BIOLOGY EOC REVIEW PACKET Unless stated otherwise, all page numbers refer to the Dragonfly textbook.

Transcription

1 Name: Period: BIOLOGY EOC REVIEW PACKET Unless stated otherwise, all page numbers refer to the Dragonfly textbook. Goal 0: Science as Inquiry List and describe the steps of the Scientific Method. Make sure you include observations, creating a testable hypothesis, identifying variables, data, & replicating your findings. Pages 3-15 What are the differences between hypothesis & theory? Pages 3-15 What is the difference between an independent and dependent variable? Pages 3-15 On a graph, which axis has the independent variable? Which axis has the dependent variable? Pages

2 Goal 1: Structure and Functions of Living Organisms What is homeostasis? Page 19 How do animals maintain a constant body temperature? (p822 in the Dragonfly book or p829 in the Parrot book will help) How do animals maintain water balance? (p1001 in the Dragonfly book or p986 in the Parrot book) What are acids and bases and what are their ph ranges? What is the ph of neutral solutions? Pages What is a buffer? Pages What are organelles? What cell type are they found in? Pages What are the three parts of cell theory? Pages What is the function of the cell membrane? Pages Pages Cell Part Structure Description Function Plant/Animal/Both? Nucleus Cell Membrane Cell wall Mitochondrion Vacuole Chloroplast Ribosome Flagellum Cilia 2

3 What organelle is very plentiful in muscle cells in order to provide the necessary energy (ATP)? Put the following in order from smallest (1) to largest (4): Organ systems Cells Organs Tissues What is the function of hormones? How do hormones travel throughout a body? Page 997 Use pages to answer osmosis questions Explain what has happened in the diagram to the left. Why did the large dark molecules NOT move to the left? Semipermeable membrane If the dark molecule is starch, where is the starch concentration greatest at first (left or right of the container)? If the white molecule is water, where is the water concentration greatest at first (left or right of the container)? If the dark molecules could move, in what direction would they move? Why? In osmosis, water moves from an area of to an area of water concentration. (higher/lower) Which way will water move (into the cell or out of the cell) in each of the following situations: a. Salt inside the cell 65% and outside the cell 40%. b. Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%. Read pp in the Dragonfly book or pp in the Parrot book and answer the following five questions: 1. What is an operon? 2. What is the role of the repressor? 3. When lactose is present what happens to the repressor? 4. When the repressor does not attach to the repressor region of the gene, what happens to gene expression? 5. If all the cells in an organism (cells with nuclei) have the same DNA, explain, in terms of genes, how a nerve cell functions differently from a muscle cell. 3

4 Goal 2: Ecosystems Complete the following Chart of Animal Behavior. Pages Type of Behavior Explanation of Behavior Phototaxis Migration Estivation Hibernation Habituation Imprinting Classical Conditioning (aka, Conditioned Response) Trial and Error Pheromones Courtship Territoriality What is a stimulus? What is a response? Page How do organisms, species, populations, communities, ecosystems and biomes relate to each other? Pages What is an organism s habitat? Page 90 What is its niche? Page 91 What is carrying capacity? Page 122 4

5 In the following chart, explain the symbiotic relationships. Pages Relationship Definition Example Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Predation Why are predator/prey relationships important in an ecosystem? Page 93 List at least 3 biotic factors in an environment. Page 90 List at least 3 abiotic factors in an environment. Page 90 How do photosynthesis and aerobic respiration relate to Carbon cycle? Pages Describe the Water cycle and why it is important to an ecosystem. Pages Describe the Nitrogen cycle and why it is important to an ecosystem. Pages

6 Describe the Phosphorus cycle and why it is important to an ecosystem. Pages Explain the Greenhouse Effect in relationship to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Pages & What effect might increased atmospheric carbon dioxide have on the environment? Pages What effects does agriculture have on the environment? Pages What effects does air pollution have on the environment? Pages What beneficial role does ozone play in the atmosphere? Pages What are the effects of bioaccumulation (AKA biomagnification) of pesticides on a food web? Page 152 6

7 Use pages to answer the questions on this page, unless otherwise indicated. Create an energy pyramid from the food chain and then answer the next three questions: leaves insects birds red fox bear Where is the most energy in this pyramid? Where is the least energy in this pyramid? What happens to energy as it moves through the food chain/web? Assume there are 10,000 kcal of energy in the leaves. Next to the energy pyramid, write the approximate energy that would be found in each level. What is Primary Succession? What is Secondary Succession? What is a Climax Community? Pages What is a pioneer species? How are they important? Page 94 What are the producers in this food web? What are the primary consumers in this food web? What are the secondary consumers in this food web? What is the highest level consumer in this food web? What is a food chain? Give an example of one from this food web. 7

8 What percent of energy is lost from one trophic level to the next? % How much is passed on from one trophic level to the next? % What is the ultimate source of energy for this food web? What is the definition of biome? Pages List two density-dependent limiting factors. Page 125 List two density-independent limiting factors. Page 127 Compare and contrast: Logistic Growth and Exponential Growth. Pages What type of growth is related to human population? Pages What is the effect of resources (which are limited) on unlimited human population growth? Pages

9 Goal 3: Evolution and Genetics What are the monomers of DNA and other nucleic acids called? Pages Describe AND draw the structure of DNA. What are the base pairs found in DNA? and. What kind of bonds hold the two sides of the DNA molecule to one another? For the single DNA strand below, write the complementary DNA sequence. 5' G A C C G A 3' What is a codon? Pages Compare mrna and DNA in the following table. mrna Sugar DNA Bases # of Strands Location in Cell Cytoplasm Nucleus Function What are the base pairs found in RNA? and. What are the functions of the three types of RNA? Pages ) mrna 2) rrna 3) trna 9

10 Describe the process of DNA replication and the enzymes involved. Pages What is transcription? Pages What is translation? Pages What happens to DNA when a mutation occurs? How does this affect the mrna? How can this affect translation? How does this affect the structure and shape of the resulting protein? Page 307 During which stage of the cell cycle does the replication of DNA occur? Pages What happens during G 1 and G 2? Pages In which stage does the cell spend most of its life? What does the cell do during this time? Pages What is cancer? Pages How many chromosomes do humans have in their somatic (body) cells?...gametes? What does Diploid mean? Page 275 What does Haploid mean? Page

11 Complete the following chart of Mitosis and Meiosis. Pages , MITOSIS Type of reproduction: Asexual or Sexual? Chromosome number of mother cell (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid) Chromosome number of daughter cells (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid) MEIOSIS Number of cell divisions Number of cells produced When does DNA replication occur? What is crossing over and why is it important? Pages What is an allele? Pages What does it mean when a trait is dominant? Pages What does it mean when a trait is recessive? Pages What does it mean if a trait is codominant? Pages What does it mean if a trait is incompletely dominant? Pages If a woman with type A blood has a child with a man with type B blood and their first child has type O blood, give the genotypes of the woman and the man and show the cross. What are the odds that they will have a child with type A blood? What are the odds that they will have a child with type AB blood? Show the Punnett Square. 11

12 A blood test is done to see if one of three men is the father of a child. The child has type O blood, the mother has type A blood. Man #1 has type AB blood, Man #2 has type A blood, Man #3 has type O blood. Are there any men that can be ruled out as the father? Explain. Show the Punnett Squares. What does polygenic mean? Pages What are the sex chromosomes in males? In Females? Page 341 Hemophilia is an X-linked disorder. Show the Punnett Square for the cross between a female who is a carrier for hemophilia and a normal male. What are the odds that they will have a child with hemophilia? What are the odds that they will have a daughter with hemophilia? What are the odds that they will have a daughter who is a carrier for hemophilia? Pages Why are males more likely to have an X-linked disorder? Who (mother/father) is likely to give them the bad gene? What is the sex of the person whose karyotype is shown to the left? What is abnormal about this karyotype? What is the inheritance pattern shown by this pedigree? Using the letters A & a, what is the genotype of II4? What is the genotype of person I3? 12

13 Describe the test cross that a farmer would use to determine the genotype of an animal that shows a dominant trait. Use a Punnett square and the letters A and a to explain your answer. Explain Mendel's Law of segregation. Pages Explain Mendel's Law of independent assortment. Pages To the right is an electrophoresis gel showing evidence from a robbery case. According to the DNA evidence, which suspect is the robber? Pages If the longest fragments are at the top of the gel, where is the positive charge? Since DNA has a (+/ ) charge, it will move toward the (+/ ) charge. Which type of fragments move the fastest? (Big/Small) What is a restriction enzyme? What is transformation? Transduction? What are transgenic organisms? 13

14 What is a vestigial structure? Name a few in humans. Pages What is geographic isolation? Pages What is reproductive isolation? Pages Populations of organisms have many genetic variations. How do new genetic variants arise? Pages What are adaptations? What is Darwin s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection? Pages What is speciation? Pages What is convergent evolution? Page 437 What is divergent evolution? Sketch or describe the following: Stabilizing Selection, Directional Selection and Disruptive Selection. Pages

15 What is adaptive radiation? Page 436 Read pp in the Dragonfly book or pp in the Parrot book and answer the following four questions: 1. Describe Miller and Urey s experiment. 2. Why did Miller and Urey put those particular gases into their experiment? 3. What type of organic molecules did they find? 4. What is the significance of their experiment? What are the three domains proposed above the kingdom level? Pages What is the current seven-level classification system? (DKPCOFGS) What is binomial nomenclature? Pages Write the scientific name for the platypus, ORNITHORHYNCHUS ANATINUS, in the correct binomial nomenclature format. Pages Characteristics Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Organelles? (Yes or No) Ribosomes? (Yes or No) Shape of DNA (Circular or Linear chromosome?) Size (Bigger or Smaller) 15

16 Use the phylogenetic tree at right to answer the following questions: Shark Salamander Lizard Armadillo Human Which organism is most closely related to humans? Which organism is most distantly related to humans? B A If lungs evolved at position "A," which organisms possess lungs? Use the dichotomous key below to identify each of the following fish: Dichotomous Key Step 1 If fish shape is long and skinny, go to Step 2 If fish shape is not long and skinny, go to step 3 Step 2 If the fish has pointed fins, it is a trumpet fish If the fish has smooth fins, it is a spotted moray eel Step 3 If fish has both eyes on top of the head, go to step 4 If fish has one eye on each side of the head, then go to step 5 Step 4 If the fish has whip-like tail, it is a spotted eagle ray If the fish has short, blunt tail, it is a peacock flounder Step 5 If fish has spots, go to step 6 If fish does not have spots, go to step 7 Step 6 If fish has chin whiskers, it is a spotted goat fish If fish does not have chin whiskers, it is a band-tail puffer Step 7 If fish has stripes, go to step 8 If fish does not have stripes, it is a glassy sweeper Step 8 If fish has a v-shaped tail, it is a squirrel fish If fish has a blunt tail, it is a glass-eye snapper 16

17 Goal 4: Molecular Biology What are some of the ways that living things use energy? Pages What element makes all things organic? Pages Macromolecules Function(s) Monomer Example Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids Specific Molecule Specific Function(s) Starch Cellulose Insulin Glycogen Glucose Enzymes Hemoglobin DNA mrna Nutrient What is used to test for them? What Does a Positive Result Look Like? Starch Lipids Monosaccharides Protein 17

18 What are some of the functions of the proteins and other molecules found in the cell membrane? Pages Comparison of active and passive transport Pages Passive Transport Requires energy? Active Transport Low to high concentration or high to low concentration? Examples What are the reactants and products for each of these processes? Pages 206, Process Reactant(s) Product(s) Photosynthesis Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration What are the three steps to aerobic respiration? What gas is the final electron acceptor? Pages Pages How many phosphates are in each of the following? ATP: ADP: AMP: Give some examples of what ATP energy is used for. Where does the energy for photosynthesis ultimately come from? Page Label the following molecules in these equations (water, glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ethyl alcohol), identify them (anaerobic respiration, aerobic respiration, photosynthesis) and write whether they produce ATP or not. A) 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 B) C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 C) C 6 H 12 O 6 2C 5 H 5 OH + 2CO 2 18

19 Describe the structure & function of enzymes & explain their importance in biological systems. Pages Explain the importance of the shape of an enzyme. Explain what determines the shape of an enzyme. How do extreme ph and temperature extremes affect enzymes (that is, what is denaturation)? All (save for a few) enzymes end in what suffix? Label the picture of the following enzymatic reaction: Substrate(s), Product(s), Enzyme-substrate complex, Enzyme Relative Enzyme Rate Effect of Temperature on an Enzyme Temperature (ºC) Using the image at right: Which enzyme (X or Y) would be used in acidic conditions? Using the image at left: At what temperature does this enzyme work best? At what temperature does this enzyme no longer function? Relative Enzyme Rate Effect of ph on an Enzyme X Y What ph is the best for activity for X? _ Y? _ ph 19

20 GOALS AND NOTES CORRELATIONS Goal 0 Scientific Method Notes Graphing Notes Goal 1 Prokaryotes Notes Eukaryotes Part 1 Notes Eukaryotes Part 2 & 3 Notes DNA Notes DNA Replication Notes RNA & Protein Synthesis Notes Cell Cycle and Mitosis Notes Goal 2 Animal Behavior Reading Ecology Notes Nutrient Cycles and Human Impact Notes Ecological Succession Reading Biomes Coloring Goal 3 DNA Notes DNA Replication Notes RNA & Protein Synthesis Notes Meiosis Notes Genetics Notes Genetic Disorders and Environmental Factors Notes Pedigree Notes Intro to Evolution Notes Evolution Part 2 Notes Biotechnology Notes Phylogenetic Tree Activity Taxonomy Notes Goal 4 Properties of Water Notes Introduction to Chemistry Notes Organic Compounds Notes DNA Notes RNA & Protein Synthesis Notes Eukaryotes Part 1 Notes Eukaryotes Part 2 Notes Eukaryotes Part 3 Notes 20