Understanding. Solid State Physics. Sharon Ann Holgate. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London NewYork
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1 Understanding Solid State Physics Sharon Ann Holgate (И CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London NewYork CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business A TAYLORS FRANCIS BOOK
2 Contents Preface Author Further Acknowledgments xiii xv xvii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Crystal Clear: Bonding and Crystal Structures Bonding in Solids Electrons in Atoms Ionic Bonding Covalent Bonding Metallic Bonding van der Waals Bonding Hydrogen Bonding Mixed Bonding Crystalline Solids Describing Crystal Structures Crystalline Structures Quasicrystals Liquid Crystals Allotropes and Polymorphs Single Crystals and Polycrystals Directions, Planes, and Atomic Coordinates 52 Further Reading 57 Selected Questions From Questions and Answers Manual 58 Chapter 3 The Rejection of Perfection: Defects, Amorphous Materials, and Polymers Defects Point Defects Dislocations Amorphous Materials Structure of Amorphous Materials Models of Amorphous Structures Glasses Preparation of Amorphous Materials Polymers Structure of Polymers 86 vii
3 viii Contents Thermoplastics Thermosets Elastomers Additives 92 Further Reading 93 Selected Questions From Questions and Answers Manual 93 Chapter 4 Stressed Out: The Mechanical Properties of Solids Introduction to Mechanical Properties of Solids Stress and Strain Plastic Deformation Testing, Testing Elasticity Ill Hardness The Right Material for the Job Alloys and Composites Altering the Mechanical Properties of a Solid Recycling 121 Further Reading 123 Selected Questions From Questions and Answers Manual 123 Chapter 5 In, Out, Shake It All About: Diffraction, Phonons, and Thermal Properties of Solids Diffraction Propagation of Electromagnetic Radiation How Waves Interact with Crystalline Solids Obtaining X-Ray Diffraction Patterns Electron and Neutron Diffraction Lattice Vibrations and Phonons Atomic Vibrations in Crystalline Solids Phonons Thermal Properties Specific Heat Thermal Conductivity Thermal Expansion 150 Further Reading 154 Selected Questions From Questions and Answers Manual 154 Chapter 6 Unable to Resist: Metals, Semiconductors, and Superconductors Free Electron Models of Electrical Conduction Overview of Electrical Conduction Drude's Classical Free Electron Model Pauli's Quantum Free Electron Model 165
4 Contents ix 6.2 Energy Band Formation Nearly Free Electron Model Tight-Binding Model Simple Band Theory Application of Band Theory to Real Solids Density of States in Energy Bands Elemental and Compound Semiconductors Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors Motion of Charge Carriers in Semiconductors Superconductivity Introduction to Superconductivity Superconductor Technology 211 Further Reading 213 Selected Questions From Questions and Answers Manual 213 Chapter 7 Chips with Everything: Semiconductor Devices and Dielectrics Introduction to Semiconductor Devices p-n Junctions Bipolar Junction Transistors Field-Effect Transistors Optoelectronic Devices Interaction Between Light and Semiconductors LEDs Semiconductor Lasers Solar Cells MOS Capacitor Device Manufacture Crystal Growth Epitaxial Growth Methods Deposition Doping Semiconductors MEMS Dielectrics Introduction to Dielectrics Ferroelectricity Piezoelectricity 262 Further Reading 264 Selected Questions From Questions and Answers Manual 264 Chapter 8 Living in a Magnetic World: Magnetism and Its Applications Introduction to Magnetism The Origins of Magnetism Magnetic Properties and Quantities 269
5 x Contents 8.2 Types of Magnetism Diamagnetism Paramagnetism Ferromagnetism Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism Technological Applications of Magnets and Magnetism Solenoids Electromagnets Permanent Magnets Magnetic Resonance Magnetic Recording 289 Further Reading 292 Selected Questions From Questions and Answers Manual 293 Appendix A: Some Useful Maths 295 Al Vectors 295 Vector vs. Scalar 295 Unit Vectors 295 Addition of Vectors 296 A2 Cartesian Coordinates 296 A3 Derivation of Selected Equations 298 Derivation of Equation Derivation of Equation Proof that n] = np (equation 6.14[b]) is valid for extrinsic as well as intrinsic semiconductors 300 Appendix B: Vibrations and Waves 301 Bl Properties of Waves 301 Electromagnetic and Elastic Waves 301 Longitudinal and Transverse Waves 302 Describing Waves 302 Velocity of Propagation 305 B2 Wave Behaviour 305 Interference 305 Diffraction 305 Diffraction Gratings 307 Appendix C: Revision of Atomic Physics 309 CI Atomic Structure and Properties 309 Atomic Structure 309 Atomic Number 309 Mass Number and Isotopes 309 Atomic Mass Units 310 C2 Electron Shell Notation 310 Atomic Shells 310
6 Contents xi Principal Quantum Number 312 Orbital Quantum Number 312 Magnetic Quantum Number 313 Spin Quantum Number 313 Electron Configuration of an Atom 314 Filling of Subshells 314 C3 The Periodic Table 315 Appendix D: Revision of Quantum Mechanics 321 Dl Fundamental Ideas of Quantum Theory 321 Wave-Particle Duality 321 Wave Functions 322 Quantisation 323 Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle 323 D2 Quantum Behaviour of Particles 324 Fermions and Bosons 324 The Pauli Exclusion Principle 324 Particle in a Box 324 Appendix E: Revision of Statistical Mechanics 329 El Use of Statistics in Solid State Physics 329 E2 Probability 329 The Concept of Probability 329 Simple Probability Calculations 330 E3 Classical Statistical Mechanics 330 Gas Model 330 Configurations 331 Boltzmann's Distribution Law 332 Boltzmann Occupation Factor 332 Equipartition of Energy 332 E4 Quantum Statistics 333 Configurations of Indistinguishable Particles 333 Fermi-Dirac Statistics 333 Bose-Einstein Statistics 335 Appendix F: Glossary of Terms 337 Index 345
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