PREFACE O-LEVEL TOPICAL SCIENCE (BIOLOGY)
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1 PREFACE O-LEVEL TOPICAL SCIENCE (BIOLOGY) provides a thorough revision for students taking the GCE O-Level Science (Biology) Examination. Past examination questions have been carefully classified into the topics specified in the syllabus. This book contains: Past Examination Questions Questions from past examinations provide the best practice. Students are able to apply what they have learnt. At the same time, they are also provided with an insight into the type and style of questions often asked in an examination. Latest Examination Papers The latest examination papers are included for extra practice, providing the students with an idea of what is expected of them in the actual examination. Answers Answers are provided in a separate booklet for reference and self-study purposes. Questions from past examinations have been carefully classified into the relevant topics. This will enable students to revise and practise systematically. Students are advised to study each topic before attempting an exercise. These exercises will then be effective in reinforcing the students' understanding of all the topics learnt. W. Leong
2 CONTENTS O-LEVEL SCIENCE BIOLOGY SYLLABUS (i) - (x) THEME I: PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY UNIT 1 Cell Structure and Organisation Plant and Animal Cells Specialised Cells, Tissues and Organs UNIT 2 Movement of Substances Diffusion Osmosis UNIT 3.1 Biological Molecules Water and Living Organisms Carbohydrates, Fats and Proteins UNIT 3.2 Enzymes THEME II: MAINTENANCE AND REGULATION OF LIFE PROCESSES UNIT 4 Animal Nutrition Human Alimentary Canal Chemical Digestion Absorption and Assimilation UNIT 5 Plant Nutrition Leaf Structure Photosynthesis UNIT 6 Transport in Flowering Plants Water and Ion Uptake Transpiration and Translocation UNIT 7 Transport in Humans Circulatory System UNIT 8 Respiration Human Gaseous Exchange Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration UNIT 9.1 Co-ordination and Response I Receptors - Eye UNIT 9.2 Co-ordination and Response II Nervous System Neurones (Reflex Action) Effectors Endocrine Glands (1)1-13 (2)1-8 (3.1)1-6 (3.2)1-14 (4)1-10 (5)1-12 (6)1-10 (7)1-15 (8)1-11 (9.1)1-8 (9.2)1-6
3 THEME III: CONTINUITY OF LIFE UNIT 10.1 Reproduction: Plants Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction in Plants UNIT 10.2 Reproduction: Humans Sexual Reproduction in Humans UNIT 10.3 Reproduction: Sexually Transmitted Disease UNIT 11 Molecular Genetics The Structure of DNA The Role of DNA in Protein Synthesis UNIT 12 Inheritance The Passage of Information from Parent to Offspring The Nature of Genes and Alleles, and their Role in Determining the Phenotype Monohybrid Crosses Variation THEME IV: MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT UNIT 13.1 Organisms and their Environment I Energy Flow Food Chains and Food Webs UNIT 13.2 Organisms and their Environment II Carbon Cycle UNIT 13.3 Organisms and their Environment III Effects Of Man on the Ecosystem Environmental Biotechnology (10.1)1-6 (10.2)1-10 (10.3)1-2 (11)1-6 (12)1-13 (13.1)1-11 (13.2)1-6 (13.3)1-8 O LEVEL SCIENCE BIOLOGY OCT/NOV 2009 PAPERS 1 & (2009)1-18 ANSWERS (separate booklet) Units Latest Examination Papers
4 THEME I: UNIT 1 PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY CELL STRUCTURE AND ORGANISATION Plant and Animal Cells Specialised Cells, Tissues and Organs SYLLABUS OBJECTIVES (a) identify organelles of typical plant and animal cells from diagrams, photomicrographs and as seen under the light microscope using prepared slides and fresh material treated with an appropriate temporary staining technique: chloroplasts cell membrane cell wall cytoplasm cell vacuoles (large, sap-filled in plant cells, small, temporary in animal cells) nucleus (b) identify the following organelles from diagrams and electronmicrographs: mitochondria ribosomes (c) state the functions of the organelles identified above (d) compare the structure of typical animal and plant cells (e) state, in simple terms, the relationship between cell function and cell structure for the following: absorption - root hair cells conduction and support - xylem vessels transport of oxygen - red blood cells (f) differentiate cell, tissue, organ and organ system USEFUL NOTES 1.1 DIAGRAMS OF CELLS (a) TYPICAL ANIMAL CELL: CHEEK CELL cell membrane nucleus cytoplasm (1)1
5 (b) ELECTRONMICROGRAPH OF ANIMAL CELL mitochondrion ribosome (c) TYPICAL PLANT CELL: ELODEA LEAF CELL large central vacuole nucleus cytoplasm starch granule cellulose cell wall cell membrane (d) ELECTRONMICROGRAPH OF PLANT CELL mitochondrion chloroplast ribosome 1.2 CELL ORGANELLES (a) Cell Wall : Cell wall is the outer-most layer of a plant cell. It is permeable and allows all substances in a solution to pass through it. It is made of cellulose. (b) Cell membrane : Cell membrane is the outer-most layer of an animal cell and the second layer of a plant cell. It is semi-permeable and allows only some substances in a solution to pass through it. It is made of fats and proteins. (c) Nucleus : The nucleus is enclosed by a nuclear membrane that is semipermeable. It controls the life processes of the cell. Inside it are chromosomes that are made of DNA. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) carry genetic code from the parents to their offspring. (1)2
6 (d) Cytoplasm (e) Vacuole (f) Chloroplasts (g) Mitochondria (h) Ribosomes : Cytoplasm is the living jelly-like material, excluding the nucleus, in a cell. Protoplasm is the term used to include cytoplasm and nucleus. : Vacuole is a transparent body in the cytoplasm. It contains a liquid called cell sap. : Plant cells have green granules in the cytoplasm called chloroplasts. Chloroplasts contain green pigment called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll can absorb energy from sunlight for photosynthesis. : Mitochondria are rod-shaped organelles in the cytoplasm. They are involved in the production and release of energy from food substances such as glucose during cellular respiration. : Ribosomes are organelles that carry out protein synthesis. 1.3 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A TYPICAL ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL Animal cell Absence of cell wall Absence of chloroplast Presence of many small temporary vacuoles Plant cell Presence of cell wall Presence of chloroplasts Presence of large central vacuole 1.4 SPECIALIZED CELLS (a) Root Hair Cells Each root hair is a projection from an epidermal cell of the root. It extends into the soil to absorb water and minerals. Root hairs are suited to absorb water and minerals because (i) each root has a large number of root hairs, to increase the total surface area for absorption; (ii) their surface area in contact with soil solution is large; (iii) they have very thin cell walls to facilitate the speed of absorption; (iv) they have a very large vacuole to absorb as much water as it can. cell membrane cell wall cytoplasm nucleus (1)3
7 (b) Xylem Vessels (i) Xylem vessels are found in the vascular bundles of roots, stems and leaves. (ii) A vessel is formed from a single row of cells positioned end to end. The cross walls are broken down and they form an empty tube. The vessel wall is made of a tough substance called lignin. (iii) The xylem vessels: 1. are long, narrow and tube-like and thus can conduct water and mineral salts from the roots to the stems and leaves; 2. have a thick cell wall containing lignin to provide support to the plant. thick cell wall containing lignin empty space to carry water (c) Red Blood Cells (i) A red blood cell is disc-like and biconcave. (ii) Red blood cells do not have nuclei, therefore they do not live long. (iii) They contain the red pigment called haemoglobin to carry oxygen. (iv) They are suited to carry oxygen because 1. they are disc-like and biconcave, so they can easily squeeze through narrow capillaries in a tissue, 2. they do not have a nuclei, so they can contain the maximum amount of haemoglobin, 3. their shape enables them to have a large surface area to efficiently pick up and release oxygen. Red Blood Cells Front view disc-like, with no nucleus Side view 1.5 CELL, TISSUE, ORGAN AND ORGAN SYSTEM (a) A cell is a unit of life. (b) A tissue is a group of cells which performs a particular function. Cells in a tissue have a common origin and a similar structure. (c) An organ is a group of different tissues working together to perform a particular function. (d) An organ system is made up of several organs working together to perform a particular function. (1)4
8 PAPER 1 Each question below is provided with four answers. Select the correct answer and write A, B, C or D in the brackets provided. 1. The diagram shows a cell from the leaf of a green plant. What are X, Y, and Z? (N2000 P1 Q21) X Y Z A chloroplast cytoplasm cell membrane B chloroplast sap vacuole cell wall C nucleus cytoplasm cell wall D nucleus sap vacuole cell membrane X Y Z ( ) 2. Which feature indicates that a root cell is from a plant and not from an animal? (N2001 P1 Q21) A Cell membrane C Cytoplasm B Cell wall D Nucleus ( ) 3. What is needed for the transport of oxygen by red blood cells? (N2001 P1 Q22) A Cell wall C Nucleus B Haemoglobin D Vacuole ( ) 4. A new cell is being examined. Which feature would enable you to identify it as a plant cell or an animal cell? (N2002 P1 Q21) A The cell contains a single large sap vacuole space. B The cell contains glucose and amino acids. C The cell contains stored fat. D The cell surface membrane is partially permeable. ( ) 5. Which structures are present in animal cells? (N2003 P1 Q21) cell membrane cell wall cytoplasm A B C D key = structure present = structure absent ( ) (1)5
PREFACE. N-LEVEL TOPICAL SCIENCE (BIOLOGY) provides a thorough revision for students taking the GCE N-Level Science (Biology) Examination.
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