Solid Surfaces, Interfaces and Thin Films
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1 Hans Lüth Solid Surfaces, Interfaces and Thin Films Fifth Edition With 427 Figures.2e Springer
2 Contents 1 Surface and Interface Physics: Its Definition and Importance... 1 Panel I: Ultrahigh Vacuum (UHV) Technology... 6 Panel II: Basics of Particle Optics and Spectroscopy Problems Preparation of Well-Defined Surfaces, Interfaces and Thin Films Why Is Ultrahigh Vacuum Used? Cleavage in UHV Ion Bombardment and Annealing Evaporation and Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) Epitaxy by Means of Chemical Reactions Panel III: Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) Panel IV: Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) Problems Morphology and Structure of Surfaces, Interfaces and Thin Films Surface Stress, Surface Energy, and Macroscopic Shape Relaxation, Reconstruction, and Defects Two-Dimensional Lattices, Superstructure, and Reciprocal Space Surface Lattices and Superstructures D Reciprocal Lattice Structural Models of Solid Solid Interfaces Nucleation and Growth of Thin Films Modes of Film Growth "Capillary Model" of Nucleation Film-Growth Studies: Experimental Methods and Some Results Panel V: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Microprobe Techniques Panel VI: Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) Panel VII: Surface Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (SEXAFS) Problems xi
3 xii Contents 4 Scattering from Surfaces and Thin Films Kinematic Theory of Surface Scattering The Kinematic Theory of Low-Energy Electron Diffraction What Can We Learn from Inspection of a LEED Pattern Dynamic LEED Theory, and Structure Analysis Matching Formalism Multiple-Scattering Formalism Structure Analysis Kinematics of an Inelastic Surface Scattering Experiment Dielectric Theory of Inelastic Electron Scattering Bulk Scattering Surface Scattering Dielectric Scattering on a Thin Surface Layer Some Experimental Examples of Inelastic Scattering of Low-Energy Electrons at Surfaces The Classical Limit of Particle Scattering Conservation Laws for Atomic Collisions: Chemical Surface Analysis Rutherford BackScattering (RBS): Channeling and Blocking Panel VIII: Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) and Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED) Panel IX: Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) Problems Surface Phonons The Existence of "Surface" Lattice Vibrations on a Linear Chain Extension to a Three-Dimensional Solid with a Surface Rayleigh Waves The Use of Rayleigh Waves as High-Frequency Filters Surface-Phonon (Plasmon) Polaritons Dispersion Curves from Experiment and from Realistic Calculations Panel X: Atom and Molecular Beam Scattering Problems Electronic Surface States Surface States for a Semi-Infinite Chain in the Nearly-Free Electron Model Surface States of a 3D Crystal and Their Charging Character Intrinsic Surface States Extrinsic Surface States Aspects of Photoemission Theory General Description Angle-Integrated Photoemission
4 Contents xiii Bulk- and Surface-State Emission Symmetry of Initial States and Selection Rules Many-Body Aspects Some Surface-State Band Structures for Metals s- and p-like Surface States d-like Surface States Empty and Image-Potential Surface States Surface States on Semiconductors Elemental Semiconductors III-V Compound Semiconductors Group III Nitrides II-VI Compound Semiconductors Panel XI: Photoemission and Inverse Photoemission Problems Space-Charge Layers at Semiconductor Interfaces Origin and Classification of Space-Charge Layers The Schottky Depletion Space-Charge Layer Weak Space-Charge Layers Space-Charge Layers on Highly Degenerate Semiconductors The General Case of a Space-Charge Layer and Fermi-level Pinning Quantized Accumulation and Inversion Layers Some Particular Interfaces and Their Surface Potentials The Silicon MOS Field-Effect Transistor Magnetic Field Induced Quantization Two-Dimensional Plasmons Panel XII: Optical Surface Techniques Problems Metal Semiconductor Junctions and Semiconductor Heterostructures General Principles Governing the Electronic Structure of Solid Solid Interfaces Metal-Induced Gap States (MIGS) at the Metal Semiconductor Interface Virtual Induced Gap States (VIGS) at the Semiconductor Heterointerface Structure- and Chemistry-Dependent Models of Interface States Some Applications of Metal Semiconductor Junctions and Semiconductor Heterostructures Schottky Barriers Semiconductor Heterojunctions and Modulation Doping The High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT)
5 xiv Contents 8.6 Quantum Effects in 2D Electron Gases at Semiconductor Interfaces Panel XIII: Electrical Measurements of Schottky-Barrier Heights and Band Offsets Problems Collective Phenomena at Interfaces: Superconductivity and Ferromagnetism Superconductivity at Interfaces Some General Remarks Fundamentals of Superconductivity Andreev Reflection A Simple Model for Transport Through a Normal Conductor Superconductor Interface Josephson Junctions with Ballistic Transport Josephson Effects Josephson Currents and Andreev Levels Subharmonic Gap Structures An Experimental Example of a Superconductor Semiconductor 2DEG Superconductor Josephson Junction Preparation of the Nb-2DEG Nb Junction Critical Currents Through the Nb-2DEG Nb Junction The Current Carrying Regime Supercurrent Control by Non-equilibrium Carriers Ferromagnetism at Surfaces and within Thin Films The Band Model of Ferromagnetism Ferromagnetism in Reduced Dimensions Magnetic Quantum Well States Magnetic Interlayer Coupling Giant Magnetoresistance and Spin-Transfer Torque Mechanism Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) Magnetic Anisotropies and Magnetic Domains Spin-Transfer Torque Effect: A Magnetic Switching Device Panel XIV: Magneto-optical Characterization: Kerr Effect Panel XV: Spin-Polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (SP-STM) Problems Adsorption an Solid Surfaces Physisorption Chemisorption Work-Function Changes Induced by Adsorbates Two-Dimensional Phase Transitions in Adsorbate Layers
6 Contents xv 10.5 Adsorption Kinetics Panel XVI: Desorption Techniques Panel XVII: Kelvin-Probe and Photoemission Measurements for the Study of Work-Function Changes and Semiconductor Interfaces Problems References Index
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