Introduction to the Electronic Properties of Materials

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Introduction to the Electronic Properties of Materials David Jiles Ames Laboratory US Department of Energy and Department of Materials Science and

1 Introduction to the Electronic Properties of Materials David Jiles Ames Laboratory US Department of Energy and Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Iowa State University, USA v% - CHAPMAN & HALL London Glasgow Weinheim New York Tokyo Melbourne Madras

Contents Preface Acknowledgements Glossary of symbols SI units, symbols and dimensions Values of selected physical constants Foreword for the student xiii xiv xv xxi xxii xxiii Part One Fundamentals

2 Contents Preface Acknowledgements Glossary of symbols SI units, symbols and dimensions Values of selected physical constants Foreword for the student xiii xiv xv xxi xxii xxiii Part One Fundamentals of Electrons in Materials 1 1 Properties of a material continuum Relationships between macroscopic properties of materials Mechanical properties Electrical properties Optical properties Thermal properties Magnetic properties Relationships between various bulk properties Conclusions 20 References 20 Further Reading 21 Exercises 21 2 Properties of atoms in materials The role of atoms within a material The harmonic potential model Specific heat capacity Conclusions 39 References 39 Further Reading 39 Exercises 39

viii Contents 3 Conduction electrons in materials - classical approach 41 3.1 Electrons as classical particles in materials 41 3.2 Electrical properties and the classical free-electron model 43 3.

3 viii Contents 3 Conduction electrons in materials - classical approach Electrons as classical particles in materials Electrical properties and the classical free-electron model Thermal properties and the classical free-electron model Optical properties of metals Conclusions 57 References 58 Further Reading 59 Exercises 59 4 Conduction electrons in materials - quantum corrections Electronic contribution to specific heat Wave equation for free electrons Boundary conditions: the Sommerfeld model Distribution of electrons among allowed energy levels Material properties predicted by the quantum freeelectron model Conclusions 79 References 80 Further Reading 80 Exercises 81 5 Bound electrons and the periodic potential Models for describing electrons in materials Solution of the wave equation in a one-dimensional periodic square-well potential The origin of energy bands in solids: the tight-binding approximation Energy bands in a solid Reciprocal or wave vector fe-space Examples of band structure diagrams Conclusions 106 References 106 Further Reading 106 Exercises 107 Part Two Properties of Materials Electronic properties of metals Electrical conductivity of metals Reflectance and absorption The Fermi surface 114 References 126 Further Reading 127 Exercises 127

Contents 7 Electronic properties of semiconductors 129 7.1 Electron band structures of semiconductors 129 7.2 Intrinsic semiconductors 134 7.3 Extrinsic (or impurity) semiconductors 138 7.

4 Contents 7 Electronic properties of semiconductors Electron band structures of semiconductors Intrinsic semiconductors Extrinsic (or impurity) semiconductors Optical properties of semiconductors Photoconductivity The Hall effect Effective mass and mobility of charge carriers Semiconductor junctions 146 References 154 Further Reading 155 Exercises Electrical and thermal properties of materials Macroscopic electrical properties Quantum mechanical description of conduction electron behaviour Dielectric properties Other effects caused by electric fields, magnetic fields and. thermal gradients Thermal properties of materials Other thermal properties 172 References 178 Further Reading 179 Exercises Optical properties of materials Optical properties Interpretation of optical properties in terms of simplified electron band structure Band structure determination from optical spectra Photoluminescence and electroluminesence 193 References 196 Further Reading 196 Exercises Magnetic properties of materials Magnetism in materials Types of magnetic material Microscopic classification of magnetic materials Band electron theory of magnetism The localized electron model of magnetism Applications of magnetic materials 218 References 218 ix

x Contents Further Reading 219 Exercises 219 Part Three Applications of Electronic Materials 221 11 Microelectronics - semiconductor technology 223 11.

5 x Contents Further Reading 219 Exercises 219 Part Three Applications of Electronic Materials Microelectronics - semiconductor technology Use of materials for specific electronic functions Semiconductor materials Typical semiconductor devices Microelectronic semiconductor devices Future improvements in semiconductors 238 References 241 Further Reading Optoelectronics - solid-state optical devices Electronic materials with optical functions Materials for optoelectronic devices Lasers Fibre optics and telecommunications Liquid-crystal displays 256 References 257 Further Reading Quantum electronics - superconducting materials Quantum effects in electrical conductivity Theories of superconductivity Recent developments in high-temperature superconductors Applications of superconductors 269 References 278 Further Reading Magnetic materials - magnetic recording technology Magnetic recording of information Magnetic recording materials Conventional magnetic recording using particulate media Magneto-optic recording 290 References 293 Further Reading Electronic materials for transducers - sensors and actuators Transducers Transducer performance parameters Transducer materials considerations Ferroelectric materials 304

6 Contents 15.5 Ferroelectrics as transducers 307 References 311 Further Reading Electronic materials for radiation detection Radiation sensors Gas-filled detectors Semiconductor detectors Scintillation detectors Thermoluminescent detectors Pyroelectric sensors 323 References 323 Further Reading 324 Solutions 325 Subject Index 359 Author Index xi

SOLID STATE PHYSICS. Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons. J. R. Hook H. E. Hall. Department of Physics, University of Manchester

SOLID STATE PHYSICS. Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons. J. R. Hook H. E. Hall. Department of Physics, University of Manchester SOLID STATE PHYSICS Second Edition J. R. Hook H. E. Hall Department of Physics, University of Manchester John Wiley & Sons CHICHESTER NEW YORK BRISBANE TORONTO SINGAPORE Contents Flow diagram Inside front