Generate questions. Restate definitions. Perform calculations. Modeling. Visualize. Interpret graphics. Written quiz. Science Lab.

Transcription

1 Physics B Unit 1: P3.6: Forces and Motion: Gravitational Interactions (3 weeks) Big Ideas (our current Everything pulls on everything else. P3.6 Gravitational Interactions Gravitation is an attractive force that a mass exerts on every other mass. The strength of the gravitational force between two masses is proportional to the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. P3.6A Explain earth-moon interactions (orbital motion) in terms of forces. P3.6B Predict how the gravitational force between objects changes when the distance between them changes. P3.6C Explain how your weight on Earth could be different from your weight on another planet. What is gravity? What was Newton s reasoning about the apple falling from the tree? Why doesn t the moon hit the Earth? How does the force of gravity change with distance? What is weight? Generate questions Modeling Visualize Summarize Monitor comprehens ion Science Lab Report results Smallgroup and Largegroup discussion Assessment Restate definitions Perform calculations. Interpret graphics Written quiz law of universal gravitation, universal gravitational constant, inverse-square law, weightlessness, perturbation Conceptual Physics by Paul G. Hewitt, Prentice Hall, publ (Text) Ch 13.1, 13.2, 13.5, , assroom.com/class/ci rcles/circtoc.html Board Explain Newton s reasoning about the apple falling from the tree. Explain why the moon doesn t hit Earth. Describe how the force of gravity changes with distance. Describe the sensation we interpret as weight. January

2 Physics B Unit 2: P4: Forms of Energy and Energy Transformations (9-10 weeks) Big Ideas (our current Assessment Heat can be P4.5A Identify everyday examples How does Generate Restate transferred of energy transfer by waves and conduction questions definitions by their sources. transfer heat? conduction, Visualize Complete by How does energy convection, convection Monitor transfer and by transfer heat? comprehen diagrams. radiation. sion Almost all electric energy sold today is in the form of alternating current because of the ease with which it can be transformed from one voltage to another. P4.1 Energy Transfer Moving objects and waves transfer energy from one location to another. They also transfer energy to objects during interactions (e.g., sunlight transfers energy to the ground when it warms the ground; sunlight also transfers energy from the sun to the Earth). P4.1A Account for and represent energy into and out of systems using energy transfer diagrams. P4.1B Explain instances of energy transfer by waves and objects in everyday activities (e.g., why the ground gets warm during the day, how you hear a distant sound, why it hurts when you are hit by a baseball). Can you see convection? How does radiation transfer heat? Why is almost all electrical energy sold today in the form of alternating current? Science Lab Largegroup discussion Interpret graphics Written quiz conduction, conductors, insulator, convection, radiation, radiant energy direct current, alternating current, transformer Text Ch 22.1, 22.2, 22.3, 37.6 Energy transfer diagrams objects that transfer energy: springs, light bulbs, Newton s Cradle, ball g.com/energy/enrgtypes.htm /cnr/wcee/keep/mod1 /Rules/EnTransfer.ht m Board Explain how conduction works. Explain how convection works. Explain how heat can be transmitted through empty space. Explain why almost all electrical energy sold today is in the form of alternating current. January

3 Big Ideas Waves transmit energy through space and time. Sound is a form of energy that spreads out through space. Light is the only thing you see. All visible objects either emit or reflect light. The colors of objects depend on the color of the light that illuminates them. When waves interact with matter, they can be P4.4 Wave Characteristics Waves (mechanical and electromagnetic) are described by their wavelength, amplitude, frequency, and speed. P4.4A Describe specific mechanical waves (e.g., on a demonstration spring, on the ocean) in terms of wavelength, amplitude, frequency, and speed. P4.4B Identify everyday examples of transverse and compression (longitudinal) waves. P4.4C Compare and contrast transverse and compression (longitudinal) waves in terms of wavelength, amplitude, and frequency. P4.5B Explain why an object (e.g., fishing bobber) does not move forward as a wave passes under it. P4.5C Provide evidence to support the claim that sound is energy transferred by a wave, not energy transferred by particles. P4.5D Explain how waves propagate from vibrating sources and why the intensity decreases with What is the source of all waves? How does a wave transfer energy? What are some examples of transverse waves? What is an example of a longitudinal wave? How does a sound wave travel through air? What determines the speed of sound in a medium? What is the difference between sound (our current Generate questions Visualize Monitor comprehen sion Science Lab small group activity Assessment Restate definitions Interpret graphics Written quiz Report findings Draw reflected and refracted waves. crest, trough, amplitude, wavelength, frequency, hertz, transverse wave, longitudinal wave pitch, infrasonic, ultrasonic, compression, rarefaction photon, lightyear, electromagnetic wave, electromagnetic spectrum, infrared, ultraviolet, transparent, opaque spectrum, scattering reflection, angle of incidence, angle of reflection, normal, law of reflection, refraction Text Ch 25.2, 25.3, 25.5, 25.6, 26.2, 26.4, 26.5, 27.2, 27.3, 27.4, 27.5, 28.9, 29.1, 29.2, ol.com/webcodes10 /index.cfm?fuseacti on=home.gotoweb Code&wcprefix=cs k&wcsuffix= ellows/fellow2/apr9 9/soundvib.html org/teacherslab/scie nce/light/index.html g/sound/nocss/activ ity/handson.htm slinky, rope, tuning fork, pan of water classroom.com/clas s/light/lighttoc.html Board Describe the characteristics and properties of waves. Describe wave motion. Give examples of transverse waves. Give an example of a longitudinal wave. Describe the movement of sound through air. Describe factors that affect the speed of sound. Describe loudness and sound intensity. State the approximate speed of light. Identify the waves in the electromagnetic spectrum. Describe why certain materials are transparent to light. Describe opaque materials. Explain why sunsets are red. Describe what happens when a wave reaches a boundary between two media. January

4 Big Ideas reflected, transmitted, or a combination of both. Waves that are transmitted can be refracted. the square of the distance from a point source. P4.5E Explain why everyone in a classroom can hear one person speaking, but why an amplification system is often used in the rear of a large concert auditorium. P4.6 Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic waves (e.g., radio, microwave, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-ray) are produced by changing the motion (acceleration) of charges or by changing magnetic fields. Electromagnetic waves can travel through matter, but they do not require a material medium. (That is, they also travel through empty space.) All electromagnetic waves move in a vacuum at the speed of light. Types of electromagnetic radiation are distinguished from each other by their wavelength and energy. intensity and loudness? What is the speed of light? What are the waves of the electromagne tic spectrum? What kind of materials does light pass through? Why does light not pass through opaque materials? Why are sunsets red? (our current Assessment inbows/ ey.edu/light/light_t our.html classroom.com/clas s/waves/u10l3b.ht ml light source, lenses, mirrors, reflective surfaces, glass of water, oil kids.org/home/tea chersparents/classr oomactivities.aspx Board Describe the law of reflection. Describe what causes the refraction of light. P4.6A Identify the different regions on the electromagnetic spectrum and compare them in terms of wavelength, frequency, and energy. P4.6B Explain why radio waves can travel through space, but sound waves What happens when a wave reaches a boundary between two media? How is light January

5 Big Ideas cannot. reflected? (our current Assessment Board P4.6C Explain why there is a delay between the time we send a radio message to astronauts on the moon and when they receive it. What causes refraction of light? P4.6D Explain why we see a distant event before we hear it (e.g., lightning before thunder, exploding fireworks before the boom). P4.9 Nature of Light Light interacts with matter by reflection, absorption, or transmission. P4.9A Identify the principle involved when you see a transparent object (e.g., straw, a piece of glass) in a clear liquid. P4.9B Explain how various materials reflect, absorb, or transmit light in different ways. P4.9C Explain why the image of the Sun appears reddish at sunrise and sunset. P4.8 Wave Behavior-Reflection and Refraction The laws of reflection and refraction describe the relationships between incident and reflected/refracted January

6 Big Ideas waves. (our current Assessment Board P4.8A Draw ray diagrams to indicate how light reflects off objects or refracts into transparent media. P4.8B Predict the path of reflected light from flat, curved, or rough surfaces (e.g., flat and curved mirrors, painted walls, paper). January

7 Big Ideas Electrostatics involves electric charges, the foces between them, and their behavior in materials. Electric current is related to the voltage that produces it and the resistance that opposes it. Any path along which electrons can flow is a circuit. P3.7 Electric Charges Electric force exists between any two charged objects. Oppositely charged objects attract, while objects with like charge repel. The strength of the electric force between two charged objects is proportional to the magnitudes of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them (Coulomb s Law). P3.7A Predict how the electric force between charged objects varies when the distance between them and/or the magnitude of charges change. P3.7B Explain why acquiring a large excess static charge (e.g., pulling off a wool cap, touching a Van de Graaff generator, combing) affects your hair. P4.10 Current Electricity Circuits Current electricity is described as movement of charges. It is a particularly useful form of energy because it can be easily transferred from place to place and readily transformed by various devices into other forms of energy (e.g., light, heat, sound, and motion). Electrical current (amperage) in a circuit is determined by the potential difference (voltage) of the power source and the resistance of the loads in the circuit. How are the magnitude and direction of an electric field determined? What happens when the ends of a conductor are at different electrical potentials? What are two voltage sources used to provide the energy that allows charges to move steadily? What factors affect the resistance of a wire? What does Ohm s law state? (our current Demonstr ation Visualize Monitor comprehen sion Science Lab Smallgroup activity Largegroup discussion Assessment Restate definitions Interpret circuit diagrams Perform calculation s Written assessment electrostatics, electrical forces, charge, friction potenetial difference, voltage source, electric current, ampere, voltage, electric resistance, superconducti vity, ohms, Ohm s law, electric power electrical circuit, schematic diagrams Text Ch 32.1, 32.5, 34.1, 34.3, 34.4, 34.5, 34.6, 34.11, %7Eduffy/PY106/Ch arge.html ce/electrical_charges. htm ids.com/files/elec_co ulomb.html idson.edu/applets/cir cuitbuilder/default.ht m (needs Java) hand-cranked generator, variety of light bulbs circuit building kit or simulation Board What is the fundamental rule at the base of all electrical phenomena? What are two ways electric charge can be transferred? Describe the flow of electric charge. Give examples of voltage sources. Describe the factors that affect the resistance of a wire. Describe Ohm s law. Explain the causes of electric shock. Relate the electric power used by a device to current and voltage. Interpret circuit diagrams January

8 Big Ideas Certain elements radiate particles and turn into other elements. Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion reactions release huge P4.10A Describe the energy transformations when electrical energy is produced and transferred to homes and businesses. P4.10B Identify common household devices that transform electrical energy to other forms of energy, and describe the type of energy transformation. P4.10C Given diagrams of many different possible connections of electric circuit elements, identify complete circuits, open circuits, and short circuits and explain the reasons for the classification. P4.10D Discriminate between voltage, resistance, and current as they apply to an electric circuit. P4.12 Nuclear Reactions Changes in atomic nuclei can occur through three processes: fission, fusion, and radioactive decay. Fission and fusion can convert small amounts of matter into large amounts of energy. Fission is the splitting of a large nucleus into smaller nuclei at extremely high temperature and pressure. Fusion is the combination of smaller nuclei into a large nucleus and is responsible for the energy of the Sun and other stars. Radioactive decay occurs naturally in the Earth s crust (rocks, minerals) and can be used in technological How can you express electric power in terms of current and voltage? What symbols are used to represent resistance, wires, and battreries in schematic diagrams? What types of radiation are emitted by the atoms of radioactive elements? How can scientists determine the age of carboncontaining artifacts? (our current Visualize Monitor comprehen sion Largegroup discussion Assessment Written assessment radioactive, radiation, carbon dating nuclear fission, critical mass, reactor, controlled reaction equivalence, mass, energy, rest energy, conversion, Text Ch 39.2, 39.8, 39.11, 40.3, 16.2 Einstein s Big Idea dvd Carbon Dating worksheet st.org/17940/texts/fis sion/fission.html works.com/nuclear- Board Distinguish among the three types of radiation given off by radioactive elements. Explain how scientists can determine the age of carbon-containing artifacts. Identify sources of natural radiation. Explain how nuclear fission can be controlled in a reactor. January

9 Big Ideas amounts of energy. According to special relativity, mass and energy are equivalent. applications (e.g., medical diagnosis and treatment). P4.12A Describe peaceful technological applications of nuclear fission and radioactive decay. P4.12B Describe possible problems caused by exposure to prolonged radioactive decay. What are sources of natural radiation? How does a nuclear fission reactor generate energy? What is the relationship between mass and energy? (our current Assessment E=mc 2 power1.htm/printable tlinks.com/lessons.cf m?docid=176 s.com/nuclear/index.h tm urist.com/ Board Describe how mass and energy are related. January

10 Additional Physics B January

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12 Physics A Unit 1: P1: Inquiry, Reflection, and Social Implications (2 weeks) Big Ideas (our current Science is the study of nature s rules. P1.1A Generate new questions that can be investigated in the laboratory or field. P1.1B Evaluate the uncertainties or validity of scientific conclusions using an understanding of sources of measurement error, the challenges of controlling variables, accuracy of data analysis, logic of argument, logic of experimental design, and/or the dependence on underlying assumptions. P1.1D Identify patterns in data and relate them to theoretical models. P1.1E Describe a reason for a given conclusion using evidence from an investigation. P1.2A Critique whether or not specific questions can be answered through scientific investigations. What are the steps of the scientific method? When must a hypothesis, law, or principle must be changed or abandoned? How do you know if a hypothesis is scientific? What is the difference between science and technology? Generate questions Visualize Summarize Monitor comprehen sion Science Lab Report results Largegroup discussion Assessment Generate hypotheses Design controlled experiment Collect and analyze data. Draw conclusion s from data. Quiz scientific method, fact, hypothesis, law, principle, theory Conceptual Physics by Paul G. Hewitt, Prentice Hall, publ (Text) Ch 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6 Scientific Method worksheets Experiment cards Tools for measurement Metric Mania worksheet Scientific Notation worksheets te/teacher/teacherout. html Board Outline scientific methods. Describe circumstances under which a hypothesis, law, or principle must be changed or abandoned. Determine whether a hypothesis is scientific. Distinguish between science and technology. P1.2B Identify and critique arguments about personal or societal issues based on scientific evidence. P1.2C Develop an understanding of a scientific concept by accessing information from multiple sources. Evaluate the scientific accuracy and significance of the information. January

13 Physics A Unit 2: P3: Forces and Motion (Intro: 2 weeks) Big Ideas An object in mechanical equilibrium is stable, without changes in motion. Forces cause changes in motion. P3.1 Basic Forces in Nature Objects can interact with each other by direct contact (pushes or pulls, friction) or at a distance (gravity, electromagnetism, nuclear). P3.1A Identify the force(s) acting between objects in direct contact or at a distance. P3.2 Net Forces Forces have magnitude and direction. The net force on an object is the sum of all the forces acting on the object. Objects change their speed and/or direction only when a net force is applied. If the net force on an object is zero, there is no change in motion (Newton s First Law). P3.2A Identify the magnitude and direction of everyday forces (e.g., wind, tension in ropes, pushes and pulls, weight). How can you change an object s state of motion? How can you find the resultant of two vectors? When is a force needed to keep an object moving? What is Newton s first law of motion? (our current Generate questions Visualize Monitor comprehen sion Science Lab Smallgroup and Largegroup discussion Assessment Restate definitions Calculate net force Interpret graphics Written quiz force, net force, vector, vector quantity, scalar quantity resultant direct contact force, force at a distance friction, inertia Newton s first law, law of inertia Text Ch 2.1, 2.5, 3.3, 3.4 objects to roll / push, magnets, scale assroom.com/class/1 DKin/1DKinTOC.ht ml %7Ebrechtjo/physics/ netforce/netforce.ht ml Board Distinguish between force and net force. Determine the resultant of a pair of parallel or nonparallel vectors. Describe Galileo s idea about when a force is needed to keep an object moving. State Newton s first law of motion. P3.2C Calculate the net force acting on an object. P3.4A Predict the change in motion of an object acted on by several forces. P3.4B Identify forces acting on objects moving with constant velocity (e.g., cars on a highway). January

14 Physics A Unit 3: P2: Motion of Objects (4 weeks) Big Ideas You can describe the motion of an object by its position, speed, direction, and acceleration. Twodimensional motion can be described by the horizontal and vertical components of motion. Two types of circular motion are rotation and revolution. P2.1 Position-Time An object s position can be measured and graphed as a function of time. An object s speed can be calculated and graphed as a function of time. P2.1A Calculate the average speed of an object using the change of position and elapsed time. P2.1B Represent the velocities for linear and circular motion using motion diagrams (arrows on strobe pictures). P2.1C Create line graphs using measured values of position and elapsed time. P2.1D Describe and analyze the motion that a position-time graph represents, given the graph. P1.1C Conduct scientific investigations using appropriate tools and techniques (e.g., selecting an instrument that measures the desired quantity length, volume, weight, time interval, temperature with the appropriate level of precision). P1.2D Evaluate scientific explanations in a peer review process or discussion format. How can you calculate speed? How do you calculate acceleration? What does the slope of a speed-versustime graph represent? What is the resultant of two perpendicular vectors? How do components of a vector affect each other? What are two types of circular motion? (our current Demonstra tion Monitor comprehen sion Smallgroup activity Science lab Assessment Restate definitions Produce and interpret graphs of speed vs. time Written quiz speed, instantaneous speed, average speed acceleration linear, direct proportion, slope components, resolution axis, rotation, revolution, uniform circular motion Text Ch 4.2, 4.4, 4.7, 5.2, 5.3, Materials for mechanics lab The Way Things Go dvd idson.edu/applets/ani mator4/default.html ms.com/physical.html #3%20 sics.com/xva/xva.ht ml sics.com/roller/roller.html sics.com/seesaw/sees aw.html works.com/motor.ht m Board Describe how you can calculate speed. Describe how you can calculate acceleration. Describe what the slope of a speed-vstime graph represents. Explain how to find the resultant of two perpendicular vectors. Describe how the components of a vector affect each other. Describe the two types of circular motion. January

15 Big Ideas P2.2 Velocity-Time The motion of an object can be described by its position and velocity as functions of time and by its average speed and average acceleration during intervals of time. P2.2A Distinguish between the variables of distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. P2.2B Use the change of speed and elapsed time to calculate the average acceleration for linear motion. (our current Assessment ln/leonardo/inventor stoolbox.html ln/leonardo/gadgeta natomy.html st.org/10796/ch2/ch2. htm#sec1 Board P2.2C Describe and analyze the motion that a velocity-time graph represents, given the graph. P2.1E Describe and classify various motions in a plane as one dimensional, two dimensional, circular, or periodic. P2.1F Distinguish between rotation and revolution and describe and contrast the two speeds of an object like the Earth. P2.2D State that uniform circular motion involves acceleration without a change in speed. January

16 Physics A Unit 4: P3: Forces and Motion (5 weeks) Big Ideas An object accelerates when a net force acts on it. For every force, there is an equal and opposite force. Energy can change from one form to another without a net loss or gain. According to special relativity, mass and energy are equivalent. P3.4 Forces and Acceleration The change of speed and/or direction (acceleration) of an object is proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. The acceleration and net force are always in the same direction. P3.4C Solve problems involving force, mass, and acceleration in linear motion (Newton s second law). P3.4D Identify the force(s) acting on objects moving with uniform circular motion (e.g., a car on a circular track, satellites in orbit). P3.3 Newton s Third Law Whenever one object exerts a force on another object, a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction is exerted back on the first object. P3.3A Identify the action and reaction force from examples of forces in everyday situations (e.g., book on a table, walking across the floor, pushing open a door). P3.2B Compare work done in different situations. P4.2 Energy Transformation Energy is often transformed from one What is the relationship among an object s mass, its acceleration, and the net force on an object? What happens when an object exerts a force on another object? How do you identify the actionreaction forces in an interaction? Why do objects that experience the same amount of force accelerate at different rates? (our current Modeling Visualize Monitor comprehen sion Science Lab Largegroup discussion Assessment Restate definitions Calculate force, mass, and acceleratio n. Calculate work. Interpret graphics Written quiz Newton s second law of motion Newton s third law of motion, action force, reation force work, joule, potential energy, kinetic energy, law of conservation of energy, efficiency, fuel cell rest energy, E=mc 2 Text Ch 6.3, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 9.1, 9.4, 9.5, 9.7, 9.9, 9.11 Acceleration lab materials or simulation and laptops Rope, smooth surface ms.com/physical.html #3%20 assroom.com/class/1 DKin/1DKinTOC.ht ml assroom.com/class/n ewtlaws/newtltoc.htm l assroom.com/mmedia /newtlaws/newtlawst OC.html Ezona/mstm/physics/ mechanics/energy/wo rk/work.html Board State and explain Newton s second law of motion. State Newton s third law of motion. Describe how to identify a pair of action-reaction forces. Explain why the accelerations caused by an action force and by a reaction force do not have to be equal. Define and describe work. State three forms of potential energy. Describe how work and kinetic energy are related. State the law of conservation of energy. Explain why no machine can be 100% efficient. Identify the source of most energy on Earth. Describe how mass and energy are January

17 Big Ideas form to another. The amount of energy before a transformation is equal to the amount of energy after the transformation. In most energy transformations, some energy is converted to thermal energy. P4.2A Account for and represent energy transfer and transformation in complex processes (interactions). P4.2B Name devices that transform specific types of energy into other types (e.g., a device that transforms electricity into motion). P4.2C Explain how energy is conserved in common systems (e.g., light incident on a transparent material, light incident on a leaf, mechanical energy in a collision). P4.2D Explain why all the stored energy in gasoline does not transform to mechanical energy of a vehicle. P4.3 Kinetic and Potential Energy Moving objects have kinetic energy. Objects experiencing a force may have potential energy due to their relative positions (e.g., lifting an object or stretching a spring, energy stored in chemical bonds). Conversions between kinetic and gravitational potential energy are common in moving objects. (our current Assessment When is work done on an object? Name three examples of potential energy. How are work and the kinetic energy of a moving object related? What does the law of conservation of energy state? Why can t a machine be 100% efficient? What is the source of practically all our energy on Earth? g/exhibits/parkphysic s/coaster.html st.org/3042/energy.ht ml sics.com/roller/roller.html assroom.com/mmedia /energy/energytoc.h tml urist.com/ Board related. January

18 Big Ideas In frictionless systems, the decrease in gravitational potential energy is equal to the increase in kinetic energy or vice versa. P4.3A Identify the form of energy in given situations (e.g., moving objects, stretched springs, rocks on cliffs, energy in food). What is the relationship between mass and energy? (our current Assessment Board P4.3B Describe the transformation between potential and kinetic energy in simple mechanical systems (e.g., pendulums, roller coasters, ski lifts). P4.3C Explain why all mechanical systems require an external energy source to maintain their motion. P4.12C Explain how stars, including our Sun, produce huge amounts of energy (e.g., visible, infrared, or ultraviolet light). P1.2E Evaluate the future career and occupational prospects of science fields. Text pp 69, 180, 243, 254, 269, 333, 350, 441, 461, 498, 502, 560, 614, 705, 732, 754, 798, 815 Identify career prospects in physics Guest speakers January

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