene mutations Nondisjunction Fertilization Bio & Bio Mitosis & Meiosis 1. Complete the following table: MITOSIS MEIOSIS INDICATE IF THEY HAPPEN IN EACH PROCESS OR NOT No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

41 2. Mitosis or Meiosis? Fill in the blank with Mitosis, Meiosis, or Both! a. I make genetically identical cells. Mitosis b. I help to increase genetic variation. Meiosis c. I start with one cell and divide twice. Meiosis d. DNA replication must happen before I do. Both e. I make diploid cells. Mitosis f. I divide once to make two new cells. Mitosis

42 3. List 3 ways that an organism might use MITOSIS in its lifetime: 1. Growth of new cells 2. Replacing damaged cells 3. Asexual reproduction

43 4. Put the following stages of mitosis (cell division) in order. C, B, E, A, D

44 5. Put the following words in the order that they must happen to make a new individual, and draw what is happening at each stage: Mitosis, Meiosis, Fertilization, Gametes, Adult, Zygote, Embryo 1. Meiosis (meiosis creates gametes) 2. Gametes (gametes join together in fertilization) 3. Fertilization (fertilization creates a zygote) 4. Zygote (zygotes grow into embryos) 5. Embryo (embryos divide and grow by mitosis) 6. Mitosis (through mitosis we create cells to grow) 7. Adult (adults go through meiosis to make gametes)

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46 Bio & Bio Genetics 1. In the Punnett square to the below, T = tall and t=short. Give the genotype for the parents. a. Give the phenotype for the parents. Tall and tall b. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring? TT, Tt, tt and 3 tall, 1 short c. What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring? 1 TT: 2 Tt: 1 tt

47 Bio & Bio Genetics 1. In the Punnett square to the below, T = tall and t=short. Give the genotype for the parents. d. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring? 3 tall, 1 short e. What environmental factors might affect the expression of these genes for height? Explain. Diet/ nutrition can have a large impact on height

48 2. Incomplete Dominance=Blending Phenotype! r r R Rr R Rr Cross a pure-breeding red Four-o - clock flower (RR) with a purebreeding white Four-o -clock flower. What colors will be seen in the offspring [what percent]? Rr Rr 100% Pink What will their genotypes be [what percent]? 100% Rr

49 2. Incomplete Dominance=Blending Phenotype! R r R RR Rr r Rr rr If two offspring from the above cross are crossing with each other: What colors will be seen in the offspring [what percent]? 25% red, 50% pink, 25% white What will their genotypes be [what percent]? 25% RR, 50% Rr, 25% rr

50 T T 3. Co-Dominance= Both show up in the Phenotype!! B BT BT B BT BT A black cat breeds with a tan cat, and their kittens are all black-andtan tabby. Set up a Punnett square to show how this could happen. What will be the resulting phenotypes [what percent?] 100% Black and tan tabby What will be the resulting genotypes [what percent?] 100% BT What will be the genotypes of the parents? BT and BT

51 4. Sex-linked traits (X-linked Traits) a. What are the male sex chromosomes in humans? b. What are the female sex chromosomes in humans? X and Y X and X c. Colorblindness and hemophilia are sexlinked traits. What chromosome are these genes found on? X Chromosome

52 XH Y XH 4. Sex-linked traits (X-linked Traits) Xh XH,XH XH,Xh XH,Y Xh, Y Cross a female who is a carrier for hemophilia with a normal male. What are the odds that they will have a child (son OR daughter) with hemophilia. 25% will have hemophilia What are the odds that they will have a daughter with hemophilia? 0% of daughters will have the disease What are the odds that they will have a daughter who is a carrier for hemophilia? 50% of daughters will be carriers

53 e. Why are males more likely to show a sex-linked disorder? Males only have 1 X chromosome, and it only takes 1 diseased X chromosome to be affected, so males are more likely to be affected Females have 2 X chromosomes, so they need 2 bad copies

54 5. Multiple Alleles (Blood types) B O A AB AO O BO OO If a woman with type A blood has a child with a man with type B blood and their first child has type O blood, give the genotypes of the woman and the man and do the cross. (Alleles are A, B, and O) a. What are the odds that they will have a child with type O blood again? 25% b. What are the odds that they will have a child with homozygous type A blood? 0% c. What are the odds that they will have a child with type AB blood? 25%

55 A blood test is done to see if one of three men is the father of a child. The child has type O blood, the mother has type A blood. Man #1 has type AB blood, Man #2 has type A blood, Man #3 has type O blood. Are there any men that can be ruled out as the father? Explain Because the baby has type O blood (genotype OO), that means the Mom has genotype AO. The baby needs its second O from the father. Man #1 (AB) cannot be the father because he has no O. Man #2 and Man #3 could each be the father.

56 6. Test cross= to determine the GENOTYPE of the parents! a. Describe the test cross that a farmer would use to determine the genotype of an animal that shows a dominant trait (could be AA or Aa). Use the following Punnett squares and the letters A and a to explain your answer. a a A A Aa Aa Aa Aa a a A a Aa aa Aa aa In test crosses, use aa so you can check if it s hetero or homo

57 7. Polygenic Traits a. What are 3 examples of polygenic traits? Hair color, eye color, height b. How are polygenic traits and multiple alleles different? Polygenic means it is controlled by many genes, but multiple alleles means there are many alleles for one gene.

58 8. Pedigrees a. What is the inheritance pattern shown by this pedigree? (dominant or recessive?) Recessive b. How do you know? There is a generation with no one affected c. Using the letters A and a, write the genotype of as many individuals as possible. If you cannot tell if it is AA or Aa, write? d. What is the genotype of person II4? aa A? A? Aa aa Aa A? Aa A? Aa aa e. What is the genotype of person I3? Aa

59 9. Karyotypes= pictures of chromosomes a.what is the sex of the person whose karyotype is shown to the left? Female (2 X Chromosomes) b.what is the disorder that this person has? What is your evidence? Down Syndrome, because of three 21 st Chromosomes c. How is this disorder caused? Nondisjunction, causing a trisomy of the 21 st chromosome

60 1. Explain the relationship between sickle cell anemia and malaria. Malaria is a disease that kills humans. People with sickle cell anemia are protected from malaria, but are at risk of blood clots. 2. Explain the relationship between lung and mouth cancer and tobacco use. Using tobacco products exposes you to chemicals that cause cancer, especially in your lung cells or mouth which are exposed to the tobacco.

61 3. Explain the relationship between skin cancer, vitamin D, and sun exposure. Humans need sunlight to produce vitamin D. Too much exposure to the sun can cause sunburn and potentially skin cancer. 4. Explain the relationship between diabetes, diet/exercise, and genetics. Diabetes is a disease that impacts insulin and how our body s use the glucose in our blood (blood sugar). Some people are more at risk of getting diabetes because of genetics, and/ or their diet.

62 5. Explain the relationship between PKU and diet. PKU is a genetic disease that prevents individuals from using the amino acid phenylalanine. A carefully controlled diet can prevent brain issues though. 6. Describe the differences between PASSIVE and ACTIVE immunity: Immunity means the ability to resist infections. Active immunity is when your body has to build antibodies to defend against an infection (like when you get a flu vaccine). Passive immunity is when you inherit resistance from your mother.

63 7. How does a vaccine help your immune system? Vaccines pretend to be an infection, so they trick your body into building immunity to that disease. 8. Explain how the Plasmodium parasite causes malaria, and how it is transmitted through the mosquito vector. The parasite lives in mosquitos, but only becomes infectious after the mosquito bites a human and the parasite enters the human.

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65 Bio Bio Bio Evolution Patterns in fossil evidence Biochemical comparisons (DNA and proteins) The role of variations The role of geographic isolation The importance of the environment Discussion of importance to evolutionary theory Fossils show changes in organisms over time Similar DNA can show us how similar organisms are Variations can lead to natural selection and potentially new species Isolation can cause one species to differentiate and turn into 2 species Nature (environment) selects which characteristics are best for surviving, which means certain organisms survive.

66 1. Explain why anaerobic heterotrophic prokaryotes had to develop before aerobic eukaryotes. Be sure to include the changing environment and theory of how organelles evolved! Early Earth s atmosphere had no oxygen, so prokaryotes had to be anaerobic. After chloroplasts developed, oxygen was produced, and then aerobic prokaryotes could evolve.

67 2. Contrast ABIOGENESIS and BIOGENESIS. Who were the scientists that contributed to these theories? Abiogenesis is the incorrect theory that life develops from non-living things. Biogenesis is the correct theory that life comes from other living things. Don t worry about the scientists involved.

68 3. Explain Darwin s theory of NATURAL SELECTION. Be sure to include the three parts and give an example/draw a picture to illustrate your description. Natural Selection says individuals with the best characteristics will survive and reproduce. It requires: 1) traits to be hereditary (passed from parent to child) 2) variation of traits, and 3) variation in fitness of those characteristics

69 4. Penicillin is an antibiotic that was developed and used in the early part of the 20 th century. At first, the antibiotic was very effective in killing the syphilis bacteria. Over time, more and more syphilis bacteria became resistant to penicillin. Explain how this resistance may have developed: The antibiotic killed most of the bacteria but bacteria that had natural resistance survived. These survivors reproduced, so penicillin resistance spread.

70 5. Why does sexual reproduction speed up evolution? (hint: Think about sexual reproduction in comparison to asexual reproduction) Sexual reproduction creates genetic variation. Asexual reproduction has no variation. Genetic variation means natural selection can happen. Natural selection can lead to evolution. This means you need sexual reproduction to have evolution.

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72 Bio & Bio Classification 1. What is the current seven-level classification system? (hint: Remember your acronym!) Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species King Philip Came Over For Good Soup

73 2. What is binomial nomenclature? Give an example and label the two names correctly. Binomial nomenclature is the official twopart scientific naming system for species in Latin. Using humans as an example: Homo sapiens

74 3. How are DNA and biochemical analysis, embryology, and morphology used to classify organisms? Organisms used to only be classified based on how they look (morphology) Now, organisms are classified based on their DNA (biochemical), as well as embryological (babies), and morphology. For example: tigers and lions are grouped together because they have similar DNA and they look similar.

75 4. To the left is a phylogenic tree of some organisms. a. According to this tree, which 3 pairs of organisms are most closely related? Salamanders and frogs, lizards and snakes, crocodiles and birds b. Which organism is most closely related to the rayfinned fish? Lungfish (because they re close together on the chart) c. Which organisms are the mammals most closely related to? Birds and Crocodiles (because they re close together on the chart)

76 5. Use the dichotomous key to identify the following organisms: a. 1 cell, with a nucleus= Protista b. Dichotomous Key A. only 1 cell go to 2 B. more than 1 cell go to 3 A. no nucleus Monera B. Has a nucleus Protista A. Autotrophic..Plantae B. Heterotrophic go to 4 A. Mobile.Animalia B. Immobile..Fungi More than 1 cell, Heterotrophic, Immobile (can t move)= Fungi

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78 Bio & Bio Kingdoms and Adaptations 1. Label each description with the correct eukaryotic kingdom or kingdoms: Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, Protista a. Contains autotrophs and heterotrophs: Protista b. Contains only heterotrophs: Animalia c. Contains gymnosperms and angiosperms: Plantae d. Contains annelid worms, insects, amphibians, and mammals: Animalia e. Contains organisms composed of only eukaryotic cells: Animalia, Fungi, and Plantae f. Contains organisms that can carry out photosynthesis: Plantae, and Protista g. Contains decomposers: Fungi h. Contains only multicellular organisms: Animalia, Fungi, and Plantae

79 Eukaryotic or prokaryotic 2. Fill in the following chart with the characteristics of the various kingdoms. Bacteria Archaea Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Sexual or asexual reproduction Autotrophic or heterotrophic Aerobic or anaerobic Single Single Single or Multi- Asexual Asexual Asexual Auto- or hetero- Auto- or hetero- Multi- Multi- Asexual or Sexual Hetero- Multi- Sexual or Asexual Hetero- Auto- Multicellular or singlecelled Sexual Auto- or hetero- Anaerobic Anaerobic Aerobic Aerobic Aerobic Aerobic Cell walls or no cell walls Cell wall Cell wall Cell wall or no cell wall Cell wall Cell wall No Cell wall

80 1. Fill in the blanks with one of the following groups of organisms: unicellular protists, annelid worms, amphibians, mammals, insects, non-vascular plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms. a. Reproduces sexually, breathe using lungs, and have very well-developed kidneys: b. Transport materials through xylem and phloem, reproduce using covered seeds: c. Have a 3-chambered heart, a well-developed nervous system, and breathes through gills or through skin during early stages: d. Have a special organ called a nephridia which helps to filter wastes: e. Undergoes metamorphosis where the organism molts/sheds its exoskeleton: Don t worry about this partss f. Reproduces either asexually or sexually using spores: g. Has no true stems or roots: h. The wind helps to spread the reproductive materials for this group of organisms: i. Species display great variation of mouth parts due to eating different things. Reproduce using internal fertilization and internal development: j. Spend the first half of their life in water: k. Control their own internal body temperature: l. Species has coevolved with several species of insects and mammals that help the species spread the genetic material through pollination: m. Reproduce sexually and asexually, have a closed circulatory system: n. Perform photosynthesis to get nutrients, needs water to reproduce: o. Practice transpiration to get rid of waste and use a naked seed to reproduce: p. Use osmosis and diffusion for transport and regulation:

81 1. Compare and contrast viruses and bacteria. Bacteria are living cells that can live by themselves or inside another organism. Viruses are non-living things that require a host to multiply. Both can cause infections.

82 2. What is meant by co-evolution? Give an example of a flowering plant and a pollinator and describe how co-evolution works? Coevolution is when two or more closely Don t worry about this part related/ interacting species evolve to become more dependent upon each other. For example, bees or other insects evolve to have specialized parts to feed on a plant while still pollinating the plants.

83 3. Different organisms have developed structural adaptations to be more successful in their environments to obtain food, adapt from water to land, and ensure successful reproduction. Explain these adaptations below: a) A group of finches were isolated on an island and over many generations, the beaks of the species changed from short and hooked to long and pointed. What caused this change to occur to create this new species? The finches evolved because of the food sources available to them. The birds that had long and pointed beaks were able to find more food and survive, and then reproduce, which means more finches were born with long and pointed beaks. This eventually lead to the evolution of the species.

84 3. Different organisms have developed structural adaptations to be more successful in their environments to obtain food, adapt from water to land, and ensure successful reproduction. Explain these adaptations below: b) Over time the hibiscus flower has developed a tubeshape and bright red coloring. Hummingbirds are the common pollinator of the hibiscus flower. Explain how these two organisms influenced each other during evolution (Why are they dependent on each other?) Hummingbirds have long, thin beaks to reach into hibiscus flowers. These two species co-evolved and became more specialized so that now hummingbirds fit the flowers and can pollinate them but other birds can t.

85 3. Different organisms have developed structural adaptations to be more successful in their environments to obtain food, adapt from water to land, and ensure successful reproduction. Explain these adaptations below: c) There are many different physical traits and behaviors that attract mates. Male peacocks have large, brightly colored feathers they show when attracting a mate. However, this could be a disadvantage to the peacock in a way that would make him unable to reproduce. How? (hint: think about who he might be attracting!) The peacocks bright feathers can attract a mate, but they can also draw the attention of predators. If feathers are too big or too bright then a predator might find and eat the peacock.

86 3. Different organisms have developed structural adaptations to be more successful in their environments to obtain food, adapt from water to land, and ensure successful reproduction. Explain these adaptations below: d) Non-vascular plants (mosses) lack actual stems and roots, live in moist areas, and obtain water through osmosis. How have plants, such as trees, changed in structure over time to adapt to a terrestrial (land) environment? Large plants have developed xylem and phloem to be able to grow that large and to live on land. Xylem transport water up to the leaves, and phloem transports sugars down to the rest of the plant so the plant can grow large and survive.

87 Bio Behavioral Adaptations 1. A rat learns to press a button to get food Conditioning 2. A dog always salivates that the ringing of a bell Conditioning 3. A bird stops responding to a repeated warning call when it is not followed by an attack Habituation 4. A baby mammal suckling milk Instinct 5. A worm moving away from bright light Phototaxis 6. A spider spinning a web Instinct 7. A baby learns who her parents are by recognizing their faces Imprinting

88 Bio Ecosystems and Relationships 1. List three Biotic factors: Biotic factors include living things such as plants, animals, fungi, etc. 2. List three Abiotic factors: Abiotic factors include living things such as sunlight, water, soil, air, etc.

89 Explain in your own words (and faces!) what the three types of symbiotic relationships are MUTUALISM Both species benefit and COMMENSALISM One species benefits and the other isn t affected and PARASITISM One species benefits and the other is harmed and

90 Identify the type of relationship described in the following examples: 1. The clever Honey-Finder birds lead humans to beehives so that human hands will open the dangerous beehive and expose the precious honeycomb for the bird to access. Because both the human and the bird get honey, this is an example of mutualism.

91 Identify the type of relationship described in the following examples: 2. Tapeworms are segmented flatworms that attach themselves to the insides of the intestines of animals such as cows, pigs, and humans. They get food by eating the host's partly digested food. Because the tapeworm gets food but takes it from the host (causing harm), this is an example of parasitism.

92 Identify the type of relationship described in the following examples: 3. Mistletoe attaches to a tree and sends out roots that penetrate the tree and feeds off of some of the tree s nutrients and minerals. Because the mistletoe steals nutrients (a benefit) from the tree (which is harmed) this is an example of parasitism.

93 Identify the type of relationship described in the following examples: 4. Clownfish dwell among the tentacles of tropical sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators (a special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles). Because the fish gets a home (a benefit), and the anemone is protected from other fish (also a benefit), this is an example of mutualism.

94 Identify the type of relationship described in the following examples: 5. A smaller tree in the rain forest receives less sunlight from an adjacent tree that is larger than it. Both of the trees need this sunlight in order to survive, reproduce and grow. Because both trees receive sunlight, but they don t try to steal the sunlight from each other, this is an example of commensalism.

95 Bio S curve Population Ecology J Curve Draw a Exponential or Logistic? Does it reach carrying capacity? Are there any limiting factors? Which one describes humans? Logistic Yes Yes This does NOT describe humans (at least, not yet) Exponential No No This does NOT describe humans (right now)

96 Ecosystem Hierarchy: Write the ecosystem hierarchy below, from smallest to largest: Organism Population Community Ecosystem

97 Making Predictions: Scenario High birth rate, high infant mortality rate High birth rate, low death rate Low birth rate, high death rate High birth rate, high emigration rates Population will: Increase, Decrease, Remain Stable Remain stable Increase Decrease Remain stable

98 Age-Structure Diagrams: Label the populations as: INCREASING or DECREASING or STABLE Stable Increase Increase

99 Bio Energy Transfer and Cycles 1. What are the producers in this food web? Oak tree (blossoms, nuts, leaves, etc.) 2. What are the primary consumers (herbivores) in this food web? Bees, deer, mice, rabbits, and insects 3. What are the secondary consumers in this food web? Toad, birds, red fox, wolf

100 Bio Energy Transfer and Cycles 4. What are the tertiary consumers in this food web? Skunk, red fox, wolf, and bear 5. What would happen to the ecosystem if the insects were removed from the food web? Without insects, the toads, skunks, and birds would all immediately start starving and would need to find other things to eat.

101 6. Create an energy pyramid from the food chain: Oak bark Rabbit Wolf Bear Bear Wolf Rabbit Oak bark Oak bark 7. Who has the most energy in this pyramid? Who has the least energy? Bear 8. Who has the highest biomass in this pyramid? Oak bark Who has the lowest biomass? Bear

102 9. What happens to energy as it moves through the food chain/web? The amount of energy shrinks as it moves up because organisms use the energy. 10. What is the ultimate source of energy for this food web? The Sun is the source of energy for all life on Earth. 11. What is the role of bacteria and fungi in an ecosystem? What are they called and what is their job? Bacteria and Fungi are decomposers, and help break down dead organisms and return those nutrients to the soil. 12. What is nitrification and what is its purpose? This is an important step in the nitrogen cycle to make nitrogen available for organisms to use.

103 13. What are two ways that Carbon Dioxide enters the atmosphere? Cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide, and combustion (burning) releases carbon dioxide as well. 14. Water can enter the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves of plants in what process? Water evaporating from the leaves of plants is called transpiration. 15. In what ways does deforestation disrupt the carbon cycle? Deforestation releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, but it also stops those trees from absorbing CO2 which also increases CO2 in the atmosphere.

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105 Bio & Bio Human Impact Explain the effect each of the following may have on the environment. Factor Effect on Environment Human Population Size Acid Rain Introduced nonnative species (invasive species) Pesticide use (Bioaccumlation) As the human population increases, we use more resources and destroy habitats. When air pollution mixes with rain it becomes acidic and can destroy environments. When a species is introduced somewhere new, where it doesn t have any predators, it can spread and take over the new habitat. Chemicals like pesticides can t be digested in the body so they are stored. This pollution accumulates in the food chain, until top predators become poisoned. Deforestation Ozone Depletion Deforestation means to cut down trees and habitats. Because plants trap carbon dioxide, fewer trees adds to global warming. CFCs are a chemical that destroys the ozone layer of the atmosphere. Ozone protects us from UV radiation.

106 2. What processes ADD carbon dioxide to the atmosphere? Cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide, and combustion (burning) releases carbon dioxide as well. 3. What process REMOVES carbon dioxide from the atmosphere? Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. 4. What is the number one cause of ALL environmental problems? Human population growth and our use of resources and destruction of other habitats causes most problems. 5. Increasing CFC s lead to a decrease in the Ozone layer. Increasing CO2 leads to an increase in the global. Temperature, called global warming.

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