The Physics of Semiconductors
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1 The Physics of Semiconductors with applications to optoelectronic devices KEVIN F. BRENNAN CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
2 Contents Preface page xi Chapter1 Basic Concepts in Quantum Mechanics 1.1 Introduction Evidence for a Quantum-Mechanical Picture of Radiation and Matter Wave Packets and Free-Particle Motion Probability and Quantum Mechanics Dynamical Variables and Operators Properties of Operators tlinear Vector Spaces and Quantum Mechanics 48 PROBLEMS 58 Chapter 2 One-Pimensional Potential Problems Infinite Square-Well Potential One-Dimensional Potential Barrier Finite Square-Well Potential One-Dimensional Finite Potential Barrier Multiple Quantum Wells One-Dimensional Harmonie Oscillator 105 PROBLEMS 125 l Chapter 3 Three-Dimensional Problems Anguiar Momentum and Central Forces Hydrogen Atom The Periodic Table of the Elements * Basic Concepts in Relativity Theory trelativistic Quantum Mechanics Experimental Evidence of Spin Anguiar Momentum t Addition of Anguiar Momentum 200 PROBLEMS 205 vii
3 viii Contents Chapter 4 Approximation Methods in Quantum Mechanics Time-Independent Perturbation Theory: The Nondegenerate Case Degenerate Perturbation Theory Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory Fermi's Golden Rule Second-Order Transitions 241 PROBLEMS 247 Chapter 5 Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics Density of States The Fundamental Postulate of Statistical Mechanics Thermal Equilibrium The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Connection to Classical Thermodynamics The Grand Partition Function Quantum Distribution Functions Examples of Quantal Gas Systems 306 PROBLEMS 319 Chapter 6 Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics The Boltzmann Equation Approximate Solutions of the Boltzmann Equation ^Derivation of the Drift-Diffusion Equation ^Superconductivity T Quantitative Aspects of the Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer Theory 351 PROBLEMS 356 Chapter 7 Multielectron Systems and Crystaliine Symmetries The Born-Oppenheimer Approximation Multielectron Atoms and the Exchange Interaction Molecular and Solid-State Formation from Atomic Levels Crystaliine Lattices and Symmetries 384 PROBLEMS 391 Chapter 8 Motion of Electrons in a Periodic Potential Effective Mass Theory and the Brillouin Zone The Kronig-Penney Model The Nearly-Free-Electron Model 416
4 Contents ix 8.4 Energy Bandgaps and the Classification of Solids Holes tcellular Methods of Calculating Band Structure t& p Calculation of Band Structure in Semiconductors 448 PROBLEMS 452 Chapter 9 Phonons and Scattering Mechanisms in Solids Lattice Vibrations and Phonons Electron-Phonon Interactions telectron-electron Interactions ^Ionized Impurity Scattering 481 PROBLEMS 487 Chapter10 Generation and Recombination Processes in Semiconductors Basic Generation-Recombination Mechanisms Band-to-Band Thermal Generation and Recombination Shockley-Read-Hall Recombination Processes ^mpact Ionization Transition Rate ^Theories of Impact Ionization tphysics of Confined-State Impact Ionization Optical Absorption in Semiconductors Stimulated and Spontaneous Emission 534 PROBLEMS 539 Chapter11 Junctions Homojunctions in Equilibrium Heterojunctions in Equilibrium Metal-Semiconductor Junctions in Equilibrium Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor Junctions in Equilibrium Nonequilibrium Conditions: Current Flow in Homojunctions Interpretation and Modifications of the Shockley Equation Current Flow in a Schottky Barrier Diode Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor Junctions in Nonequilibrium 597 PROBLEMS 606 Chapter12 Semiconductor Photonic Detectors Basic Issues in Photonic Detection ^Low-Light-Level Imaging: Image Intensification 615
5 x Contents 12.3 Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor Detectors and Charge-Coupled Devices Photoconductors Photodiodes and Avalanche Gain Noise Properties of Multiplication Devices Superlattice Avalanche Photodiode Structures ^Bipolar Phototransistors 662 PROBLEMS 671 Chapteri3 Optoelectronic Emitters Light-Emitting Diodes Semiconductor Laser Physics Semiconductor Laser Structures Fiat-Panel Displays: An Overview telectroluminescent Devices 701 PROBLEMS 708 Chapter14 Field-Effect Devices The Field Effect Qualitative Operation of the JFET and the MESFET Quantitative Description of JFETs and MESFETs Numerical Analysis of MESFETs A Brief Introduction to HEMTs MOSFETs: Long-Channel Devices Short-Channel Effects in MOSFETs Alternating-Current Operation of MOSFETs 746 PROBLEMS 752 References 753 Index 759 tsection can be omitted without loss of continuity.
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