The Science of Plants in Agriculture Pl.Sci 102. Getting to Know Plants

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1 The Science of Plants in Agriculture Pl.Sci 102 Getting to Know Plants

2 Growth and Development of Plants

3 Growth and Development of Plants Why it s important to have knowledge about plant development. What factors affect plant growth. Cells, cell types and plant tissues. Reproduction and plant propagation. Genotype and phenotype.

4 Growth and Development of Plants Influence of environmental effects Growth hormones, Photosynthesis Water and soil relationships Nutrients

5 Why would you want to know what controls the growth and development of plants? Manipulate plant growth, and predict production. Genetically modify plants to increase productivity or quality. Determine the effects of pests and diseases on plant growth to develop natural resistance. Determine how plants grow to discover ways to kill them (herbicides).

6 What does a plant have to do to survive? Produce energy from the sun, photosynthesis Uptake water and nutrients from the roots. CO 2 and O 2 Ability to reproduce, Sexually or A-sexually Defense against pests and stress factors.

7 What has an impact on a plant s ability to grow? Genotype Environment Light, temperature, water, soil. Pests and diseases Insects, diseases, animals (people).

8 Flowering plants are divided into two major groups or classes Monocots Dicots

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12 Monocot/Grass Leaf Node

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18 Identifying Grass Plants

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20 Growth Stages of Cotton Plant

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22 Cell wall: provides protection and structure. Plasma membrane: controls movement of minerals, metabolites and water into and out of the cell. Mitochondria: site of all biochemical reactions of respiration. Chloroplast: site of photosynthesis, starch biosynthesis and starch accumulation.

23 Golgi apparatus: site of synthesis of polysaccharides such as hemicellulose needed for cell walls. Endoplasmic reticulum: site of protein synthesis. Vacuole: site for storage of proteins. Nucleus : site of the majority of the genetic information (DNA) and is the site of transcription.

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25 Apical Meristem

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29 Meristem Cells Ground tissues Dermal tissues Vascular tissues

30 Plant Cells Ground tissues Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Vascular tissues Phloem Xylem Dermal tissues Epidermis Stometes Hairs/tricomes

31 Ground Tissues Parenchyma cells Make up the majority of the fruit and vegetables we eat. In leaves they function in photosynthesis (mesophyll), while in stems and roots they function in starch, sugar and oil storage. Adjacent to the xylem or phloem sieve they act as transfer cells.

32 Ground Tissues Collenchyma cells Like parenchyma cells, these are live cells. They are elongated with much thicker cell walls. Just underneath the epidermis and provide mechanical support

33 Ground Tissues Sclerenchyma cells These cells also have a supportive role, but these cells are actually dead cells and have very thick cell walls with lignin. They form fibers that protect the phloem in the stem.

34 Epidermis Dermal Tissues Usually only a cell layer Leaf epidermis has a thick outer cell wall covered with wax Root epidermis has no waxy layer

35 Stometes Dermal Tissues Small holes or pores in leaves and stems that regulate gas exchange. Bordered by two kidney shapes cells called guard cells.

36 Dermal Tissues Hairs Occur on all organs. Root hairs are important for water and mineral uptake. On leaves and seeds (tricomes) often act as defense against insect pests.

37 Vascular Tissues Phloem The main phloem cells are called sieve tube elements. They transport sugars and amino acids throughout the plant: from leaves to roots, and to developing fruit and seed; and from senescing to growing. They have lost their nucleus, vacuole and most cytoplasm. Connected by perforated sieve plates.

38 Vascular Tissues Xylem Transports water and minerals from the root to the shoot. Main cells are called vessel elements. Cell walls are thick, often reinforced with inside rings, and encrusted with lignin. Upward flow is caused by evaporation of water from the leaves.

39 Shoot & Root development There are three regions of shoot & root development: Apical meristem; A region of cell elongation, and; A region of cell maturation. As maturation proceeds cell walls are strengthened with lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose to support the plant

40 Root Cross Section Region of cell division - apical meristem. Region of cell elongation. Region of cell maturation.

41 Diploid (2n) somatic cell Two diploid (2n) somatic cells

42 Telophase Anaphase Metaphase Prophase I One pair of homologous chromosomes (homologues) II Homologues condense and cross over I Homologues a line II I Homologues separate II I Homologues separate into 2 cells II

43 Telophase Anaphase Metaphase Prophase I One pair of homologous chromosomes (homologues) II Homologues condense and cross over I Homologues a line II I Homologues separate II I Homologues separate into 2 cells II

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46 This process in plants is called double fertilization It allows for production of a zygote by the combination of a sperm and egg nucleus creating a 2n zygote It also allows for the production of the endosperm by combining a sperm nucleus with 2 polar body nuclei to produce a 3x endosperm

47 Reproduction, Seeds and Propagation

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