Discovering Cell/ The Cell Theory. * Cells are the basic, smallest units of structure and function of living things.

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1 Discovering Cell/ The Cell Theory * Cells are the basic, smallest units of structure and function of living things.

2 Since they are so small, before the invention of the microscope (around 1590), no one even knew cells existed. The magnification capabilities of a microscope made it possible for people to discover and begin to learn about cells. The same way a telescope allows us to see VERY far away, a microscope allows us to see things that are VERY small.

3 Robert Hooke, in 1663, used a homemade microscope to observe cork from the bark of an oak tree. While looking at the cork, he noticed small little rooms that made up the cork. He referred to the small rooms as cells.

4 Anton van Leeuwenhoek, about the same time as Hooke s discovery, observed water from a pond, using his own homemade microscope. He saw one-celled organisms he called animalcules or little animals.

5 German scientist Matthias Schleiden, after examinations of many plants with a microscope, decided that all plants were made of cells. Another German scientist, Theodor Schwann, determined that all animals are also made up of cells. Rudolf Virchow theorized that all cells came from previously existing cells instead of from nonliving material as was thought previously.

6 The observations and theories of these gentlemen were compiled to create, The Cell Theory which states:! - All living things are made of cells. - Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. - All cells come from other living cells.

7 Microscopes Compound Light Microscopes use light and at least two lenses to make small objects look larger the same way a single magnifying glass works.

8 Two properties of all microscopes that use light passing through lenses to make objects bigger (Compound Light Microscopes) are: 1. Magnification - lenses bend light outward so as the light rays enter our eyes, the object appears larger. 2. Resolution - how clear or sharp the image seen through the microscope appears to be. This can be determined by the clarity of the glass used to make the lenses in the case of light microscopes.

9 Microscopes Continued research and experimentation brought about the invention of the Electron Microscope. An E.M. uses a beam of subatomic electrons, shot at a specimen to create a detailed scan, the same way a fishfinder works to give a fisherman a view of the bottom of a lake. Because tiny electrons are used, these 3D images are highly detailed.

10

11 Inside the Cells Just as your heart, lungs, stomach, brain etc. are structures within your body that carry-out specific duties to keep you alive, cells too contain special structures that carry-out processes needed for the cell to stay alive. These are known as organelles.

12 Cell Wall The Cell Wall, located in plant cells but not animal cells, is a rigid layer of non-living cellulose layer. The purpose of this wall is to give protection and support to plant cells (and a few other types of cells) The cell walls act like skeletons for plants. Whereas humans and other organisms have skeletons on which our cells hang. With the cell wall, each plant cell has its own skeleton. This is what gives raw fruits and vegetables their crunch when you eat them. Cooking usually breaks down the cellulose. Although rigid, cell walls to allow materials to pass into and out of the cells.

13 Cell Membranes All cells have Cell Membranes and in plant cells, these are located just inside the cell wall. In other cells, the cell membrane separates the cell from its surrounding environment. The main function of the cell membrane is to control what enters and leaves the cell.

14 Nucleus The Nucleus is the control center of the cell, directing and controlling all the activities that take place within the cell. Just as the cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell, the Nuclear Membrane controls what enters and leaves the nucleus. Located inside the nucleus is the Nucleolus. This is where ribosomes are made.

15 Nucleus, Nuclear Membrane/Envelope, & Nucleolus

16 Chromatin Also located inside the cell, in the nucleus, is the Chromatin. These tiny strands of material, floating around in the nucleus, contain all the instructions for the cell, or its DNA. Whenever a cell reproduces, ALL of this information must be copied exactly so that when the one cells divides, it divides into two new cells that are identical to the first. This copying process is part of what you learned about last year called DNA REPLICATION.

17 Cytoplasm The Cytoplasm is a constantly-moving, mostly clear, thick fluid that fills all the open space inside a cell.

18 Cytoplasm

19 Mitochondria Rod-shaped structures that are responsible for producing most of the energy in a cell are called Mitochondria. The more energy a cell needs, the larger the number of mitochondria it will contain. Most muscles have large numbers of mitochondria as an example.

20 Mitochondria

21 Endoplasmic Reticulum The maze-like structure of pathways is the Endoplasmic Reticulum. The E.R. s job is to carry proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to the other.

22 Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

23 Ribosomes Attached to the outside surface of the E.R. are small grain-like bodies called Ribosomes. While ribosomes are produced by the Nucleolus, the ribosomes themselves are protein-producing little factories. Some ribosomes are free-floating in the cytoplasm while others are attached to the ER. When ribosomes are attached to the E.R., it is sometimes referred to as the ROUGH Endoplasmic Reticulum. (because it looks..well...rough.: ) The attached ribosomes release proteins through the surface of the E.R. where they are then transported to the golgi bodies.

24 Ribosomes

25 Golgi Bodies Inside the E.R. are tiny sack-like structures with tiny tubes called Golgi Bodies.(a.k.a. Golgi Apparatus, Golgi Complex, or just Golgi) The golgi bodies take the proteins made by ribosomes and other materials, package them and distribute them to other parts of the cell including outside the cell in the case of waste material.

26 Golgi Bodies

27 Chloroplasts Floating in the cytoplasm of plant cells (and a few others) are green organelle called Chloroplasts. These organelles get their green color from the chemical Chlorophyl. The purpose of the structures is to capture the sun s energy and use it to produce food for the cell.

28 Chloroplasts

29 Vacuole Large, round, water-filled sacs found floating in the cytoplasm are called Vacuoles. The purpose of vacuoles is to store food, water, waste, and other substances until the cell needs them or needs to get rid of them. Most plant cells have one large vacuole. Animal cells have smaller, individual vacuoles. When a plant has plenty of water, the vacuole swells and the vacuole pushes against the cell wall, making it stand tall. When the plant runs low on water, this pressure no longer pushes on the cell wall. This is what causes a plant to wilt. The pressure exerted on the inside of the cell wall by water is called Turgor Pressure.

30 Vacuole

31 Lysosomes Small, round structures, also found in the cytoplasm, that contain chemicals within their membranes that break down large food particles are the Lysosomes. Lysosomes are also break down or digest old cell parts so the left over compounds can be used again within the cell or removed as waste.

32 Centrioles Found in every animal-like cells Usually found in pairs, but unseen until time for the cell to divide. Made of nine groups of microtubules When the cell is dividing, each centriole moves to opposite sides of the cell to help the it divide. Near the nucleus most time, are at 90 degrees to each other usually

33 Centrioles

34 Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryotes SIMPLE cells Microscopic Usually unicellular organisms No true nucleus or other specialized organelles. Smaller than Eukaryotes Bacteria are prokaryotes

35 Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotes Multicellular, or unicellular Genetic material (DNA) is held in a real nucleus. Larger than Prokaryotes YOU are made of EUkaryotic cells as are all plants and animals Complex cells

36 YOU RE SPECIAL Just like plant cells are very different from animal cells, cells different as well, depending on what they make up even if they are all plant or animal cells. Example: Nerve cells in your spine, although they are animals cells, are very different from muscle cells in shape and design. Skin cells are different from bone cells, even heart muscle cells are different from the muscles in your arms and legs. In order to do their jobs efficiently, cells have to be SPECIALIZED.

37 Cellular Chemical Compounds NEXT SUMMATIVE EXAM INFO BEGINS HERE!

38 Chemical Compounds in Cells Organic Compounds are compounds in living things that contain the element carbon. Four very important organic compounds found in living things are:! I. carbohydrates II. lipids III. proteins and IV. nucleic acids

39 Chemical Compounds in Cells I. Carbohydrates - energy rich organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen,and oxygen!! Examples: Sugars and Starches!! *When plants produce food, they produce sugars. To store the sugars, plants combine sugar molecules together to form carbohydrates.

40 Chemical Compounds in Cells II. Proteins - large, organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,nitrogen, and in some cases, sulfur. * Cells use proteins for many different things, mainly they are used to make parts of the cell membrane and many of the organelles. * Proteins are made up of smaller molecules called amino acids. Different combinations of amino acids can create many different proteins. * Enzymes are a type of protein that speeds up a chemical reactions in living things. Enzymes in your saliva start digestion AS YOU CHEW.

41 Chemical Compounds in Cells III. Lipids - energy storing molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen * Fats, waxes, & oils are lipids * Lipids store even more energy than carbohydrates * Cholesterol is a type of lipid * Cholesterol is an important part of your cells, especially the cell membrane * The liver produces enough Cholesterol for your body s cells to use, but the food we eat also contain cholesterol. Some foods more than others. Too much of it is a bad thing.

42 Chemical Compounds in Cells IV. Nucleic Acids - very large organic molecules made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus *Nucleic Acids contain the instructions cells need to carry out all their functions * Two Kinds of Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA) A. Deoxyribonucleic Acid - genetic material from old cells to new B. Ribonucleic Acid - aids in the making of proteins

43 Water *Water is vital to all life, this is especially true in cells. *Most chemical reactions in cells cannot take place without water *Like us, cells are mostly water *Water helps cells maintain their size and shape *Because it changes temperature slowly, it helps maintain a more constant temperature for cells without rapid changes.

44 Movement of Materials into, out of, and within a Cell

45 The Cell in its Environment The Cell Membrane is what is called Selectively Permeable, which means it allows some molecules to pass through while others it does not. The cell membrane is usually permeable to substances such as oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide. It is usually not permeable to large molecules and salts. Substances that can move into and out of the cell do so through one of three methods: Diffusion, Osmosis, or Active Transport

46 Movement of Materials Into and Out of the Cell * I. Diffusion - the process by which molecules tend to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration - Think of the way scents spread out. - Think of you moving from a crowded spot on the bleachers to a place less packed. Cause of Diffusion - Molecules are always moving, the more of them there are, the more often they bump into each other. The constant bumping into and bouncing off each other causes the molecules to spread out.

47 Movement of Materials Into and Out of the Cell * II. Osmosis - the diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane. * III. Active Transport - the movement of material through a cell membrane that requires energy.

48 Movement of Materials Into and Out of the Cell Active Transport is required when materials need to be moved in directions opposite to the direction of diffusion. Transport Proteins - proteins pick-up molecules and carry them Engulfing - membrane surrounds a particle and brings it in Exocytosis - process of materials being removed from the cell Endocytosis - process of materials being brought into the cell

49 Movement of Materials Into and Out of the Cell Diffusion and Osmosis are considered passive transport because they don t require any energy from the cell. The molecules move themselves automatically because of concentration.

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