2. How do plants get nitrogen? Explain how a symbiotic relationship allows this to happen.

Transcription

1 Unit 2 Interdependence of Organisms 1. What organism helps to carry out nitrogen fixation? 2. How do plants get nitrogen? Explain how a symbiotic relationship allows this to happen. 3. Using the diagram above, define succession using the words pioneer species and climax community. 4. Explain the difference between primary and secondary succession. 5. Define interdependence, and explain how plants and animals are interdependent within an ecosystem. 6. In the chart below, determine whether each symbiotic relationship benefits, harms, or has no effect on an organism: Organism 1 Organism 2 Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Predation

2 7. Define niche, and explain how niches and adaptations related. 8. What happens when niches overlap? Why? 9. Label all the organisms in the above food web. Some organisms may be labeled with more than one trophic level: Producer, Primary Consumer, Secondary Consumer, Tertiary Consumer, Quaternary Consumer 10. How would the above food web be affected if disease killed off the starfish? 11. Using the chart below, construct an energy pyramid. (Make your pyramid in the space on the next page. Animals Diet Snakes Squirrels, chipmunks, gophers, and mice Hawks and owls Rodents and reptiles Rodents (squirrels, chipmunks, gophers, mice) Seeds, nuts, roots, grass, leaves, and flowers

3 12. If the primary producers, in the pyramid you created, start with 35,000 kj of energy, how much energy will be available at the top level of the pyramid? 13. In which form is energy lost throughout the energy pyramid? 14. Define the following terms and give an example of each: a. Producer- b. Herbivore: c. Omnivore: d. Carnivore: e. Detritivore: f. Detritus: g. Decomposer:

4 UNIT 3: Taxonomy and Classification: 1. Why is studying Taxonomy important? 2. A multicellular, heterotrophic, motile organism would be classified in which kingdom? Group Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Sample Organisms Traits Mockingbird Blue jay Robin Insect-eating Winged Two legs Active during day Honey bee Red Wasp Hornet Nectar-eating Winged Six legs Active during day Hamster Field mouse White Rat Insect-eating No wings Four legs Nocturnal Raccoon Possum Sloth Insect-eating No wings Four legs Nocturnal 3. A scientist discovers a new organism as she is completing fieldwork. She observes the organism is most active during the day. The organism has wings that it uses to fly from flower to flower collecting nectar. Which group would the organism belong to? Group Name Organism Q R S T U Domain Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Phylum Chordate Chordate Chordate Chordate Arthropoda Class Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Insect Order Primates Primates Carnivora Carnivora Diptera Family Hominidae Pongidae Felidae Felidae Muscidae Genus Homo Pan Felis Felis Musca Species sapiens troglodytes domestica leo domestica 4. Which organisms in the above chart are least related? Most related? 5. What is the two word naming system Carol Linnaeus invented? 6. Define Taxonomy.

5 7. What is the largest division that a group of organisms can belong to (Remember: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)? 8. List the 6 Kingdoms. Which Kingdoms have eukaryotic cells? Prokaryotic cells? Give an example of an organism from each kingdom. Kingdoms Eukaryotic/Prokaryotic Example 9. What characteristics do scientists use to differentiate Kingdoms? 10. Chitin is found in the cell walls of organisms from which Kingdom? 11. Describe how scientific names must be written.

6 Unit 4: Evolution 1. Explain the four types of evidence that support the theory of evolution. 1) 2) 3) 4) 2. Does evolution occur at the species level or organism level? Explain. 3. If a mutation introduces a new skin color in a lizard population, which factor might determine whether the frequency of the new allele will increase? a. How many other alleles are present b. Whether the mutation makes some lizards more fit for their environment c. How many phenotypes the population has d. Whether the mutation was caused by nature or by human intervention 4. What are the 4 principles of natural selection? 1) 2) 3) 4) 5. What is biological fitness?

7 6. How do species become more suitable to their environment? 7. What is speciation? 8. What is genetic drift? How does it affect genetic variation? Give an example. 9. A random change in allele frequency within a small population is called a. Geographic isolation b. Genetic drift c. Speciation d. Gradualism

8 Unit 5: Heredity 1. How does meiosis affect the number of chromosomes? 2. Is this karyotype normal? If not, what disorder is displayed? 3. A pea plant with the genotype RRyy (round (R), green(y) seeds) is crossed with a pea plant with the genotype rryy (wrinkled (r), yellow (Y) seeds). What would be the gamete combinations for each parent? (HINT: do FOIL or the gamete box). Complete a dihybrid cross. What percentage of the offspring will have round seeds? Gametes for parent one: Gametes for parent two: Percentage of offspring with round seeds: Complete the Dihybrid cross below:

9 4. Colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive disorder located on the X chromosome. Why do males have a higher probability than females of being affected by a sex-linked recessive disorder? 5. If black fur (B) in hamsters is dominant over brown fur (b), cross a homozygous recessive hamster for fur color with a heterozygous hamster. What percentage of the offspring will have brown fur? 6. List an example of co-dominance in genetic traits. 7. Where does meiosis occur in males and females? 8. What is difference between genetics and heredity? 9. What is phenotype? Give 2 examples. 10. If an individual possesses two recessive alleles for the same trait, the individual is said to be for the trait. 11. What is the law of independent assortment?

10 Unit 6: Biochemistry 1. What is the function of each biomolecule? a. Carbohydrates b. Lipids c. Proteins d. Nucleic Acids 2. What is the function of a protein primarily determined by? 3. What are the monomers and polymers of the following? Biomolecule Monomer Polymer Carbohydrate Nucleic Acids Proteins Lipids 4. Lipids are made of a glycerol backbone and fatty acid side chains. Which biological membrane that is vital to life is made of lipids? What is the name of this special lipid? 5. What process is being shown in the picture above?

11 6. What type of bond joins amino acids together to form proteins? 7. What is a DNA nucleotide made of? 8. What is an RNA nucleotide made of? 9. What does an enzyme do? What type of biomolecule is an enzyme? 10. Which elements are common to carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids? 11. The mitochondria in our cells break down sugar molecules in order to generate ATP. What biomolecule do these sugar molecules belong to?

12 Unit 7: Cells and Viruses Define the following: 1. Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane: 2. Lysogenic Cycle: 3. Lytic Cycle: 4. Genetic Material: 5. Capsid: 6. Capsule: 7. Pili: 8. Flagella: 9. Cell Wall: 10. Chloroplast: 11. Central Vacuole: 12. Nucleus: 13. Prokaryotic Cell: 14. Eukaryotic Cell: 15. Lysosome: 16. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: 17. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: 18. Identify the following as prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells & explain why they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic:

13 19. Compare/Contrast Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: 20.

14 21. Which organelles are found ONLY in the following types of cells: A. Plant: B. Animal: C. Bacteria: 22. Which cell structures are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? 23. Which organelle: A. Converts solar energy into chemical energy? B. Controls what enters and leaves the cell? C. Produces energy (ATP) for the cell? 24. Label the organelles in the diagram below.