Warm-Up Pairs Discuss the diagram What Where Which Why
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1 Warm-Up In Pairs Discuss the diagram What is it? Where does it come from? Which parts can you label? (in pencil) Why do you think you will learn about it? 5 m
2 Eukaryote: Organelles, Structure and Function AIMS Recognise animal cell structures under the electron microscope Outline the function of the different animal cell organelles
3 What is a Eukaryote? Eu = True, Karyote = Nucleus (Seed) Membrane bound organelles Complex organisms Organelles viewable under electron microscope Phylogenetic Tree of Life (Simple)
4 Phylogenetic Tree of Life (Proper)
5 Eukaryote Organelles 1) Nucleus 2) Endoplastic reticulum 3) Golgi apparatus 4) Mitochondria 5) Lysosomes 6) Ribosomes 7) Centrioles 8) Vacuole (large-tonoplast) 9) Cell Wall 10) Chloroplasts 11) Plasmodesma =4DWaAIVlW3k&feature=related As we go through Label the organelles on your diagram
6 Nucleus Nuclear envelope Nuclear pore Structure Largest organelle Dark patches = chromatin DNA & histone protein Surrounded by nuclear envelope - 2 fluid filled membranes Nuclear pores allows large molecules to pass to cytoplasm Nucleolus inside Nucleolus Chromatin Function Contains genetic material. When cells divide, chromatin condenses to visible chromosomes Nucleolus makes RNA and ribosomes
7 ELECTRON MICROGRAPH OF CELL NUCLEUS Courtesy of Electron Microscopy Unit University of Lancaster mitochondrion nuclear envelope nucleoplasm nucleolus chromatin Chromatin, mitochondrion, nucleolus, nuclear pore, nuclear envelope
8 Structure: Flattened network of membrane bound sacs cisternae, continuous with outer nuclear membrane. 2 types RER- Ribosomes SER - no Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Function: Smooth (SER) - Involved in making lipids, steroids Rough (RER) - Transports proteins made on attached ribosomes
9 Endoplasmic reticulum ELECTRON MICROGRAPH OF ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Ribosome Cavity of cisterna
10 Golgi Apparatus Structure: Stack of membrane-bound, flattened sacs (not continuous with nuclear membrane) Dense in some cell types.? Function: Receives proteins from ER Modifies/Packages e.g. adds sugar (Post office) Packages proteins into vesicles to be transported
11 ELECTRON MICROGRAPH OF GOLGI APPARATUS stacked membranes Golgi vesicles Courtesy of Dr. Julian Thorpe EM & FACS Lab, Biological Sciences University Of Sussex
12 Mitochondria Structure: Double membranes separated by fluid filled space Inner membrane folded to form cristae (increasing SA) Central part is the matrix. Function Site of ATP production (aerobic respiration) Dense in some cell types..?
13 ELECTRON MICROGRAPH OF MITOCHONDRION Courtesy of Electron Microscopy Unit University of Lancaster endoplasmic reticulum fluid matrix cristae outer membrane ER, cristae, fluid matrix, ribosome, outer membrane
14 Lysosomes Function: Contain digestive enzymes which break down materials. Mop up debris, foreign bodies, damaged organelles Structure: Spherical sacs surrounded by a single membrane. Low ph inside - hydrolytic enzymes E.g: Specialised lysosome in head of sperm cells helps it penetrate egg.
15 Vacuole Function: Animals: Formed in phagocytosis or contractile for osmoregulation. Plants: Storage sites and sap maintain turgor. Structure: Small vesicles in animal cells, often many. Large and surrounded by a tonoplast in plant cells.
16 The electron micrograph displayed below illustrates many of the plant cell characteristics discussed The cell wall, large central vacuole and chloroplasts are clearly visible Also visible is the clearly defined nucleus containing chromatin The vacuole in this mature plant cell from a leaf is large, and occupies about 80% of the cell volume Nucleus Chromatin Courtesy of Dr. Julian Thorpe EM & FACS Lab, Biological Sciences University Of Sussex
17 Non-Membrane Bound Organelles Ribosomes Centrioles
18 Ribosome Structure Very small organelles in cytoplasm, bound to RER & nuclear envelope. Made of ribosomal RNA (rrna) Consist of 2 subunits. Function: Site of protein synthesis - use mrna to assemble proteins.
19 Centriole Structure Outside nucleus two centrioles at right angles to each other Small protein tubes of microtubules Function: Form fibres in cell division called spindles which separate chromosomes Not present in plants
20 Centrioles organise the mitotic spindle
21 VlW3k&feature=related Journey Through A Cell
22 Have you labelled your cell? (check its correct) Complete the table on your worksheet then: Play: What am I!? ROUND 1 : Structure questions ROUND 2 : Function questions Today - Animal cells! Tomorrow PLANTS!
23 Plasma membrane Microvilli Cytosol Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi body Mitochondrion Lysosome Free ribosomes Centrioles Rough endoplasmic reticulum Microtubules Nucleus ENDSHOW
24 Eukaryote: Organelles, Structure and Function AIMS Recognise animal cell structures under the electron microscope Outline the function of the different animal cell organelles
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27 Eukaryote: Organelles, Structure and Function AIMS Recognise animal & plant cell structures under the electron microscope Outline the functions of eukaryotic cell organelles Starter: Right Order
28 Transmission Electron Micrographs of Typical Plant & Animal Cells Animal Observe the differences Plant Courtesy of Dr. Julian Thorpe EM & FACS Lab, Biological Sciences University Of Sussex
29 ELECTRON MICROGRAPH OF MITOCHONDRION Courtesy of Electron Microscopy Unit University of Lancaster endoplasmic reticulum fluid matrix cristae outer membrane ER, cristae, fluid matrix, ribosome, outer membrane
30 ELECTRON MICROGRAPH OF GOLGI APPARATUS stacked membranes Golgi vesicles Courtesy of Dr. Julian Thorpe EM & FACS Lab, Biological Sciences University Of Sussex
31 Eukaryotic Cell organelles 1) Nucleus 2) Endoplastic reticulum 3) Golgi apparatus 4) Mitochondria 5) Lysosomes 6) Ribosomes 7) Centrioles 8) Vacuole (large-tonoplast) 9) Cell wall 10) Chloroplasts 11) Plasmodesma
32 Structure: Small vesicles in animal cells, often many. Large and surrounded by a tonoplast in plant cells. Vacuole Function: Animals: Formed during phagocytosis, can store food & waste. Plants: Storage sites and sap maintain turgor.
33 Chloroplasts Chloroplasts Structure: 2-membranes separated by fluid filled space Inner membrane continuous with network of thylakoids Stack of thylakoids: granum Chlorophyll molecules present on these membranes. Function: Site of photosynthesis Light energy used to make carbohydrates from CO 2.
34 Plasmodesmata Structure: Microscopic channels which traverse plant cell walls Function: Regulated transport of substances through cells.
35 Cellulose Cell Wall Function: Strength of cellulose cell wall prevents overexpansion. Structure: Made of cellulose (most abundant organic molecule!) Mechanically strong Made of β-glucose molecules joined together to form a chain.
36 Can you label a plant cell? Complete the plant organelles on the eukaryotic table then complete questions on parts of a plant cell. Membrane Wall Vacuole Carbohydrate storage Centrioles Chloroplast Mitochondria Size (µm) Animal Y N SMALL (IF AT ALL) GLYCOGEN Y N Y Plant Y Y LARGE (CENTRAL) STARCH N Y Y 40-80
37 Homework: set - due - Time Draw a diagram of a prokaryotic & eukaryotic cell as observed under the electron microscope, highlighting differences between the two hrs Resources Criteria Microscopy style pencil drawings (not sketchy or shaded) (Grade D) Relative scale of each organelle within cell correct (Grade C) Table showing organelles present/not present in each cell type (Grade B) Mention of function in table (A) Scale bar (Grade A) with correct unit (Grade A*) Note Please attach this sheet to the front of your work as the criteria will be used for marking!
38 Eukaryote: Organelles, Structure and Function AIMS Recognise animal & plant cell structures under the electron microscope Outline the functions of eukaryotic cell organelles Starter: Right Order
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4.1 Cells are the Fundamental Units of Life. Cell Structure. Cells. Fundamental units of life Cell theory. Except possibly viruses.
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Biology Cell Test. Name: Class: Date: ID: A. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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Class Work 31. Describe the function of the Golgi apparatus? 32. How do proteins travel from the E.R. to the Golgi apparatus? 33. After proteins are m
Eukaryotes Class Work 1. What does the word eukaryote mean? 2. What is the one major difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? 3. List the different kingdoms of the eukaryote domain in the order in