Biological Roles of Cytokinins
|
|
- Doris Cross
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Direct Control of Shoot Meristem Activity by a Cytokinin-Activating Enzyme By Kurakawa et. Al. Published in Nature Presented by Boyana Grigorova Biological Roles of Cytokinins Cytokinins are positive regulators of cell division in the shoot apical meristem. Reduction of the endogenous cytokinin levels results in strong retardation of shoot development due to a reduction in the rate of cell proliferation in the shoot apical. Cytokinins regulate specific components of the cell cycle and induce passage of the cells through the restriction point of the cell cycle in G1. Cytokinins delay leaf senescence Cytokinins promote chloroplast development Cytokinins promote cell expansion in leaves and cotyledons Cytokinins reduce rooting of stem cuttings and the root growth rate. CBMG 688R Trans-Zeatin is the Active Form of Cytokinin Model of Cytokinin Signaling Trans-zeatin Zeatin Isomerase Cis-zeatin Zeatin Riboside? Wuschel Some Facts 1. What is known The growth of plants depends on continuous function of the Cytokinin is required for meristem identity. 2. What is new: The paper reports a novel regulation of meristem activity which is executed by the meristem-specific activation of cytokinins. The LONELY GUY (LOG) gene of rice encodes a novel cytokinin-activating enzyme that works in the final step of bioactive cytokinin synthesis. lemma glume stamens Structures of the Rice Plant lodicule panicle
2 Identification and Characteristics of LOG gene mutants Wild type rice flower Fig1a): Panicles of wild type (left), log-1 (centre) and log-5 (right). The gene was discovered in a screen for defects in maintenance of shoot meristems. ppb spb st pi eg lodicule Wild type rice flower exhibits normal flower organs and all organs are present Log mutants exhibit abnormal or lacking flower organs Inner flower organs of LOG mutants are more severely affected than outer organs st Fig. 1c): log-1 flower with a weak phenotype, which has only one stamen and no pistil. eg Fig. 1d): log-1 flower with a strong phenotype, which has only a pair of empty glumes. Fig. 1e): Reduction of the floral organ number in log mutants Log mutants exhibit floral meristem retardation log mutants show decreased expression H4 and OSH1 Fig1h): In situ hybridization of H4 in wild type plant Fig1j): In situ hybridization of OSH1 in wild type plant Fig. 1f) and 1g): Scanning electron micrograph of an immature flower of wild type (f) and log-1 (g) at the carpel initiation site. Three stamen primordia are seen in the wild type flower. Fig1i): In situ hybridization of H4 in log mutant Fi1k): In situ hybridization of OSH1 in log mutants.
3 Conclusion Positional Cloning of LOG The results outlined in the previous slides strongly support the idea that meristem activity is not properly maintained in log mutants. Fig2 a): Fine mapping of LOG locus. The region of the LOG locus was narrowed within a 35kb region on chromosome 1, which contained 4 predicted genes. 2b) Exon/ intron structure of mutant alleles of the LOG gene containing 7 exons( balck box) and 6 introns. Wild Type LOG gene rescues the Mutant log-1 Fig2c): Complementation test. The mutant phenotype of log-2. Fig2d): Complementation test. Defects in log-2 were rescued by the introduction of LOG cdna driven by the LOG gene promoter. Conclusion On the basis of the results form the positional cloning of the LOG gene and the complementation test, it can be concluded that the Lonely Guy Genes has been indeed cloned to chromosome 1 of the rice genome. LOG mrna Expression Pattern SAM Fig3a): LOG expression in the SAM of wild type meristems. Fig3c): LOG expression in the axillary Expression of LOG mrna Fig3e): A closer view of the expression of LOG in a primary panicle branch P1 Fig3b): LOG expression in the SAM of wild type meristems. P1 indicates a young leaf in the P1 stage. Fig3d): LOG expression in the developing panicle at the primary branch initiation stage. Fig3f): A closer view of the LOG expression in the floral
4 Comparison of Expression Pattern of LOG, OSH1 and OsCLV3 Conclusion LOG expression defines a new region in the meristem and this region may play a novel part in the maintenance of meristem activity. Supplementary Figure 4. Comparison of mrna distributions of LOG, OsCLV3 andosh1. a, d, Expression pattern of LOG observed by in situ hybridization (a), and its drawing shown in yellow (d). b, e, Expression pattern of OsCLV3 (b), and its drawing shown in red (e). c, f, Expression pattern of OSH1 (c), and its drawing shown in gray (f). OsCLV3 is expressed in a small number of cells at the tip of the floral meristem,resembling stem cell-specific CLV3 expression in Arabidopsis1, and OSH1 expression is observed in the whole region of the LOG expression is restricted to a subset of cells in the meristem, and includes the entire region of presumptive stem cells marked bythe OsCLV3 expression. LOG is Involved in Cytokinin Metabolism LOG has Phosphoribohydrolase Activity IPT P450 Fig4a): Schematic representation of cytokinin biosynthesis and activating pathway. DMAPP, dimethylallyl diphosphate; ipr, IP riboside; tzr, tz ribozide; 1, IPT; 2, CYP735A; 3, nucleotodase; 4, nucleotidase. Black arrows indicate reactions whose genes for the enzyme are identified, whereas grey arrows indicate that the genes are not identified. Fig4b): Detection and identification of reaction products. Standards of iprmp and ip, reaction products of iprmp without LOG (-LOG) and with LOG (+LOG) were separated by HPLC. Standards of ip and Ribose 5 - monophosphate and the reaction products in +LOG (product) are analyzed by liquid chromatography/ mass spectrometry monitoring at massto-charge ratio (m/z) 204 for ip, and at 229 for Rib-5 -P (in the right panels). LOG reacts with Nucleoside 5 - Monophosphates LOG Functions in the Cytosol Fig4c): Substrate specificity of LOG for various nucleotides. DZRMP, dihydrozeatin riboside 5 - monophosphate; czrmp, cis-zeatin riboside 5 - monophosphate. The Km values for iprmp and tzrmp are shown above the bars. Fig4d): Analysis of subcellular localization of LOG protein. Chimeric constructs containing CaMV35S::LOG-GFP (LOG-GFP), CaMV35S::GFP-LOG (GFP-LOG) or CaMV35S::GFP (GFP) were transiently expressed in onion epidermal cells.
5 Active Cytokinin Levels Are Lower in Shoot Meristems of log Mutants There is a Correlation Between Severity of log Phenotype and Activity of LOG Protein Fig4e): Cytokinin responsiveness of OsRR1 and OsRR5 in the shoot meristem was analyzed by PCR with RT-PCR. RNA was isolated from shoot apices collected from plants that were treated with 10µM BAP for 60 minutes. Fig4f): In situ hybridization analysis of OsRR1 and OsRR5 expression of floral meristem of WT and log-6. Fig4g): Enzymatic Activity of LOG mutant proteins. Recombinant enzyme activity was assayed with iprmp, and the activities are relative to LOG as 100. Conclusions Questions To Ponder Cytokinin activity is finely regulated by the LOG protein. Its regulation controls shoot meristem activity in a positive way. It functions as a short signal rather than a transported signal in the cytosol of the shoot meristem cells. LOG protein confers the conversion of the inactive to active forms of cytokinin through a one-step process. How is LOG gene function incorporated into the bigger scheme of cytokinin regulation throughout the plant? Since cytokinin is mainly transported from the roots to the other organs, is it still possible that LOG protein might also be transported throughout the plant? What is the regulatory system that controls the spatial distribution of LOG gene? How do we rule out every possibility that a two-step reaction does not occur in the cytokinin activation?
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doi:10.1038/nature12791 Supplementary Figure 1 (1/3) WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURE 1 RESEARCH SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary Figure 1 (2/3) 2 WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURE SUPPLEMENTARY
More informationFunctional Analyses of LONELY GUY Cytokinin-Activating Enzymes Reveal the Importance of the Direct Activation Pathway in Arabidopsis W OA
The Plant Cell, Vol. 21: 3152 3169, October 2009, www.plantcell.org ã 2009 American Society of Plant Biologists Functional Analyses of LONELY GUY Cytokinin-Activating Enzymes Reveal the Importance of the
More informationSupplemental Data. Wang et al. (2014). Plant Cell /tpc
Supplemental Figure1: Mock and NPA-treated tomato plants. (A) NPA treated tomato (cv. Moneymaker) developed a pin-like inflorescence (arrowhead). (B) Comparison of first and second leaves from mock and
More informationLeucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs), HAESA, ERECTA-family
Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs), HAESA, ERECTA-family GENES & DEVELOPMENT (2000) 14: 108 117 INTRODUCTION Flower Diagram INTRODUCTION Abscission In plant, the process by which a plant
More informationPhotoreceptor Regulation of Constans Protein in Photoperiodic Flowering
Photoreceptor Regulation of Constans Protein in Photoperiodic Flowering by Valverde et. Al Published in Science 2004 Presented by Boyana Grigorova CBMG 688R Feb. 12, 2007 Circadian Rhythms: The Clock Within
More informationCytokinin. Fig Cytokinin needed for growth of shoot apical meristem. F Cytokinin stimulates chloroplast development in the dark
Cytokinin Abundant in young, dividing cells Shoot apical meristem Root apical meristem Synthesized in root tip, developing embryos, young leaves, fruits Transported passively via xylem into shoots from
More informationNature Genetics: doi: /ng Supplementary Figure 1. ssp mutant phenotypes in a functional SP background.
Supplementary Figure 1 ssp mutant phenotypes in a functional SP background. (a,b) Statistical comparisons of primary and sympodial shoot flowering times as determined by mean values for leaf number on
More informationNature Genetics: doi: /ng Supplementary Figure 1. The phenotypes of PI , BR121, and Harosoy under short-day conditions.
Supplementary Figure 1 The phenotypes of PI 159925, BR121, and Harosoy under short-day conditions. (a) Plant height. (b) Number of branches. (c) Average internode length. (d) Number of nodes. (e) Pods
More informationCurriculum vitae Xigang Liu
Curriculum vitae Xigang Liu 1, EDUCATION: 09/1993-07/1997 B.S. Major: Biology. College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University Academic Degree Paper: RAPD analysis of Taigu genic male-sterile wheat and
More informationCONTROL OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT BI-2232 RIZKITA R E
CONTROL OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT BI-2232 RIZKITA R E The development of a plant the series of progressive changes that take place throughout its life is regulated in complex ways. Factors take part
More informationPlant Growth and Development
Plant Growth and Development Concept 26.1 Plants Develop in Response to the Environment Factors involved in regulating plant growth and development: 1. Environmental cues (e.g., day length) 2. Receptors
More informationActions of auxin. Hormones: communicating with chemicals History: Discovery of a growth substance (hormone- auxin)
Hormones: communicating with chemicals History- discovery of plant hormone. Auxin Concepts of hormones Auxin levels are regulated by synthesis/degradation, transport, compartmentation, conjugation. Polar
More informationFigure 1. Identification of UGT74E2 as an IBA glycosyltransferase. (A) Relative conversion rates of different plant hormones to their glucosylated
Figure 1. Identification of UGT74E2 as an IBA glycosyltransferase. (A) Relative conversion rates of different plant hormones to their glucosylated form by recombinant UGT74E2. The naturally occurring auxin
More information23-. Shoot and root development depend on ratio of IAA/CK
Balance of Hormones regulate growth and development Environmental factors regulate hormone levels light- e.g. phototropism gravity- e.g. gravitropism temperature Mode of action of each hormone 1. Signal
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
reverse 3175 3175 F L C 318 318 3185 3185 319 319 3195 3195 315 8 1 315 3155 315 317 Supplementary Figure 3. Stability of expression of the GFP sensor constructs return to warm conditions. Semi-quantitative
More informationMaria V. Yamburenko, Yan O. Zubo, Radomíra Vanková, Victor V. Kusnetsov, Olga N. Kulaeva, Thomas Börner
ABA represses the transcription of chloroplast genes Maria V. Yamburenko, Yan O. Zubo, Radomíra Vanková, Victor V. Kusnetsov, Olga N. Kulaeva, Thomas Börner Supplementary data Supplementary tables Table
More informationQuestions for Biology IIB (SS 2006) Wilhelm Gruissem
Questions for Biology IIB (SS 2006) Plant biology Wilhelm Gruissem The questions for my part of Biology IIB, Plant Biology, are provided for self-study and as material for the exam. Please note that the
More informationSimon Scofield, Walter Dewitte, and James AH Murray* School of Biosciences; Cardiff University; Cardiff, UK
Short Communication Plant Signaling & Behavior 9, e28934; April; 2014 Landes Bioscience Short Communication STM sustains stem cell function in the Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem and controls KNOX gene
More informationSupplementary Figure S1. Amino acid alignment of selected monocot FT-like and TFL-like sequences. Sequences were aligned using ClustalW and analyzed
Supplementary Figure S1. Amino acid alignment of selected monocot FT-like and TFL-like sequences. Sequences were aligned using ClustalW and analyzed using the Geneious software. Accession numbers of the
More informationOutline. Leaf Development. Leaf Structure - Morphology. Leaf Structure - Morphology
Outline 1. Leaf Structure: Morphology & Anatomy 2. Leaf Development A. Anatomy B. Sector analysis C. Leaf Development Leaf Structure - Morphology Leaf Structure - Morphology 1 Leaf Structure - Morphology
More informationSupplementary Materials for
www.sciencesignaling.org/cgi/content/full/6/301/ra98/dc1 Supplementary Materials for Regulation of Epithelial Morphogenesis by the G Protein Coupled Receptor Mist and Its Ligand Fog Alyssa J. Manning,
More informationMajor Plant Hormones 1.Auxins 2.Cytokinins 3.Gibberelins 4.Ethylene 5.Abscisic acid
Plant Hormones Lecture 9: Control Systems in Plants What is a Plant Hormone? Compound produced by one part of an organism that is translocated to other parts where it triggers a response in target cells
More informationReproduction, Seeds and Propagation
Reproduction, Seeds and Propagation Diploid (2n) somatic cell Two diploid (2n) somatic cells Telophase Anaphase Metaphase Prophase I One pair of homologous chromosomes (homologues) II Homologues condense
More informationSupplementary Methods
Supplementary Methods Microarray analysis Grains of 7 DAP of the wild-type and gif1 were harvested for RNA preparation. Microarray analysis was performed with the Affymetrix (Santa Clara, CA) GeneChip
More informationNature Genetics: doi: /ng Supplementary Figure 1. The FIN and FAB genes act separately from the meristem maturation pathway.
Supplementary Figure 1 The FIN and FAB genes act separately from the meristem maturation pathway. (a) Representative inflorescence from the compound inflorescence (s, defective in the homolog of Arabidopsis
More informationPrinciples of Genetics
Principles of Genetics Snustad, D ISBN-13: 9780470903599 Table of Contents C H A P T E R 1 The Science of Genetics 1 An Invitation 2 Three Great Milestones in Genetics 2 DNA as the Genetic Material 6 Genetics
More informationA MicroRNA as a Translational Repressor of APETALA2 in Arabidopsis Flower Development
A MicroRNA as a Translational Repressor of APETALA2 in Arabidopsis Flower Development Xuemei Chen Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. E-mail: xuemei@waksman.rutgers.edu Plant
More informationcan affect division, elongation, & differentiation of cells to another region of plant where they have an effect
Note that the following is a rudimentary outline of the class lecture; it does not contain everything discussed in class. Plant Hormones Plant Hormones compounds regulators growth or can affect division,
More informationThe mode of development in animals and plants is different
The mode of development in animals and plants is different Outcome of animal embryogenesis is a mini edition of the adult Outcome of plant embryogenesis is a simple structure with -root apical meristem
More informationSupplemental Data. Perea-Resa et al. Plant Cell. (2012) /tpc
Supplemental Data. Perea-Resa et al. Plant Cell. (22)..5/tpc.2.3697 Sm Sm2 Supplemental Figure. Sequence alignment of Arabidopsis LSM proteins. Alignment of the eleven Arabidopsis LSM proteins. Sm and
More informationCharacterizations of the uro Mutant Suggest that the URO Gene Is Involved in the Auxin Action in Arabidopsis
Acta Botanica Sinica 2004, 46 (7): 846 853 http://www.chineseplantscience.com Characterizations of the uro Mutant Suggest that the URO Gene Is Involved in the Auxin Action in Arabidopsis GUO Ying-Li 1,
More information** * * * Col-0 cau1 CAU1. Actin2 CAS. Actin2. Supplemental Figure 1. CAU1 affects calcium accumulation.
Ca 2+ ug g -1 DW Ca 2+ ug g -1 DW Ca 2+ ug g -1 DW Supplemental Data. Fu et al. Plant Cell. (213). 1.115/tpc.113.113886 A 5 4 3 * Col- cau1 B 4 3 2 Col- cau1 ** * * ** C 2 1 25 2 15 1 5 Shoots Roots *
More informationSupplemental Data. Perrella et al. (2013). Plant Cell /tpc
Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity 150 50 150 0 10 20 50 C 150 0 10 20 50 D 0 10 20 Distance (μm) 50 20 40 E 50 F 0 10 20 50 0 15 30 Distance (μm) Supplemental Figure 1: Co-localization
More informationCONTROL SYSTEMS IN PLANTS
AP BIOLOGY PLANTS FORM & FUNCTION ACTIVITY #5 NAME DATE HOUR CONTROL SYSTEMS IN PLANTS HORMONES MECHANISM FOR HORMONE ACTION Plant Form and Function Activity #5 page 1 CONTROL OF CELL ELONGATION Plant
More informationDNA or RNA metabolism (1%) Signal transduction (2%) Development (2%) Other cellular processes (17%)
Fig. 35-24 Other metabolism (18%) DNA or RNA metabolism (1%) Signal transduction (2%) Development (2%) Unknown (24%) Energy pathways (3%) Cell division and organization (3%) Transport (4%) Transcription
More informationCHAPTER 13 PROKARYOTE GENES: E. COLI LAC OPERON
PROKARYOTE GENES: E. COLI LAC OPERON CHAPTER 13 CHAPTER 13 PROKARYOTE GENES: E. COLI LAC OPERON Figure 1. Electron micrograph of growing E. coli. Some show the constriction at the location where daughter
More informationSupplemental Data. Chen and Thelen (2010). Plant Cell /tpc
Supplemental Data. Chen and Thelen (2010). Plant Cell 10.1105/tpc.109.071837 1 C Total 5 kg 20 kg 100 kg Transmission Image 100 kg soluble pdtpi-gfp Plastid (PDH-alpha) Mito (PDH-alpha) GFP Image vector
More informationSupplementary Figure 1. Phenotype of the HI strain.
Supplementary Figure 1. Phenotype of the HI strain. (A) Phenotype of the HI and wild type plant after flowering (~1month). Wild type plant is tall with well elongated inflorescence. All four HI plants
More informationRegulation of Phosphate Homeostasis by microrna in Plants
Regulation of Phosphate Homeostasis by microrna in Plants Tzyy-Jen Chiou 1 *, Kyaw Aung 1,2, Shu-I Lin 1,3, Chia-Chune Wu 1, Su-Fen Chiang 1, and Chun-Lin Su 1 Abstract Upon phosphate (Pi) starvation,
More informationThree TOB1-related YABBY genes are required to maintain proper function of the spikelet and branch meristems in rice
Research Three TOB1-related YABBY genes are required to maintain proper function of the spikelet and branch meristems in rice Wakana Tanaka, Taiyo Toriba and Hiro-Yuki Hirano Department of Biological Sciences,
More informationSupplementary Materials for
advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2/1/e1500989/dc1 Supplementary Materials for An epidermis-driven mechanism positions and scales stem cell niches in plants Jérémy Gruel, Benoit Landrein, Paul Tarr,
More informationThe Plant Cell, November. 2017, American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved
The Genetics of Floral Development Teaching Guide Overview The development of flowers in angiosperm plants provided a critical evolutionary advantage, allowing more options for pollen dispersal and seed
More information. Supplementary Information
. Supplementary Information Supplementary Figure S1. Mature embryo sac observations. Supplementary Figure S2. STT observations. Supplementary Figure S3. Comparison of the PTB1 cdna with that of the mutant.
More informationIntroduction to Molecular and Cell Biology
Introduction to Molecular and Cell Biology Molecular biology seeks to understand the physical and chemical basis of life. and helps us answer the following? What is the molecular basis of disease? What
More informationTHE ROLE OF THE PHYTOCHROME B PHOTORECEPTOR IN THE REGULATION OF PHOTOPERIODIC FLOWERING. AnitaHajdu. Thesis of the Ph.D.
THE ROLE OF THE PHYTOCHROME B PHOTORECEPTOR IN THE REGULATION OF PHOTOPERIODIC FLOWERING AnitaHajdu Thesis of the Ph.D. dissertation Supervisor: Dr. LászlóKozma-Bognár - senior research associate Doctoral
More informationGenome-wide Identification of Lineage Specific Genes in Arabidopsis, Oryza and Populus
Genome-wide Identification of Lineage Specific Genes in Arabidopsis, Oryza and Populus Xiaohan Yang Sara Jawdy Timothy Tschaplinski Gerald Tuskan Environmental Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory
More informationGENETIC ANALYSES OF ROOT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT IN THE TOMATO CROP MODEL
GENETIC ANALYSES OF ROOT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT IN THE TOMATO CROP MODEL Kelsey Hoth 1 Dr. Maria Ivanchenko 2 Bioresourse Research 1, Department of Botany and Plant Physiology 2, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
More information2012 Univ Aguilera Lecture. Introduction to Molecular and Cell Biology
2012 Univ. 1301 Aguilera Lecture Introduction to Molecular and Cell Biology Molecular biology seeks to understand the physical and chemical basis of life. and helps us answer the following? What is the
More informationMutation of the cytosolic ribosomal protein-encoding RPS10B gene affects shoot meristematic function in Arabidopsis
Stirnberg et al. BMC Plant Biology 2012, 12:160 RESEARCH ARTICLE Mutation of the cytosolic ribosomal protein-encoding RPS10B gene affects shoot meristematic function in Arabidopsis Petra Stirnberg 1, Jin-Ping
More informationm1 m2 m3 m4 m5 m6 m7 m8 wt m m m m m m m m8 - + wt +
otherwise, you couldn't grow them!) You perform pairwise infections with each of your mutant bacteriophage strains and get the following results: (+) = pair of phages lysed host cells, (-) = pair of phages
More informationPLANTS FORM AND FUNCTION PLANT MORPHOLOGY PART I: BASIC MORPHOLOGY. Plant Form & Function Activity #1 page 1
AP BIOLOGY PLANTS FORM AND FUNCTION ACTIVITY #1 NAME DATE HOUR PLANT MORPHOLOGY PART I: BASIC MORPHOLOGY Plant Form & Function Activity #1 page 1 PART II: ROOTS 1. Examine the examples of the two root
More informationGCD3033:Cell Biology. Transcription
Transcription Transcription: DNA to RNA A) production of complementary strand of DNA B) RNA types C) transcription start/stop signals D) Initiation of eukaryotic gene expression E) transcription factors
More informationAnalysis of Transgenic Tobacco with Overexpression of Arabidopsis WUSCHEL Gene
Acta Botanica Sinica 2004, 46 (2): 224 229 http://www.chineseplantscience.com Analysis of Transgenic Tobacco with Overexpression of Arabidopsis WUSCHEL Gene LI Jun-Hua 1, 2, XU Yun-Yuan 1, CHONG Kang 1*,
More informationSupplementary Figure 1 Characterization of wild type (WT) and abci8 mutant in the paddy field.
Supplementary Figure 1 Characterization of wild type (WT) and abci8 mutant in the paddy field. A, Phenotypes of 30-day old wild-type (WT) and abci8 mutant plants grown in a paddy field under normal sunny
More informationRNAi Suppression of AGAMOUS-like Genes Causes Field Sterility in Populus
RNAi Suppression of AGAMOUS-like Genes Causes Field Sterility in Populus Haiwei Lu and Steven H. Strauss Oregon State University Forest Tree Workshop PAG XXVI, San Diego, CA, 2018 The containment issue
More informationTime allowed: 2 hours Answer ALL questions in Section A, ALL PARTS of the question in Section B and ONE question from Section C.
UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA School of Biological Sciences Main Series UG Examination 2017-2018 GENETICS BIO-5009A Time allowed: 2 hours Answer ALL questions in Section A, ALL PARTS of the question in Section
More informationA dual sgrna approach for functional genomics in Arabidopsis thaliana
A dual sgrna approach for functional genomics in Arabidopsis thaliana CRISPR AgBio Europe 2017 Laurens Pauwels #CRISPRAgBio @laurenspauwels Outline - Workflow for CRISPR/Cas9 in Arabidopsis thaliana -
More informationLast time: Obtaining information from a cloned gene
Last time: Obtaining information from a cloned gene Objectives: 1. What is the biochemical role of the gene? 2. Where and when is the gene expressed (transcribed)? 3. Where and when is the protein made?
More informationChapter 15 Active Reading Guide Regulation of Gene Expression
Name: AP Biology Mr. Croft Chapter 15 Active Reading Guide Regulation of Gene Expression The overview for Chapter 15 introduces the idea that while all cells of an organism have all genes in the genome,
More informationWhat is Growth? Increment in biomass Increase in volume Increase in length or area Cell division, expansion and differentiation. Fig. 35.
What is Growth? Increment in biomass Increase in volume Increase in length or area Cell division, expansion and differentiation Fig. 35.18 Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin
More informationNewly made RNA is called primary transcript and is modified in three ways before leaving the nucleus:
m Eukaryotic mrna processing Newly made RNA is called primary transcript and is modified in three ways before leaving the nucleus: Cap structure a modified guanine base is added to the 5 end. Poly-A tail
More information10/4/2017. Chapter 39
Chapter 39 1 Reception 1 Reception 2 Transduction CYTOPLASM CYTOPLASM Cell wall Plasma membrane Phytochrome activated by light Cell wall Plasma membrane Phytochrome activated by light cgmp Second messenger
More informationPotential Sites of Bioactive Gibberellin Production during Reproductive Growth in Arabidopsis W
This article is a Plant Cell Advance Online Publication. The date of its first appearance online is the official date of publication. The article has been edited and the authors have corrected proofs,
More informationPlant Structure, Growth, and Development
Plant Structure, Growth, and Development Plant hierarchy: Cells Tissue: group of similar cells with similar function: Dermal, Ground, Vascular Organs: multiple kinds of tissue, very diverse function Organ
More informationTomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) SlIPT3 and SlIPT4 isopentenyltransferases mediate salt stress response in tomato
Žižková et al. BMC Plant Biology (2015) 15:85 DOI 10.1186/s12870-015-0415-7 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) SlIPT3 and SlIPT4 isopentenyltransferases mediate salt stress response
More informationCBSE Quick Revision Notes (Class-11 Biology) CHAPTER-15 PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
CBSE Quick Revision Notes (Class-11 Biology) CHAPTER-15 PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Root, stem leaves, flower, fruits and seeds arise in orderly manner in plants. The sequence of growth is as follows-
More informationEPFL signals in the boundary region of the SAM restrict its size and promote leaf initiation.
Plant Physiology Preview. Published on November 8, 2018, as DOI:10.1104/pp.18.00714 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 EPFL signals in the boundary region
More informationGFP GAL bp 3964 bp
Supplemental Data. Møller et al. (2009) Shoot Na + exclusion and increased salinity tolerance engineered by cell type-specific alteration of Na + transport in Arabidopsis Supplemental Figure 1. Salt-sensitive
More informationSomaclonal Variation
Tissue-culture cycle involves: dedifferentiation in culture proliferation of cells (implies sev. cell generations removed from original differentiated cell) subsequent regeneration to plants no selection
More informationSLOW MOTION Is Required for Within-Plant Auxin Homeostasis and Normal Timing of Lateral Organ Initiation at the Shoot Meristem in Arabidopsis C W
The Plant Cell, Vol. 22: 335 348, February 2010, www.plantcell.org ã 2010 American Society of Plant Biologists SLOW MOTION Is Required for Within-Plant Auxin Homeostasis and Normal Timing of Lateral Organ
More informationSupp- Figure 2 Confocal micrograph of N. benthamiana tissues transiently expressing 35S:YFP-PDCB1. PDCB1 was targeted to plasmodesmata (twin punctate
Supplemental Data. Simpson et al. (009). n rabidopsis GPI-anchor plasmodesmal neck protein with callosebinding activity and potential to regulate cell-to-cell trafficking. 5 0 stack Supp- Figure Confocal
More informationCAPE Biology Unit 1 Scheme of Work
CAPE Biology Unit 1 Scheme of Work 2011-2012 Term 1 DATE SYLLABUS OBJECTIVES TEXT PAGES ASSIGNMENTS COMMENTS Orientation Introduction to CAPE Biology syllabus content and structure of the exam Week 05-09
More informationSupplemental Figure 1: Increased Fe deficiency gene expression in roots of nas4x-2
Supplemental Figure 1: Increased Fe deficiency gene expression in roots of nas4x-2 IRT1, FRO2 and FIT expression levels in roots of the wild-type, nas4x- 1 and nas4x-2, showing that in both nas mutants
More informationUseful Propagation Terms. Propagation The application of specific biological principles and concepts in the multiplication of plants.
Useful Propagation Terms Propagation The application of specific biological principles and concepts in the multiplication of plants. Adventitious Typically describes new organs such as roots that develop
More informationSupporting Online Material for
www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1121356/dc1 Supporting Online Material for Polar PIN Localization Directs Auxin Flow in Plants Justyna Wiśniewska, Jian Xu, Daniela Seifertová, Philip B. Brewer, Kamil
More informationThe Role of Inorganic Carbon Transport and Accumulation in the CO 2 -Concentrating Mechanism and CO 2 Assimilation in Chlamydomonas
The Role of Inorganic Carbon Transport and Accumulation in the CO 2 -Concentrating Mechanism and CO 2 Assimilation in Chlamydomonas Is there a Role for the CCM in Increasing Biological CO 2 Capture? Generalized
More informationSupplementary Figure 1. Markedly decreased numbers of marginal zone B cells in DOCK8 mutant mice Supplementary Figure 2.
Supplementary Figure 1. Markedly decreased numbers of marginal zone B cells in DOCK8 mutant mice. Percentage of marginal zone B cells in the spleen of wild-type mice (+/+), mice homozygous for cpm or pri
More informationBME 5742 Biosystems Modeling and Control
BME 5742 Biosystems Modeling and Control Lecture 24 Unregulated Gene Expression Model Dr. Zvi Roth (FAU) 1 The genetic material inside a cell, encoded in its DNA, governs the response of a cell to various
More informationTurf Growth and Development
Turf Growth and Development Germination and Seedling Development Spikelet borne in Inflorescence Germination and Seedling Development Leaf and Stem Formation Inflorescence Roots Spikelet s Apex Caryopsis
More informationSupplementary Figure 1. Nature Genetics: doi: /ng.3848
Supplementary Figure 1 Phenotypes and epigenetic properties of Fab2L flies. A- Phenotypic classification based on eye pigment levels in Fab2L male (orange bars) and female (yellow bars) flies (n>150).
More informationOrganization of Genes Differs in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA Chapter 10 p
Organization of Genes Differs in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA Chapter 10 p.110-114 Arrangement of information in DNA----- requirements for RNA Common arrangement of protein-coding genes in prokaryotes=
More informationTranslation - Prokaryotes
1 Translation - Prokaryotes Shine-Dalgarno (SD) Sequence rrna 3 -GAUACCAUCCUCCUUA-5 mrna...ggagg..(5-7bp)...aug Influences: Secondary structure!! SD and AUG in unstructured region Start AUG 91% GUG 8 UUG
More informationPOTASSIUM IN PLANT GROWTH AND YIELD. by Ismail Cakmak Sabanci University Istanbul, Turkey
POTASSIUM IN PLANT GROWTH AND YIELD by Ismail Cakmak Sabanci University Istanbul, Turkey Low K High K High K Low K Low K High K Low K High K Control K Deficiency Cakmak et al., 1994, J. Experimental Bot.
More informationElectromagenetic spectrum
Light Controls of Plant Development 1 Electromagenetic spectrum 2 Light It is vital for photosynthesis and is also necessary to direct plant growth and development. It acts as a signal to initiate and
More informationGenetic control of branching pattern and floral identity during Petunia inflorescence development
Development 125, 733-742 (1998) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1998 DEV0153 733 Genetic control of branching pattern and floral identity during Petunia inflorescence development
More informationA developmental geneticist s guide to roots Find out about the hidden half of plants
the Centre for Plant Integrative Biology A developmental geneticist s guide to roots Find out about the hidden half of plants What do roots look like from the inside? How do roots form? Can we improve
More informationGenetics 275 Notes Week 7
Cytoplasmic Inheritance Genetics 275 Notes Week 7 Criteriafor recognition of cytoplasmic inheritance: 1. Reciprocal crosses give different results -mainly due to the fact that the female parent contributes
More informationDevelopmental Analysis of a Medicago truncatula smooth leaf margin1 Mutant Reveals Context-Dependent Effects on Compound Leaf Development W OA
This article is a Plant Cell Advance Online Publication. The date of its first appearance online is the official date of publication. The article has been edited and the authors have corrected proofs,
More informationDevelopment 143: doi: /dev : Supplementary information
Supplementary Materials and Methods Plant materials The mutants and transgenic plants used in the present study were as follows: E361 (from Alex Webb s laboratory); tmm-1, ptmm::tmm-gfp and flp-1 (from
More informationChapter 18 Lecture. Concepts of Genetics. Tenth Edition. Developmental Genetics
Chapter 18 Lecture Concepts of Genetics Tenth Edition Developmental Genetics Chapter Contents 18.1 Differentiated States Develop from Coordinated Programs of Gene Expression 18.2 Evolutionary Conservation
More informationEdited by Enrico Coen, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom, and approved September 14, 2006 (received for review April 29, 2006)
Roles of Arabidopsis ATP ADP isopentenyltransferases and trna isopentenyltransferases in cytokinin biosynthesis Kaori Miyawaki*, Petr Tarkowski, Miho Matsumoto-Kitano*, Tomohiko Kato, Shusei Sato, Danuse
More informationAnalysis of regulatory function of circadian clock. on photoreceptor gene expression
Thesis of Ph.D. dissertation Analysis of regulatory function of circadian clock on photoreceptor gene expression Tóth Réka Supervisor: Dr. Ferenc Nagy Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy
More informationUNIVERSITY OF YORK. BA, BSc, and MSc Degree Examinations Department : BIOLOGY. Title of Exam: Molecular microbiology
Examination Candidate Number: Desk Number: UNIVERSITY OF YORK BA, BSc, and MSc Degree Examinations 2017-8 Department : BIOLOGY Title of Exam: Molecular microbiology Time Allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes Marking
More information16 The Cell Cycle. Chapter Outline The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Regulators of Cell Cycle Progression The Events of M Phase Meiosis and Fertilization
The Cell Cycle 16 The Cell Cycle Chapter Outline The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Regulators of Cell Cycle Progression The Events of M Phase Meiosis and Fertilization Introduction Self-reproduction is perhaps
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
DOI: 10.1038/ncb3267 Supplementary Figure 1 A group of genes required for formation or orientation of annular F-actin bundles and aecm ridges: RNAi phenotypes and their validation by standard mutations.
More informationReading: Chapter 5, pp ; Reference chapter D, pp Problem set F
Mosaic Analysis Reading: Chapter 5, pp140-141; Reference chapter D, pp820-823 Problem set F Twin spots in Drosophila Although segregation and recombination in mitosis do not occur at the same frequency
More informationCytokinins. Downloaded From: on 07 Mar 2019 Terms of Use:
Cytokinins Authors: Joseph J. Kieber, and G. Eric Schaller Source: The Arabidopsis Book, 2014(12) Published By: American Society of Plant Biologists URL: https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0168 BioOne Complete
More informationPLANT GROWTH. IB Topic 9.3 & 9.4 Urry text ref: Ch 28 & 31
PLANT GROWTH IB Topic 9.3 & 9.4 Urry text ref: Ch 28 & 31 INDETERMINATE GROWTH = throughout life meristems like stem cells in humans Shoot tip (shoot apical meristem and young leaves) lateral Axillary
More informationProgress in modeling biological development as it bears on SBML
Progress in modeling biological development as it bears on SBML Eric Mjolsness UC Irvine representing the Computable Plant project www.computableplant.org Three relevant examples Meristem maintenance by
More information7.06 Problem Set #4, Spring 2005
7.06 Problem Set #4, Spring 2005 1. You re doing a mutant hunt in S. cerevisiae (budding yeast), looking for temperaturesensitive mutants that are defective in the cell cycle. You discover a mutant strain
More information