Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12
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1 Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 Alexey Shipunov Minot State University September 25, 2017 Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
2 Outline 1 Questions and answers Quiz 2 Cells in cells: mitochondria and chloroplasts Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
3 Outline 1 Questions and answers Quiz 2 Cells in cells: mitochondria and chloroplasts Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
4 Questions and answers Quiz Questions and answers Quiz Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
5 Questions and answers Final question (2 points) Quiz How to avoid photorespiration? Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
6 Questions and answers Final question (2 points) Quiz How to avoid photorespiration? Decrease photosynthesis (non-practical solution) Pump oxygen out (does not really work why?) Pump carbon dioxide in (C 4 pathway) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
7 Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
8 List of cell structures Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus, nuclear pore, chromosomes Chloroplast, thylakoids Mitochondrion, cristae ER (endoplasmatic reticulum/network) Goldgi apparatus (AG) Vacuoles, lysosomes, peroxisomes Ribosomes Cell wall Chloroplasts and mitochondria are both results of symbiogenesis Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
9 Cells in cells: mitochondria and chloroplasts Cells in cells: mitochondria and chloroplasts Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
10 Symbiogenesis Cells in cells: mitochondria and chloroplasts Small, rigid procaryotic cells became larger to escape from predators To keep all parts of larger cell communicable, they developed cytoplasm motility based on actin protein Cytoplasm motility allowed for phagocytosis so they became predators These predator cells captured many bacteria and digested them in lysosomes; they also developed nucleus to (a) guard DNA and (b) prevent the horizontal transfer of genes from alien organisms Some of prey were not digested (probably, by mistake) but were still useful because they provide ATP This condition were naturally selected, and these prey became mitochondria; mitochondria originated from purple bacteria Some mitochondial eukaryotes also captured cyanobacteria (plants 1 ) and became algae with chloroplasts Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
11 Plastids Cells in cells: mitochondria and chloroplasts Green plastids (chloroplasts) in leaf cells of Rhizomnium pseudopunctatum (LM 500) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
12 Plastid structure Cells in cells: mitochondria and chloroplasts Thylakoids, stroma and starch granules (TEM 37, 500) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
13 Scheme of plastid Cells in cells: mitochondria and chloroplasts Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
14 Grana Cells in cells: mitochondria and chloroplasts Grana is plural, granum singular. Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
15 Pigments Cells in cells: mitochondria and chloroplasts Chlorophylls (a and b) are photosynthetic lipids, including magnesium (Mg) Carotenoids facilitate photosynthesis, responsible for autumn colors Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
16 Chlorophylls a and b Cells in cells: mitochondria and chloroplasts Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
17 Mitochondria Cells in cells: mitochondria and chloroplasts Mitochondrion showing foliate cristae and matrix granules. Mitochondria are the main energy source (in form of ATP) of the cell (TEM) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
18 Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
19 Plasma mebmrane Phospholipids, sterols, proteins: pumps, receptors, channels Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
20 Cell wall Root cells of an onion showing the cell wall (TEM 47, 000) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
21 Fibers Cellulose fibers in the plant cell wall (SEM) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
22 Primary and secondary cell walls Primary cell wall consists mostly of cellulose and proteins, they are thin and flexible Secondary cell wall includes hydrophobic lignine and suberine; this inclusion leads to the death of cell. However, dead cells are very useful for plants Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
23 Secondary cell wall: molecules Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
24 Plasmodesmata Plasmodesmata in a corn leaf between a mesophyll cell and a bundle sheath cell (TEM) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
25 Plasmodesmata: shematic view E.R. = endoplasmic reticulum (endoplasmic network) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
26 Final question (2 points) Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
27 Final question (2 points) Name two differences between plant and animal cells. Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
28 Summary Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are cells of different levels of organization Eukaryotic cell is a second-level cell, cell from cells, ecosystems Chloroplasts and mitochondria are both results of symbiogenesis Secondary cell walls cover dead cells Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
29 For Further Reading A. Shipunov. Introduction to Botany [Electronic resource]. Mode of access: Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 12 September 25, / 26
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