Chapter 4: Cells: The Working Units of Life
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1 Name Period Chapter 4: Cells: The Working Units of Life 1. What are the three critical components of the cell theory? 2. What are the two important conceptual implications of the cell theory? 3. Which two domains consist of prokaryotic cells? 4. A major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the location of their DNA. Describe this difference. On the sketch of a prokaryotic cell, label each of these features and give its function or description. cell wall plasma membrane bacterial chromosome nucleoid cytoplasm flagella ribosomes 5. Why are cells so small? Explain the relationship of surface area to volume. 6. Describe how many neurons and intestinal cells each have greatly increased surface area
2 7. In the figure below, label the nuclear envelope and nuclear pores. Describe the nuclear envelope. 8. Found within the nucleus are the chromosomes. They are made of chromatin. What are the two components of chromatin? When do the thin chromatin fibers condense to become distinct chromosomes? 9. What are assembled in the nucleoli? 10. What is the function of ribosomes? What are their two components? 11. Ribosomes in any type of organism are all the same, but we distinguish between two types of ribosomes based on where they are found and the destination of the protein product made. Complete this chart to demonstrate this concept. Type of Ribosome Location Product Free ribosomes Bound ribosomes 12. List the structures of the endomembrane system. 13. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) makes up more than half the total membrane system in many eukaryotic cells. Use this sketch to explain the lumen, transport vesicles, and the difference between smooth and rough ER. 14. List and describe four major functions of the smooth ER
3 15. Why do think alcohol abuse increases tolerance to other drugs such as barbiturates? 16. The transport vesicles formed from the rough ER fuse with the Golgi apparatus. Use this sketch to label the cis and trans faces. Describe what happens to a transport vesicle and its contents when it arrives at the Golgi. 17. What is a lysosome? What do they contain? What is their ph? 18. One function of lysosomes is intracellular digestion of particles engulfed by phagocytosis. What human cells carry out phagocytosis? 19. A second function of lysosomes is to recycle cellular components in a process called autophagy. Describe this process. 20. What happens in Tay-Sachs disease? Explain the role of the lysosomes in Tay-Sachs. 21. There are many types of vacuoles. Briefly describe: food vacuoles contractile vacuoles central vacuoles in plants - 3 -
4 22. What is the function of the mitochondria? 23. What is the function of the chloroplasts? 24. Recall the relationship of structure to function. Why is the inner membrane of the mitochondria highly folded? What role do all the individual thylakoid membranes serve? (Same answer for both questions.) 25. Chloroplasts and mitochondria both have ribosomes and their own DNA. They are semiautonomous organelles that grow and reproduce within the cell. This is evidence of which theory of the development of eukaryotic cells? 26. Explain the important role played by peroxisomes. 27. What is the cytoskeleton? 28. What are the three roles of the cytoskeleton? 29. There are three main types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton: Microtubules are hollow rods made of a globular protein called tubulin. These are easily assembled and disassembled. What are four functions of microtubules? Microfilaments are solid, and they are built from a double chain of actin. What are four functions of microfilaments? Intermediate filaments are bigger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules. They are more permanent fixtures of cells. Give two functions of intermediate filaments
5 30. What is the composition of the cell wall? What are the functions of the cell wall? Chapter 4: Cells: The Working Units of Life 31. Animal cells do not have cell walls, but they do have an extracellular matrix (ECM). On this figure, label the elements indicated, and give the role of each. Why are INTEGRINS of particular importance? 32. What are the intercellular junctions between plant cells? What can pass through them? 33. Animals cells do not have plasmodesmata. This figure shows the three types of intercellular junctions seen in animal cells. Label each type and - 5 -
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