Functional Materials. Optical and Magnetic Applications. Electrical, Dielectric, Electromagnetic, Deborah D. L Chung.
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1 SINGAPORE Functional Materials Electrical, Dielectric, Electromagnetic, Optical and Magnetic Applications Deborah D. L Chung State University of New York at Buffalo, USAy^, NEW JERSEY LONDON ^ World Scientific BEIJING SHANGHAI HONG KONG TAIPEI CHENNAI
2 Contents Preface vii 1. Introduction to Functional Materials and their Applications Types of materials Composite materials Carbon Smart structures Intrinsic smartness Self-sensing cement-matrix composites Self-sensing polymer-matrix composites Self-actuating materials Self-healing materials Extrinsic smartness Sensing using optical fibers Sensing and actuation using piezoelectric devices Actuation using electrostrictive and magnetostrictive devices Actuation using the shape-memory effect Actuation using magnetorheological fluids Functional applications Electronic applications Thermal applications Energy harvesting Energy storage Sensing and healing Actuation Thermal management 34 xi
3 xii Functional Materials Electromagnetic applications Charge dissipation Microelectronic packaging Datastorage Environmental protection 36 Review questions 38 References Electrical Conduction Behavior Origin of electrical conduction Volume electrical resistivity Resistivity-density product Sheet resistance Surface resistance Contact electrical resistivity Electric power and resistance heating Effect of temperature on the electrical resistivity Electrical conduction evaluation methods Volume electrical resistivity measurement Surface electrical resistance measurement Contact electrical resistivity measurement Configuration A Configuration B Effect of strain on the electrical resistivity (piezoresistivity) Seebeck effect (a thermoelectric effect) Semiconductors and theirjunctions Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors The/m-junction 83 Example problems 86 Review questions 92 References 93 Supplementary reading 93
4 Contents xiii 3. Dielectric Behavior Relative dielectric constant Calculation of the relative dielectric constant of a composite Parallel configuration Series configuration Origin of dielectric behavior Lossy capacitor Lossy capacitor modeled as a capacitor and a resistor in parallel Lossy capacitor modeled as a capacitor and a resistor in series Dielectric material evaluation Measurement of the relative dielectric constant Measurement of the impedance Frequency dependence of the impedance Effect of polarization on the electrical resistivity Electrical insulation Conversion between mechanical energy and electrical energy Conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy Scientific basis Effect of stress on the charge center separation Effect of stress on the relative dielectric constant Conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy Effect of electric field on the charge Center separation 147
5 uv Functional Materials Effect of the electric field on the relative dielectric constant Electromechanical coupling factor Piezoelectric materials Piezoelectric composites principles Electrets Piezoelectret effect Pyroelectric effect Electrostrictive behavior Electrorheology ' Solid electrolytes Composite materials for dielectric applications Composites for electrical insulation Polymer-matrix composites Ceramic-matrix composites Composites for capacitors Polymer-matrix composites Ceramic-matrix composites Composites for piezoelectric functions Polymer-matrix composites Ceramic-matrix composites Composites for microwave switching and electric field grading Composites for electromagnetic windows 187 Example problems 187 Review questions 198 Supplementary reading Electromagnetic Behavior Electromagnetic applications Electromagnetic radiation Electromagnetic waves Photon energy, frequency and wavelength Propagation of electromagnetic radiation Skin effect Faraday's Law and Lenz's Law 209
6 Contents xv 4.3 Applications of Faraday's Law and Lenz's Law Metal detection Eddy current inspection Transformer Conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy Electromagnetic shielding Low observability Composite materials for electromagnetic functions Composite materials with discontinuous fillers Composite materials with continuous fillers Relationship of EMI shielding effectiveness, electrical resistivity and surface area Summary 230 Example problems 230 Review questions 235 Supplementary reading Optical Behavior Optical behavior of materials Reflection and refraction Optical fiber Light sources Light emitting diodes Lasers Gas-discharge lamps Light detection and photocopying Liquid crystal display Thermal emission Compact disc Composite materials for optical applications Composite materials for optical waveguides Composite materials for optical filters Composite materials for lasers 273
7 xvi Functional Materials Example problems 273 Review questions 279 Supplementary reading Magnetic Behavior Force generated by the interaction of a magnetic field with moving charged particles Hall effect Motor and fly wheel Magnetic pump for electrically conductive fluids Loudspeaker Mass spectrometer Magnetic moment Ferromagnetic behavior Paramagnetic behavior Ferrimagnetic behavior Antiferromagnetic behavior Hard and soft magnets Magnetic shielding Composite material with a magnetic filler and a non-magnetic matrix Diamagnetic behavior Magnetostriction and Villari effect Ferromagnetic shape memory effect Magnetoresistance and magnetic multilayer Magnetorheology Nondestructive evaluation using magnetic particles Composites for magnetic applications Magnetic composites for nondestructive evaluation Metal-matrix composites for magnetic applications Polymer-matrix composites for magnetic applications 330
8 Contents xvii Ceramic-matrix composites for magnetic applications 331 Example problems 332 Review questions 336 Supplementary reading 337 Index 339
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