Plant mitochondrial dynamics
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1 Plant mitochondrial dynamics
2
3 Peroxisome Chloroplast Nucleus Mitochondria
4 from Alberts et al. 1994
5 Living Arabidopsis leaf 10 µm
6 Logan & Leaver (2000) Journal of Experimental Botany, 51:
7 5 µm
8 S. cerevisiae with GFP-targeted to the mitochondrial matrix Egner, Jakobs, Hell (2002) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: Copyright 2002 by the National Academy of Scieces
9 The mammalian chondriome is often organised into reticula Youle & Karbowski (2005) Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 6: Movie courtesy of Richard Youle
10 Dnm1p and Fzo1p act in opposing fission and fusion pathways to maintain the yeast reticular chondriome Mozdy, McCaffery, Shaw (2000) Journal of Cell Biology 151: The Rockefeller University Press
11 Mitochondrial division apparatus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Okamoto & Shaw (2005) Annual Review of Genetics 39: Annual Reviews
12 Mitochondrial division apparatus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae DRP3A/B DRP3A & B BIGYIN BIGYIN?
13 Chondriome structure in Arabidopsis Arabidopsis abaxial epidermis
14 Methodology for mutant screen Arabidopsis expressing GFP targeted to the mitochondrion EMS mutagenesis of seed Screen M2 generation for mitochondrial mutants using epifluorescence microscopy
15 Meet the mutants Logan et al. (2003) The Plant Journal 36:
16 Logan et al. (2003) The Plant Journal 36:
17 Logan et al. (2003) The Plant Journal 36:
18 The network mitochondria mutant wild type 10 µm
19 NETWORK localises to the outer mitochondrial membrane mito-mcherry (matrix) NMT-GFP (outer membrane)
20 NETWORK localises to the outer mitochondrial membrane
21 Mitochondrial division apparatus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae DRP3A/B DRP3A & B BIGYIN BIGYIN NMT? Okamoto & Shaw (2005) Annual Review of Genetics 39: Annual Reviews
22 Mitochondrial division apparatuses
23 Mitochondrial fusion apparatuses
24 The friendly mitochondria mutant Logan et al. (2003) The Plant Journal 36:
25 The friendly mitochondria mutant wt friendly 10µm 10µm wt 1µm friendly 1µm Logan et al. (2003) The Plant Journal 36:
26 FRIENDLY - a conserved CLU-type protein
27 Mitochondria in wild type and in friendly move on actin friendly wild type
28 Mitochondria in wild type and in friendly move on actin friendly + 2 µm latrunculin B to depolymerise actin
29 Actin dynamics disrupt clusters in friendly Watch a cluster build until it is disrupted at +60s.
30 Clusters do not move on microtubules Mitochondria (green) and microtubules (red) Treated with oryzalin to depolymerise microtubules
31 clueless, the FRIENDLY orthologue in Drosophila has been genetically implicated in mitochondrial quality control Cox RT & Spradling AC (2009) Disease Models and Mechanisms. 2:
32 Clusters do not associate with MT plus ends Mitochondria (green) and EB1b (red)
33 FRIENDLY-GFP associates with mitochondria Mitochondria - cyan; FRIENDLY-GFP - magenta
34 How do clusters form?
35 What about fusion? Mitochondria must meet before they can fuse! Mitochondria meet by moving on actin! Mitochondrial association time is increased in friendly
36 Membrane potential pulsing
37 Membrane potential pulsing is increased in friendly Hypothesised to be due to formation of a fusion pore
38 Exchange of matrix content is increased in friendly
39 But fusion is not panmictic in clusters
40 Fusion Required for mitochondrial homeostasis! Complementation.! Mitochondrial quality control?
41 Whole organism growth defects
42 Increased cell death
43 Increased autophagy
44 A role in innate immunity?
45 Conclusions FRIENDLY is required to regulate the length of time mitochondria interact. The time taken to interact, and/or the ability of mitochondria to freely interact with each other, is important for mitochondrial, cell and plant health. FRIENDLY is implicated in mitochondrial quality control. Fusion - first gene identified as being involved in plant mitochondrial fusion. Clear role of mitochondrial dynamics in the maintenance of mitochondrial, cell and plant health.
46 Acknowledgements Amr M. El-Zawily Department of Biology University of Saskatchewan Canada Markus Schwarzlander Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, GERMANY
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