2 The cell as the basic unit of life
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1 Class: Name: ( ) Date: 2 The cell as the basic unit of life 2.1 Chemicals of life (Book 1A, p. 2-3) A Inorganic chemical constituents of organisms (Book 1, p. 2-3) 1 Water Water serves many important functions in organisms: 1 as a (1) ( 反應物 ) that takes part in some reactions, e.g. digestion of food 2 as a (2) for chemical reactions because water is a good (3) 3 as a medium of (4) to carry dissolved substances around the body 4 as a (5) agent to remove heat through evaporation 5 gives (6) and provides (7) to organisms, e.g. cells of young seedlings become turgid when they are full of water, and provides (8) ( 浮力 ) for organisms in water. 2 Inorganic ions Example Nitrate ( 硝酸鹽 ) Magnesium ( 鎂 ) (11) ( 鈣 ) Iron ( 鐵 ) Function As a source of (9) in plants for the synthesis of proteins Forming (10) ( 葉綠素 ) in plants Activating some enzymes Forming (12) and teeth Involving in muscle contraction and blood clotting Forming (13) ( 血紅蛋白 ) for carrying oxygen Activating some enzymes (Second Edition) - 8 -
2 B Organic chemical constituents of organisms (Book 1A, p. 2-7) (14) ( 生物分子 ) are the major organic chemical constituents of organisms. They all contain (15) atoms. Biomolecule Example Function (16) ( 碳水化合物 ) (17) ( 葡萄糖 ) Starch ( 澱粉 ) (19) ( 纖維素 ) Provides energy Acts as an energy (18) in plants Forms plant cell walls (20) ( 脂質 ) (23) ( 蛋白質 ) (24) ( 核酸 ) (21) ( 甘油三酯 ) Phospholipids ( 磷脂 ) Structural proteins Enzymes ( 酶 ) Antibodies ( 抗體 ) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA 脫氧核糖核酸 ) Ribonucleic acid (RNA 核糖核酸 ) Act as an energy reserve, reduce heat loss and protect internal organs Make up (22) Make up body tissues (e.g. hair) Speed up reactions in the body Defend the body against diseases Carries (25) information ( 遺傳信息 ) Takes part in the synthesis of proteins 2.2 Studying cells using microscopes (Book 1A, p. 2-9) A Early studies on cells (Book 1A, p. 2-9) 1 Discovery of cells In 1665, Robert Hooke examined a thin slice of cork with a microscope. He named the small irregular boxes he saw cells, which were actually the (1) of dead cork cells. Robert Hooke s drawing of cork cells (Second Edition) - 9 -
3 2 The Cell Theory In 1839, Schwann proposed the Cell Theory ( 細胞學說 ). The theory states that: all organisms are made up of one or more (2) the cell is the (3) of life; it is the smallest unit that shows all the characteristics of life all cells come from (4) cells. B Modern microscopes (Book 1A, p. 2-12) Type of microscope (5) ( 光學顯微鏡 ) Feature Light is used to form an image Magnification: up to 1600 times Electron microscope (6) electron microscope ( 透射電子顯微鏡 ) (8) electron microscope ( 掃描電子顯微鏡 ) Electron beams pass through the specimen to form an image Used to study the internal structure of a specimen Produces (7) -dimensional, black and white images Magnification: up to times Electron beams scan over the surface of the specimen to form an image Used to study the (9) structure of a specimen produces (10) -dimensional, black and white images Magnification: up to times C How to use a light microscope? (Book 1A, p. 2-14) The light microscope is a compound microscope ( 複式顯微鏡 ) consisting of two sets of (11) : an eyepiece ( 目鏡 ) and an objective ( 物鏡 ). (Second Edition)
4 Structure of a light microscope: A B C D E I J K L F G M H Structure Function A (12) It is a magnifying glass which the eye can look through. B C (13) ( 鏡筒 ) (14) ( 物鏡轉換器 ) It holds the eyepiece and the nosepiece, and can be raised or lowered to focus. It carries different objectives and can be rotated to choose the required objective. D (15) It is the magnifying lens pointing to the specimen. E Stage ( 載物台 ) The slide is placed here for observation. F (16) ( 聚光器 ) G (18) ( 光欄 ) It is a lens to (17) light onto the specimen. It regulates the amount of (19) passing through the condenser. H I Mirror (21) ( 粗調節器 ) It (20) light to the slide from a light source. It is used to raise or lower the body tube to get a (22) focus. (Second Edition)
5 J K (23) ( 微調節器 ) Arm It is used to raise or lower the body tube to get a (24) focus. We hold this to carry the microscope from place to place. L (25) It holds the slide in position of the stage. M Base It supports the microscope. The image observed under the microscope is upside down and (26) inverted. The total magnification ( 總放大率 ) of the microscope can be calculated by: Total magnification of a microscope = magnification of eyepiece magnification of objective OR Magnification = size of the (27) size of the (28) Go to Practical 2.1 Observation with a light microscope (Book 1A, p. 2-16; Practical Workbook for SBA 1A, p. 2-1) 2.3 The basic structure of a cell (Book 1A, p. 2-19) A What is the structure of animal cells? (Book 1A, p. 2-19) cell membrane ( 細胞膜 ) mitochondrion ( 線粒體 ) cytoplasm ( 細胞質 ) nucleus ( 細胞核 ) rough endoplasmic reticulum ( 粗糙內質網 ) smooth endoplasmic reticulum ( 光滑內質網 ) ribosome ( 核糖體 ) vacuole ( 液泡 ) Structure of an animal cell (Second Edition)
6 Animal cell structure (1) (3) Nucleus (9) (12) (ER) (16) Feature and function Thin and flexible Encloses the cell and separates the cell contents from the outside environment (2) ( 差異透性的 ) to control the movement of substances in and out of the cell A jelly-like fluid consisting of mainly water and (4) Holds (5) ( 細胞器 ) and provides a site for (6) reactions to take place Allows the movement and transport of materials inside the cell Spherical and bounded by the (7) ( 核膜 ) Contains the genetic material (8) Controls activities of the cell Bounded by a (10) membrane Inner membrane folded into finger-like projections Releases energy through (11) A network of interconnected membrane-bounded sacs Continuous with the nuclear membrane Rough ER (with (13) attached) is involved in the synthesis of (14) Smooth ER (no ribosomes attached) is involved in the synthesis of (15) Small or even not present in most animal cells Bounded by a single membrane Contains water and dissolved substances (e.g. food and enzymes) (Second Edition)
7 B What is the structure of plant cells? (Book 1A, p. 2-22) cell membrane chloroplast ( 葉綠體 ) cytoplasm mitochondrion rough ER nucleus smooth ER vacuole cell wall ( 細胞壁 ) Structure of a plant cell Plant cells are generally (17) (larger / smaller) than animal cells and have a more (18) (regular / irregular) shape. The basic structure of plant cells is similar to animal cells. They both have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, a nucleus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Structures in plant cells that are not found in animal cells: Plant cell structure (19) Feature and function Thick and rigid Made up of (20) (21) permeable Protects, supports and gives shape to plant cells Large central (22) Contains cell sap ( 細胞液 ) The vacuole becomes turgid when it is full of water, thus providing support to the plant (23) Present in some plant cells only Bounded by a double membrane Contains (24), a green pigment which absorbs light energy for (25) (Second Edition)
8 Go to Practical 2.2 Practical 2.3 Preparation of temporary mounts of animal cells and tissues (Book 1A, p. 2-24; Practical Workbook for SBA 1A, p. 2-7) Preparation of temporary mounts of plant cells and tissues (Book 1A, p. 2-25; Practical Workbook for SBA 1A, p. 2-10) 2.4 Levels of body organization (Book 1A, p. 2-29) cell e.g. smooth muscle cell Similar cells group together to form a (1) e.g. smooth muscle tissue Different tissues group together to form an organism (2) e.g. stomach Different systems work together to support the life of an Several organs work together to form a (3) e.g. digestive system 2.5 Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (Book 1A, p. 2-30) Cells containing a true nucleus (i.e. a nucleus surrounded by the (1) ) are called (2) ( 真核細胞 ). Organisms consisting of these cells are called (3) ( 真核生物 ). Plant cells and animal cells are examples of eukaryotic cells. Cells which do not have a true nucleus are called (4) ( 原核細胞 ). Organisms consisting of these cells are called (5) ( 原核生物 ) Bacteria are examples of prokaryotic cells. (Second Edition)
9 (6) cell wall cytoplasm Basic structure of a prokaryotic cell (e.g. a bacterium) cell membrane (7) (DNA) Both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are bounded by a cell membrane. Their genetic material is DNA. Differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells: Size Prokaryotic cell Usually smaller Usually larger Eukaryotic cell True nucleus Absent Present Genetic material Cell wall Organelles bounded by a double membrane (e.g. mitochondria, chloroplasts) Endoplasmic reticulum DNA lying free in the (8) May be present or absent Does not contain cellulose Absent Absent DNA enclosed in the (9) Present in (10) cells; absent in (11) cells Contains cellulose Present Present Ribosomes Lying free in the cytoplasm Some attached to (12), some lying free in the cytoplasm (Second Edition)
10 Answers Ch 2 The cell as the basic unit of life reactant 2 medium 3 solvent 4 transport 5 cooling 6 shape 7 support 8 buoyancy 9 nitrogen 10 chlorophyll 11 Calcium 12 bones 13 haemoglobin 14 Biomolecules 15 carbon 16 Carbohydrates 17 Glucose 18 reserve 19 Cellulose 20 Lipids 21 Triglycerides 22 cell membranes 23 Proteins 24 Nucleic acids 25 genetic cell walls 2 cells 3 basic unit 4 pre-existing 5 Light microscope 6 Transmission 7 two 8 Scanning 9 external 10 three 11 lenses 12 Eyepiece 13 body tube 14 Nosepiece 15 Objective 16 Condenser 17 focus 18 Diaphragm 19 light 20 reflects 21 Coarse adjustment knob 22 rough 23 Fine adjustment knob 24 sharp 25 Clip 26 laterally 27 image 28 object Cell membrane 2 Differentially permeable 3 Cytoplasm 4 proteins 5 organelles 6 chemical 7 nuclear membrane 8 DNA 9 Mitochondrion 10 double 11 respiration 12 Endoplasmic reticulum 13 ribosomes 14 proteins 15 lipids 16 Vacuole 17 larger 18 regular 19 Cell wall 20 cellulose 21 Fully 22 vacuole 23 Chloroplast 24 chlorophyll 25 photosynthesis tissue 2 organ 3 system nuclear membrane 2 eukaryotic cells 3 eukaryotes 4 prokaryotic cells 5 prokaryotes 6 ribosome 7 genetic material 8 cytoplasm 9 nucleus 10 plant 11 animal 12 endoplasmic reticulum (Second Edition)
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