Harald Ibach Hans Lüth SOLID-STATE PHYSICS. An Introduction to Theory and Experiment

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1 Harald Ibach Hans Lüth SOLID-STATE PHYSICS An Introduction to Theory and Experiment With 230 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest

2 Contents 1. Chemical Bonding in Solids The Periodic Table of the Elements Covalent Bonding Ionic Bonding Metallic Bonding The Hydrogen Bond The van der Waals Bond 12 Problems Crystal Structures The Crystal Lattice Point Symmetry Reflection in a Plane Inversion Rotation Axes Rotation-Inversion Axes The 32 Crystal Classes (Point Groups) The Significance of Symmetry Simple Crystal Structures The Face-Centered Cubic Structure Hexagonal Close Packing The Body-Centered Cubic Structure The Diamond Structure The Zinc Blende Structure Ionic Structures 25 Problems Diffraction from Periodic Structures General Theory of Diffraction Periodic Structures and the Reciprocal Lattice The Scattering Conditions for Periodic Structures The Bragg Interpretation of the Laue Condition Brillouin Zones The Structure Factor Methods of Structure Analysis Types of Probe Beam Procedures for Determining Structure 39 Problems 40 Panel I: Diffraction Experiments with Various Particles 42 Panel II: X-Ray Interferometry and X-Ray Topography 47

3 VIII Contents 4. Crystal Lattice Dynamics The Potential The Equation of Motion The Diatomic Linear Chain Scattering from Time-Varying Structures Phonon Spectroscopy 59 Problems 60 Panel III: Raman Spectroscopy Thermal Properties of Crystal Lattices The Density of States The Thermal Energy of a Harmonic Oscillator The Specific Heat Capacity of the Lattice Effects Due to Anharmonicity Thermal Expansion Heat Conduction by Phonons 76 Problems 80 Panel IV: Experiments at Low Temperatures "Free" Electrons in Solids The Free Electron Gas in an Infinite Square-Well Potential The Fermi Gas at T= OK Fermi Statistics The Specific Heat Capacity of Electrons in Metals Electrostatic Screening in a Fermi Gas - The Mott Transition Thermionic Emission of Electrons from Metals 99 Problems The Electronic Bandstructure of Solids General Symmetry Properties The Nearly-Free-Electron Approximation The Tight-Binding Approximation Examples of Bandstructures The Density of States 120 Problems 123 Panel V: Photoemission Spectroscopy Magnetism Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism The Exchange Interaction Exchange Interaction Between Free Electrons The Band Model of Ferromagnetism The Temperature Behavior of a Ferromagnet in the Band Model Ferromagnetic Coupling for Localized Electrons Antiferromagnetism Spin Waves 147 Problems 151 Panel VI: Magnetostatic Spin Waves 152 Panel VII: Surface Magnetism 156

4 9. Motion of Electrons and Transport Phenomena Motion of Electrons in Bands and the Effective Mass Currents in Bands and Holes Scattering of Electrons in Bands The Boltzmann Equation and Relaxation Time The Electrical Conductivity of Metals Thermoelectric Effects The Wiedemann-Franz Law 179 Problems 181 Panel VIII: Quantum Oscillations and the Topology of Fermi Surfaces Superconductivity Some Fundamental Phenomena Associated with Superconductivity Phenomenological Description by Means of the London Equations Instability of the "Fermi Sea" and Cooper Pairs The BCS Ground State Consequences of the BCS Theory and Comparison with Experimental Results Supercurrents and Critical Currents Coherence of the BCS Ground State and the Meissner-Ochsenfeld Effect Quantization of Magnetic Flux Type II Superconductors Novel "High Temperature" Superconductors 223 Problems 226 Panel IX: One-Electron Tunneling in Superconductor Junctions 228 Panel X: Cooper Pair Tunneling - The Josephson Effect Dielectric Properties of Materials The Dielectric Function Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation 242 Panel XI: Spectroscopy with Photons and Electrons The Dielectric Function for a Harmonic Oscillator Longitudinal and Transverse Normal Modes Surface Waves on a Dielectric Reflectivity of a Dielectric Half-Space 254 Panel XII: Infrared Spectroscopy 255 Panel XIII: The Frustrated Total Reflection Method The Local Field The Polarization Catastrophe and Ferroelectrics The Free Electron Gas Interband Transitions Excitons Dielectric Energy Losses of Electrons 270 Problems 273 IX

5 X Contents 12. Semiconductors Data for a Number of Important Semiconductors Charge Carrier Density in Intrinsic Semiconductors Doping of Semiconductors Carrier Densities in Doped Semiconductors Conductivity of Semiconductors 289 Panel XIV: The Hall Effect 293 Panel XV: Cyclotron Resonance in Semiconductors The p-n Junction The p-n Junction in Thermal Equilibrium The Biased p-n Junction - Rectification Semiconductor Heterostructures and Superlattices 308 Problems 318 Panel XVI: Shubnikov-de Haas Oscillations and the Quantum Hall Effect 320 Panel XVII: Semiconductor Epitaxy 324 References 329 Subject Index 337 Periodic Table of the Elements (Inside front cover) Table of Constants and Equivalent Values (Inside back cover)

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